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Thalamus: Function: Acts as a sensory and motor relay station. It helps to relay sensory information from the brainstem and distribute the information to the appropriate lobes in the brain, whilst relaying motor information from the cerebral cortex to the brainstem. Location: centrally located within the brain sitting at the top of the brain stem above the midbrain and under the cerebrum.

Hypothalamus: Function: connects to the autonomic nervous system and limbic system (main function is to react to these messages to keep your body in a stable state or internal balance). Important in managing thirst, hunger, emotions, and body temperature regulation. Additionally, it connects and releases of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), adrenaline, and oxytocin. Location: below the thalamus and above your pituitary gland. It sits directly above the brainstem at the base of the brain.

Medulla oblongata: Location: bottom part of the brainstem Function: Contains autonomic control centers and reflexes (regulate breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, and swallowing)

Pons: Function: Helps with coordination of facial movement and sensation and works with the cerebellum. Location: Middle portion of the brainstem

The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is responsible for a wide range of important functions such as thought, voluntary muscle control, sensory progress, etc. The Cerebrum is divided into the left and right cerebral hemispheres, and each hemisphere is further divided into four main lobes.

Pituitary gland: Function: regulates critical body functions by recreating hormones that control growth, metabolism, and reproduction, it also manages water balance, childbirth and stress response via ADH and oxytocin. Location: found at the base if the brain just below the hypothalamus and behind the bridge of the nose.

Reticular activating system: Function: regulates wakefulness, alertness, and sleep-wake transitions by filtering sensory input and directing attention, it helps maintain consciousness and determines which sensory signal reaches the cerebral cortex. Location: found in the brainstem.

Corpus callosum: Function: nerve fibres that connect the left and right hemisphere of the brain, allowing communication between them. Location: found in the centre of the brain just below the cerebral cortex.