ED 444 History Timeline_JMutter

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Declaration of Independence

July 4, 1776

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Christopher Columbus

1492

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Revolutionary War

1775 - 1784

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Mayflower

1620

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Leif Erickson discovering America

11th Century

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War 1812

1812-1815

Manifest Destiny

Late 1700-1800

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Star Spangled Banner

September 14, 1814

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Louisiana Purchase

1803

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Constitutional Convention

Summer 1787

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Spanish-American War

1989

Civil War

1861-1865

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Progressive Era

1890-1920

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Emancipation Proclamation

January 1, 1863

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Mexican-American War

1846-1848

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Great Depression

1929-1939

League of Nations

1920

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Black Thursday

October 24, 1929

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Woman's Suffrage

1920

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World War 1

1914-1919 (1917 US)

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Japanese Internment Camps

1942-1946

Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941

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World War 2

1939-1945 (US 1941)

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Holocaust

1933-1945

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United Nations

1945

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Cold War

1947-1991

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Korean War

1950-1953, 2018

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Truman Doctrine

1947

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Little Rock 9

1957

Martin Luther King Jr

1950's-1960's

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Brown vs. Board of Education

1954

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Civil Rights Movement

1954-1968

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September 11th

2001

Watergate

1972-1974

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Iraq War

2003-2011

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Gulf War

1990-1991

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Vietnam War

1955-1975

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The 3 nations involved: U.S., Cuba, and Spain Cuba wanted independence from Spain, so the U.S. sent our battleship to aid the Americans that were living in Cuba at the time. The USS. Maine exploded and sank, and Spain was blamed for it. On April 24, 1898, Spain declared war on the United States, and on April 25, the U.S. declared war on Spain! Theodore Roosevelt was the leader of a volunteer calvarry called the Rough Riders. They helped fight in the war against Spain. The war finally ended Dec 10, 1898 when the Treaty of Paris was signned. This treaty made the U.S/ pay spain $20 million so we can have control over the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam, and it freed Cuba.

Spanish American War

1898

There was no actual fighting during the cold war. It was more of a race between countries- arms race (USSR vs U.S. on atomic weapons) and space race (USSR sputnik vs. U.S. moon landing). After WW2, the Soviets resented america for not entering the war right away and for their refusal to treat the Soviets as a legitamate part of the international community. Eventually a new President was called in the Soviet Union: Mikhail Gorbachev. He wanted peace, so he signed treaties that brought an end to the Cold war andt he Berlin was was taken down

Cold War

1947 - 1991

This was the day that the sock market on Wall St crashed. There was an 11% drop in the stock market that resulted in a billion dollars beig lost. At the time the depression was just starting because there was evidence that the market was low for several months before crashing. The press posted in the newspapers and that led to widespread panic that the market was going to crash. People rushe the banks to get thier money back, and eventually the banks ran out completely. Thus the Great Depression started.

Black Thursday

October 24, 1929

Hitler was the military leader of Germany. They invaded Poland and specifically targetted the Jewish people. People were put into internment camp. There they were separated from their families, forced to do labor and many were killed thorugh torture or gas chambers. The people in these camps included millions of jews, people with special needs, homosexuals, those who opposed Hitler, etc. 6 million people were murdered.

Holocaust

1933-1945

King James 1st ruled England and made it a rule that everyone had to pledge thier allegience to the Church of England. A group called the Sepratists did not want to do so. The Virginia Company paid the sepratists to create a settlement on the East Coast, so they set sail in 2 ships to the new land. On the journy, one of the ships was sinking so the people all crammed into 1 boat: the Mayflower. Once they landed in North America, they created the Mayflower Compact which was a set of rules to govern the colonists (ex. pledge allegience to King James, must be a christian, etc.). The men had to sign it before they were allowed to leave the boat. The Plymouth colony was founded in 1620. This is the group that survived the first winter (only 53 people survived). This is the group that made an alliance with the Wampanoag Native Americans and were taught how to survive in the New Land.

Mayflower

1620

This started in 1820/1830 as a reform group that was agains the "cult of true womanhood" that stated woman should be sumbissive wives and mothers. 1848 Seneca Falls Convention is where abolitionists gatheres in Seneca Falls, NY to discuss the problems of womans rights. Women Oppression included: preventing them from owning land or earning wages, no voting, men had authority in a divorce, etc. Women felt like they had no rights or representation. That changed with the 19th ammendment was ratified in 1920. This guaranteed all women their right to vote! Influential Ladies: Elizabeth Cady Stanton was one of the first leaders in the Woman's Rights Movement. Susan B. Anthony was the president of the Natinoal American Womans Suffrage Association. Lucretia Mott helped launch the womans rights movement.

