Virology project

VIROLOGY PRESENTS

HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 1 & 2

HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 1 & 2

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Levels

Structure

Epidemiology

Pathophysiology

Infections

Taxonomy

Diagnosis

Levels

Structure

Epidemiology

Pathophysiology

Infections

Taxonomy

Diagnosis

Levels

Structure

Epidemiology

Pathophysiology

Infections

Taxonomy

Diagnosis

Levels

Structure

Epidemiology

Pathophysiology

Infections

Taxonomy

Diagnosis

Levels

Structure

Epidemiology

Pathophysiology

Infections

Taxonomy

Diagnosis

Levels

Structure

Epidemiology

Pathophysiology

Infections

Taxonomy

Diagnosis

The Epidemiology

who - what - where - how

Herpes simplex viruses 1&2

HSV-1 has a higher prevalence worldwide.Its main site of infection is the oral mucosa

67%

HSV-2 has a lower prevalence But is still common.Its main site of infection is the genital mucosa

13%

Through direct physical contact

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Route of Transmission

mother to baby during birth

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The Invasion:

After transmission, The virus enters through weak and compromised points in the epithelial mucosa

It will invade deeper until it reaches a peripheral nervous system neuron; infecting epithelial cells on its way

Once it hits the neuron, it will make its way to the dorsal root ganglion where it will then establish latency for future reinfection

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LEVEL 1/4

Which of the following statements is true

HSv-1 targets oral mucosa and hsv-2 targets genital mucosa

HSv-1 targets genital mucosa and hsv-2 targets oral mucosa

hsv-1 and -2 both target gential and oral mucosa equally

LEVEL 2/4

All of the following are possible routes of transmission EXCEPT:

Through various forms of sexual contact

From mom to baby through the placenta

From fomites and bodily fluids

LEVEL 3/4

What is the location of latency for HSV?

Dorsal root ganglion

Ventral root ganglion

Epithelial cell nucelei

LEVEL 4/4

Why is HSV transmitted only through direct contact?

HSV cannot survive on its own, it must have a host or it can't infect

Its not, it can be transmitted via fecal-oral route too

It has an envelope that needs to be detected before infecting

CONGRATULATIONS!

You know what HSV is!

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The pathophysiology

Breaking boundaries

How HSV infects host cells

HSv glycoproteins are detected by receptors on the host cell's surface membrane. This initiates the fusion of virus and host cell

as HSv fuses into the cell, the envelope is broken down and its contents are dispersed within. of most interest, the nucleocapsid

How HSV infects host cells

the nucleocapsid makes its way to the nucelus

within the nucleus, the capsid is taken apart to expose the viral DNA inside

the viral DNA undergoes multiple cycles of transcription and translation to replicate the genome

After replication,the new HSV will re-envelope and exit the nucleus

How HSV infects host cells

The nucleocapsid emerges from the host cell, enveloping itself with part of the host membrane

Now there is a new HSV ready to infect other cells !

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LEVEL 1/3

Where is the site of the viral DNA replication?

On the host surface membrane

Inside its own nucleocapsid

Within the nucleus of the host cell

LEVEL 2/3

How is fusion of HSV into the host membrane initiated?

It forces itself into the membrane

via Detection of viral surface glycoproteins by host receptors

HSV has adhesins on its surface that initiate the fusion process

LEVEL 3/3

What part of the virion enters the nucleus for DNA replication?

the Envelope

ONly the DNA itself

the nucleoCapsid

CONGRATULATIONS!

You know how it breaks in!

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Hsv-1&2taxonomy

Family - subfamily - genus - species

Taxonomy

Sub family

Family

Genus

Species

Simplexvirus

Herpesviridae

Human herpes virus 1/2

alpha herpesvirinae

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LEVEL 1/5

Which suffix is used in the naming of a virus family?

-viridae

-virinae

-virus

LEVEL 2/5

What is the family for Human simplex virus?

Simplexviridae

alpha herpesviridae

Herpesviridae

LEVEL 3/5

What is the subfamily for Human simplex virus?

Betaherpesvirinae

Alphaherpesvirinae

Gammaherpesvirinae

LEVEL 4/5

What are the subfamilies divided based on?

Their hemolysis pattern

Their dominance levels

Their host range

LEVEL 5/5

What genus of herpesviridae do HSV 1 & 2 belong to?

Simplexvirus

Varicellovirus

Herpesvirus

CONGRATULATIONS!

YOU KNOW ITS LEGAL NAME!

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Virion Structure

The Four layers

Envelope

Glycoproteins

The outermost layer of the virusComposed of the lipid bilayer of the host membrane after budding glycoprotein spikes initiate infection by attaching to host cell receptors

Lipid envelope

Tegument

Glycoproteins

an Amorphous layer between the capsid and envelope filled with various proteins for virion reproduction, infection, etc. unique to herpesviridae

Lipid envelope

Tegument

Capsid

Glycoproteins

Lipid envelope

icosahedral capsid composed of 162 capsomers its purpose is to protect the core viral genome(hence "nucleo" capsid)

Nucleocapsid

Tegument

Core

Glycoproteins

Lipid envelope

Contains the entire viral genome herpesviridae all have linear, double stranded DNA

dsDNA genome

Nucleocapsid

Tegument

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NEXT

What type of DNA is within the core of the virus?

linear single stranded

Linear double stranded

Circular single stranded

LEVEL 2/5

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What layer of herpes simplex virus is the arrow pointing to?

The tegument

The nucleocapsid

The Lipid envelope

LEVEL 3/5

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What part of the envelope initiates infection of a host cell?

The glycoprotein spikes

The envelope itself

The proteins within the tegument

LEVEL 4/5

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Which structure is unique to species within family Herpesviridae?

The linear dNA in the core of the virus

The spiked envelope membrane

The viral protein filled tegument

LEVEL 5/5

NEXT

What is the geometric shape of the HSV nucleocapsid?

Amorphous

Helical

Icosahedral

CONGRATULATIONS!

You know what it looks like!

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HSV-1&2 Infections

What do they do?

Infections

Categorized based on predominant infective species. Causative agents may overlap in these manifestations

gingivostomatitis

Hsv-1

Herpetic keratitis

Herpes simplex encephalitis

Genital herpes

Hsv-2

neonatal herpes

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LEVEL 1/4

What is a notable difference between primary and recurrent infection regarding the way they present?

Primary infects first and recurring infects after that

Primary infections present with more severity than recurring

Primary infections only occur due to HSV-1 and Recurring due to HSV-2

LEVEL 2/4

Which infection uses a fluorescent stain to visualize the ulcers?

Herpetic Keratitis

Genital herpes

Gingivostomatitis

LEVEL 3/4

What is a way for a mother to avoid giving her baby human simplex virus during the birthing process?

Give her a virus neutralizing injection for the birth

bathe the baby immediately after to remove the maternal secretions

perform a c-section to minimize the newborns possibility of exposure to moms HSV

LEVEL 4/4

Which of these infection is predominately caused by an HSV-2 infection?

Herpes simplex encephalitis

Neonatal herpes

Gingivostomatitis

CONGRATULATIONS!

YOU KNOW WHAT IT DOES TO YOU!

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Lets diagnose

How to catch them!

diagnosis

seeing sores or symptoms of the before mentioned infections aid in diagnosis. however, absence of symptoms doesnt rule out HSV

Exam

proper samples to collect are Swabs from sores, saliva, Ceribrospinal fluid,bodily secretions, and blood

Samples

Naat testing,like PCR, is the most accurate diagnostic method. Cultures and antibody detection can also be done, but PCR is the go-to.

Test

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LEVEL 1/3

What is the most preferred testing method for diagnosing HSV?

Culture of collected sample

Antibody detection

Nucleic acid amplification testing

LEVEL 2/3

All of theses are possible samples EXCEPT:

BOdily secretions

Feces

cerebospinal fluid

LEVEL 3/3

Why do you think lack of signs and symptoms does not rule out an HSV infection?

Not everyone present with symptoms; they can be asymptomatic

It doesnt, you must have symptoms to diagnose a pt with HSV

pt might be in between recurring infections and is not currently presenting symptoms

CONGRATULATIONS!

YOU KNOW HOW TO FIND IT!

Credits

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Real reviews

"7.8/10 too much virus"

- Jaye Traub

"Umm? played the game and now i have HSV? WTH?"

- Michael Fullerton

"Even though it was a free game...i still need compensation for my suffering"

- Kayla Kruk

"Could be better. it was not SIMPLEX enough ;D"

- Madyson Lamb

"Came here because i heard there were peas. TURNS OUT IT WAS HERPES"

- Aisha zanib

"Reminds me of the only gift my ex-husband gave me"

- Abby mercer

not actually true :)

Honorable mentions

(References)

Atlas Entry—Herpes simplex virus (Hsv) geographic epithelial keratitis. (n.d.). Retrieved March 13, 2024, from https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/atlas/pages/HSV-keratitis/index.htm Chodosh, J., & Ung, L. (2020). Adoption of innovation in herpes simplex virus keratitis. Cornea, 39, S7. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000002425 Wald, A., & Corey, L. (2007). Persistence in the population: Epidemiology, transmission. In A. Arvin, G. Campadelli-Fiume, E. Mocarski, P. S. Moore, B. Roizman, R. Whitley, & K. Yamanishi (Eds.), