USH B Module 3 Review Game

USH B: Module 3 Jeopardy

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What is the significance of the Supreme Court case Brown v Board of Education?

it challenged the constitutionality of racial segregation in public schools. Marshall argued that "separate but equal" facilities were inherently unequal and violated the rights of African American students. The case declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

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What were Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher and George McLaurin?

Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher: In 1946, Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher applied to the University of Oklahoma's law school but was denied admission because of her race. With the support of the NAACP, she filed a lawsuit challenging the university's segregation policy. The case, Sipuel v. Board of Regents of University of Oklahoma, ultimately reached the Supreme Court. In 1948, the Court ruled in Fisher's favor, stating that Oklahoma must provide her with equal access to legal education. George McLaurin: Similarly, George McLaurin applied to the University of Oklahoma's graduate school for a doctoral program in education. Despite being admitted, he was required to sit apart from white students, use separate facilities, and was denied the opportunity to interact with his classmates. McLaurin filed a lawsuit, McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, which also reached the Supreme Court. In 1950, the Court ruled that these restrictions violated McLaurin's rights under the Fourteenth Amendment, as they deprived him of the equal educational opportunities guaranteed by the Constitution.

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What was the Montgomery Bus Boycott & who was Rosa Parks?

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In 1955, Rosa Parks, an African American woman, refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a segregated bus in Montgomery, Alabama, sparking the Montgomery Bus Boycott. African American community leaders, including Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., organized a boycott of the city's buses, demanding an end to segregation on public transportation.

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What was the 24th Amendment, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a landmark piece of legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It prohibited segregation in public accommodations and employment practices and strengthened voting rights enforcement.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was another pivotal law that aimed to overcome barriers to voting for African Americans, particularly in the South. It banned discriminatory voting practices such as literacy tests and provided federal oversight of elections in states with a history of voter suppression. These laws were a response to the systemic racism and discriminatory policies that perpetuated segregation and disenfranchisement. They represented significant victories for the civil rights movement and helped to dismantle institutionalized racism and segregation in American society.

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The 24th Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1964, abolished the poll tax, which had been used as a means to disenfranchise African American voters in the South. The poll tax was a discriminatory policy that required voters to pay a fee in order to vote, disproportionately affecting African Americans and other marginalized groups. By eliminating the poll tax, the amendment removed a significant barrier to voting rights and helped to ensure greater political participation among African Americans.

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What was Martin Luther King Jr.?

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Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a prominent leader in the civil rights movement, known for his commitment to nonviolent resistance and his advocacy for racial equality. He played a central role in organizing various protests and demonstrations, including the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. One of Dr. King's most famous contributions was his "I Have a Dream" speech, delivered during the March on Washington in 1963. In this speech, Dr. King articulated his vision of a future where individuals would be judged by the content of their character rather than the color of their skin. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "Letter from a Birmingham Jail," written in April 1963, was a response to a group of white clergymen who had criticized King and the civil rights demonstrations taking place in Birmingham, Alabama. The primary intent of King's letter was to defend the strategy of nonviolent resistance and to explain the reasons behind the civil rights movement's actions in Birmingham.His leadership and oratory skills inspired millions and helped galvanize support for the civil rights cause.

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What was Malcolm X?

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Malcolm X was a prominent figure in the civil rights movement, known for his advocacy of Black empowerment and self-defense. Unlike Dr. King, Malcolm X rejected the principles of nonviolence and instead advocated for armed self-defense in the face of racial oppression. He was a key leader in the Nation of Islam, a religious and political organization that promoted Black nationalism and separatism. Malcolm X's speeches and writings, such as "The Ballot or the Bullet," encouraged African Americans to assert their rights and resist oppression by any means necessary. His leadership style and ideology appealed to many who were disillusioned with the slow progress of the civil rights movement and sought more radical solutions to racial inequality.

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Who were the Black Panthers?

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The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, commonly known as the Black Panthers, was a revolutionary organization founded in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. The Panthers advocated for Black empowerment, self-defense, and community empowerment. They organized community programs such as free breakfast programs for children and health clinics, while also engaging in armed patrols to monitor police activity and protect African American communities from police brutality. The Panthers' militant stance and confrontational tactics made them a controversial but influential force in the civil rights movement, particularly in urban areas like Oakland, California.

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What were tactics used during the Civil Rights Movement?

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Nonviolent Resistance: Nonviolent resistance, inspired by the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi, emphasized peaceful protest and passive resistance to confront injustice. Dr. King was a staunch advocate of nonviolent resistance and utilized tactics such as boycotts, marches, and demonstrations to challenge segregation and discrimination.

Boycotts: Boycotts were organized efforts to abstain from purchasing goods or services from businesses that practiced racial discrimination. The Montgomery Bus Boycott, sparked by Rosa Parks' arrest, was one of the most successful boycotts of the civil rights era and led to the desegregation of the city's bus system.

Marches: Marches were large-scale demonstrations that brought together people from diverse backgrounds to demand civil rights reforms. The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963, where Dr. King delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech, is one of the most famous examples of a civil rights march.

Voter Registration Drives: Voter registration drives aimed to increase African American political participation and challenge voter suppression tactics such as poll taxes and literacy tests. Organizations like the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) organized voter registration campaigns in southern states to empower African American voters and combat disenfranchisement.

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Civil Disobedience: Civil disobedience involved the deliberate violation of unjust laws or policies as a form of protest. Examples include sit-ins at segregated lunch counters, where African American activists would peacefully occupy white-only spaces to challenge segregation.

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What was the Incorporation Doctrine?

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Incorporation Doctrine: This doctrine refers to the process by which the Supreme Court has applied the Bill of Rights to the states through the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment. Initially, the Bill of Rights applied only to the federal government, not to the states. However, through a series of cases, the Supreme Court began to "incorporate" specific rights from the Bill of Rights to apply to the states, ensuring that state governments also respected these fundamental liberties.

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What were the initiatives of President Lyndon Johnson?

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The Great Society: Johnson's vision for a "Great Society" included a wide range of social welfare programs and initiatives aimed at addressing issues such as poverty, education, healthcare, and urban renewal. These efforts aimed to create a more equitable society and improve the quality of life for all Americans.

War on Poverty: Johnson declared a "War on Poverty" in his 1964 State of the Union address. This initiative led to the creation of programs such as Medicaid, Medicare, and Head Start, aimed at reducing poverty and improving access to healthcare and education for low-income Americans.

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Civil Rights Acts: Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. This landmark legislation was a significant step towards racial equality and was followed by the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which aimed to overcome legal barriers preventing African Americans from exercising their right to vote.

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What was the effectiveness of the American Indian Movements (AIM) ?

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Effectiveness: AIM gained national attention through its advocacy and protest activities, including the occupation of Alcatraz Island in 1969 and the occupation of Wounded Knee in 1973. These actions brought attention to the plight of American Indian and raised awareness about the need to protect tribal lands and cultural heritage. While AIM faced criticism and internal divisions, it succeeded in drawing attention to the issues facing American Indians and pushing for policy changes to protect tribal sovereignty.

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What was the effectiveness of the United Farm Workers (UFW) and César Chávez?

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Example: The Delano grape strike, which began in 1965 and lasted five years, was a turning point for the UFW. The strike, led by Chávez and Dolores Huerta, called attention to the harsh working conditions and low wages of farmworkers and mobilized support from consumers and other labor groups. The success of the strike demonstrated the effectiveness of nonviolent protest and collective action in achieving social change.

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Effectiveness: The UFW achieved significant success through its advocacy and nonviolent protest tactics, including strikes, boycotts, and marches. The most notable success was the Delano grape strike in 1965, which led to the first union contracts for farmworkers in California. The UFW also succeeded in raising awareness about the plight of farmworkers and mobilizing public support for labor rights.

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What does it mean by Women's Liberation Movement & National Organization for Women (NOW)?

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National Organization for Women (NOW): Founded in 1966 by Friedan and others, NOW became a leading voice in the Women's Liberation Movement. The organization focused on issues such as workplace discrimination, reproductive rights, and equal opportunities for women in education and employment.

Women's Liberation Movement: The 1960s and 1970s witnessed the rise of the Women's Liberation Movement, which sought to address gender inequalities and promote women's rights. Led by activists like Betty Friedan, author of "The Feminine Mystique," the movement advocated for equal pay, reproductive rights, and an end to discrimination based on gender.

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What was the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)?

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Equal Rights Amendment (ERA): The ERA, first proposed in 1923 and reintroduced in the 1970s, sought to guarantee equal rights under the law regardless of sex. While the ERA was passed by Congress in 1972, it failed to be ratified by enough states to become an amendment to the Constitution.

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What was the Watergate Scandal?

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The Watergate Scandal began in 1972 with the break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C. It was later revealed that the break-in was part of a larger effort by the Nixon administration to sabotage political opponents and cover up illegal activities.

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What was the 25th Amendment?

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25th Amendment: In 1973, the 25th Amendment to the Constitution was invoked for the first time when Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned and President Nixon nominated Gerald Ford to replace him. This amendment outlines the procedures for filling a vacancy in the vice presidency and for removing a president who is deemed unfit to serve.

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