Woman Suffrage

1920

The progressive era was an effort to impove society. The U.S was in a need for reform in working conditions, humanized treatement for the mentally ill and prisoners. People called Muckrakers brought attention to the horrors of poverty, urban slums, factory conditions, child labor, etc. During this era, ammendments 16-21 were passes to help better society.

Progressive Era

1890-1920

The League of Nations was created to prevent wards from happening. It is an internatinoal diplomatic group meant to keep world peace. U.S.President Woodrow Wilson gave a 14 point speech that was used to outline and organize the League of nations, though the U.S. did not join. President Wilson did a 27-day journey around the U.S. to try and convince people they should join, but the president got sick before the tour was finished. In the end, 48 other countries joined the league. The league ended during WW2, when Germany faught France and basically disappated the whole thing. Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland

League of Nations

1920 - end of WW2

The convention was help in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, PA. It's purpose was to improve and revise the Articles of Confederation. Delegates from each of the colonies gathered together plus important people like President George Washington, Benjamin Franklin and James Madison (father of the constitution.)

Constitutional Convention

May 25 - September 17, 1878

The colonists faught against Great Britain because they were being taxed without representation. The taxes were happening to help pay the debt after the French and Indian War. (ex. the stamp act taxed documents and the townshed act taxed tea). Because the people were being taxed without representations, the colonists faught against the taxation (ex. Boston Tea Party on Dec 16, 1773). They declared independence from England and a war began. There were many battles between the Colonists and British. (ex. 1775- Lexington and Concord when Paul Revere rode to warn Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry that the British were coming.) In the end, they signed the Treaty of Paris (1783) and that is when Great Britain recognized and acknoweledged America's Independence!

Revolutionary War

1775 - 1783

Sadam Husain was president of Iraq and ordered an invasion of Kuwait. The Arab powers called the U.S. and Western nations to help intervene. This led to Operation Desert Storm and Operation Desert Sabre. President George Bush called for a cease fire on Feb 28, 1991

The Gulf War

1990- 1991

The Little Rock 9 were 9 african american students in Little Rock, Arkansas that were enrolled in an all-black school that switched to a previously all-white high school after the Brown vs. Board of Education was passed. President Eisenhower sent the natinoal guard on Sept 4, 1957 to Little Rock to escort and protect these students as they went to school. These people were faced with so much racism and hatred, they needed national guard to help them get to school!

Little Rock

1957

It was a span of 10 years where the people of the United States did not have enough money or resources. It started with the Dust Bowl (a droubt that led to severe dust storms that killed people, livestock and crops). The stock market crashed, leaving people without any money. The way that we were able to get out of the great depression was through WW2 becasue it boosted the economy and provided people with jobs.

The Great Depression

1929 - 1939

After the Emancipation Proclamation, there were no more slaves; however, there was still segregation and oppression. There were many civil rights activists: Rosa Parks, Malcom X, Andrew Goodman, Martin Luther King Jr, etc. These people were known for their non-violent protests and civil disobience that brought about change. Voting Rights Act 1965, Civil Rights Act 1968, abolished slavery and established citizenship status!

Civil Rights Movement

1954 - 1968

The Geneva Conference (1954) decided that Vietnam should split, and the treaty called for natinowide reunification. France and the U.S. aided Southern Vietnam from the communist Northern Veitnam. Many civilians and troops died in this battle. Ngo Dinh Diem pushed Emperor Bao aside and became president of the Republic of Vietnam. He was the Southern vietnam prime minister throughout the war and wanted a non-communist country. in 1973 the U.S. and Northern Vietnam created a final peace agreement. They agreeded to stay separate from Southern Vietnam, and the U.S. left the country. But as soon as they did Northern vietnam invaded southern vienam and they continued fighting until 1976. The effects of the war: divided america, emotinal and phyical effects on soldiers, nation spent $120 billion dollards on the conflict, which led to inflation.

Vietnam War

1955 - 1975

Archduke Ferdinand and his wife were assasinated, which started the war in Austria. It was a war of the Allies (Great Britain, Russia, France, etc.) against the Central Powers (germany, austria, hungary, bulgaria). The U.S. joined the war in 1917 because Germany sank American ships to prevent us from sending resources to France and Great Britain. November 11, 1918 is when the war ended, but the official treaties were not finalized until 1919. First the Paris Peace Conference was held and the League of Nations was formed. Then the Treaty of Versailles was signed in Paris. (Though the treaty failed becaues it led to WW2).

WW1 "The Great War"

1914-1919 (U.S. entered the war in 1917)

Francis Scott Key started out as a lawyer in Maryland and Washington D.C. and later became an attorney for the District of Columbia. He was detained on a British battleship at Fort Henry during the War of 1812. From the ship he watched as Fort Henry was bombed, and had no idea th outcome of the war or if anyone survived that night. When he was released he saw that the American flag was still waving. The emotions he felt pushed him to write the Star Spangled Banner, which later became our national anthem.

Star Spangled Banner

September 14, 1814

U.S. president Franklin D Roosevelt passed a law that called for all Japanese Americans to move to camps. After the attack on Pearl Harbor there was great fear for national security, but also racism and prejudice towards these people. They were forces to sell all that they owned and move to these camps with very poor living conditions. The camps closed when WW2 ended, but there was no aid to these people as they transitioned back into society. They sill dealt with racism and prejudice after the war. in 1893 the Congressinoal Commisino sent an apology out and said that it was an act of racism rather than military protection. This led to the Civil Liberties act, signed by President Reagan.

Japanese Internment Camps

1942-1946

Abraham Lincoln was the U.S. president. Since the U.S. was at war, the president has the ability to make a federal change (presidential war powers). The Emancipation Proclamation eradicated slavery. It allowed +3 million enslaved people to become free for the duration of the Civil War. This only applied in the states of the Union becasue the hope was that these people would join the military and fight in the civil war against the confederates.

Emancipation Proclamation

January 1, 1863

Osama Bin Laden was a leader of an extremist group called Al Qaeda. They planned an attack on the U.S. by hijacking planes and targetting the twin towers, pentagon and capitol (they did not hit the capitol building). Thousands of people lost thier lives, including the plane passengers, crew member, first responders, those in the towers, etc. The terrorist attacks happened becuase the U.S. supported Israel and a number of other countreis against muslims, we had troops in saudi araia, and were sanctions against Iraq. Because of the attacks, the U.S. now has higher security measures in places like airports, many memorials were put up to honor those who died during the attack, the country had to rebuild and abnn together (which brough about a new sense of unity among Americans).

September 11, 2001

Thomas Jefferson was the main author of the declaration and is known as the "Father of the Declaration." The declaration formally stated the reason for the Revolutionary War and sepration from England. The colonists wanted to be free to govern themselves. An additional 56 delegates from the colonies signed it in Philidelphia, PA.

Declaration of Independence

July 4, 1776

Martin Luther King Jr was a pastor and a Civil Rights activist. He is known for a speech he gave: "I have a dream"

Martin Luther King Jr

1950's-1960's

Pearl Harbor is a U.S. naval base located in Honolulu, Hawaii. President Franklin D Roosevelt was afraid of spies, so he had the battleships arranged in a line to protect against Japanese spies. However, we were not anticipating an air attack. The japanese destroyed the american fleet so we culd not fight back and they could take over the Pacific Ocean. Their plan did not work. We entered the war Dec 8, 1941 and this event led to the nuclear attacks on Japan shortly after.

Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941

The U.S. faught in the korean war because North Korea (communist) invaded South Korea (non-communist) by permission of the Soviet Union. Per the Truman Doctrine, the U.S. then stepped in. Eventually the consensis was that they would be two separate countries: North and South Korea. There is a demilitarized zone separating the two countries. The formal treaty was signed in 2018.

Korean War

1950 -1953, 2018

President Harry S Truman wrote a policy that states the U.S. will help other countries from being overtaken and attacked by communists. The U.S. will get inbovled and help fight when needed (ex. when Churchill asked Roosevelt to send troops to help Great Britain during WW2) This is the policy that led us to fighting the Korean and Vietnam Wars. It also caused the Cold War.

Truman Doctrine

1947

People: Thomas Jefferson (U.S. President) and Napoleon Bonaparte (French Emperor) The Louisiana Purchase is a land deal between the U.S. and France. The U.S. bought ~827,000 square miles of land that was West of the Mississippi River for $15 million. Originally the land belonged to Spain (1783) but they had a secret treaty with France in 1800, so Spain transferred all the land to France. When President Jefferson found out, he was not happy because he did not want Napoleon Bonaparte to be their neighbor. The U.S. found out that France was struggling financially so we bought the land from them. This helped them with an impending war from Great Britiain and the slave revolt in Haiti.

Louisiana Purchase

1803

The manifest destiny was the belief that the U.S. was destined to expand from the East Coast to the West Coast of North america. Because of this minset it led to a War with Mexico and us barely avoiding another war with Britain.

Manifest Destiny

Late 1700 - 1800

Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492. He was on a quest to find a new trading route to Asia, and his expedition was funded by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of England. His mission was a fail becasue he accidentally found America instead of finding a faster trading route.

Christopher Columbus

1492

President Franklin Roosevelt created the group United Nations. It is similar to the League of Nations where its goal is to maintain international world peace. But it has many additional objectives: international security, promote human rights, foster social & economic development, and provide humanitarian aid in case of famine and natural disaster. Its headquarters is in New York City, NY. United Nations day is October 24

United Nations

1945

This was the second war of Independence between the U.S (president James Madison & colonists) and Great Britian. Britain was seizing U.S. merchant ships and making abnout 10,000 American Merchants a part of the British navy, the British also supported Native Americans fighting with American Colonists, and restricted our trade with France. This led to a war. In 1814 the British invaded the capitol and burned the whitehouse. The war ended when we signed the Treaty of Ghent.

War of 1812

1812-1815

The U.S. an Mexico were arguing about the independence of Texas. Mexico was just coming out of an 11 year war with Spain, so while they were still recovering, the U.S invaded Mexico. The Mexican military tried to defend their land, but they were already weakened from the war with Spain, so they lost the land. The Mexican President was a general in the military and faught to defend thir nation. The U.S. military captured the Mexican General Antonio Lopez and President James Polk forced him to sign the Treaty of Hidalgo, which signed over the territory of Texas. The Mexicans that still lived within the Texas territory were offered citizenship to the U.S. and their rights were protected under the treaty.

Mexican-American War

1846-1848

This was a war between the Nothern states (union) and the Southern states (confederacy). The Union wa led by President Abraham Lincoln with Ulysses Grant as a military general. The confederacy was led by Jefferson Davis with Robert E. Lee as thier general. (Robert E Lee was wanted on both sides to be general, but he was pro slavery, which is why the confederacy got him.) The confederates were pro slavery and wanted teh federal government to abolish the laws they did not like (ex. allow slavery in the new territories). This lack of agreement led to the Civil War, the war that has the greatest number of American Casualties.

Civil War

1861-1865

President Richard Nixon scandal! Nixon wanted to win the next presidential elections, so he had men steal classified documents and tap peoples phones from the democratic party. When the bugs stopped working, he sent the men back in to put new bugs in place, but they were caught. He tried to cover up the scandal but he was directly connected because the money people were paid with were from his campaign. Journalists discovered more about the preisdent and his secret recordings of events, and when that went public, congress forced him to release the tapes. Nixon did not want to obey at first, but he eventually did. He was still reelected as president, but as more information was released from teh scandal he decided to resign rather than get impeached. President Ford (his vice president) took oer and later pardoned him,

Watergate Scandal

1972-1974

Lief Erickson was a viking and icelandic explorer. He discovered America in 1001 BC. When he landed on the North American continent he called it Vineland because it had lots of vines. (It is what we now know as Nova Scotia and New Foundland in Canada).

Leif Erickson

11th Century

The war began when Germany invaded Poland. This war pulled us out of the Great Depression because it created jobs for everyone (including women). It is known as the deadliest conflict in human history, killing between 50 and 80 million people. The 2 opposing military poewrs were allies (U.S., France, etc.) and the axis powers (Germany, Japan, etc.) The U.S. entered the war in 1941 after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The war ended after the U.S. dropped 2 atomic bombs on Japan. 1 in Hiroshima and 1 in Nagasaki. This killed over 100,000 people. On Sept 2, Japan surrendered and the war was over.

World War 2

1939 - 1945 (US entered 1941)

In March 2003, the U.S. invaded iraq to destroy iraqi weapons of mass destructio and to end the dictatorship of Saddah Hussein. Dec 2011 the US declared an end to fighting, but the US troops stayed in Iraq to help uphold the government. In 2021 the U.S. troops left Iraq completely.

Iraq War

2003 - 2011

The ruling ended legal segregation in schools. Law was passed stating: Separation is not equal

Brown vs. Board of Education

1954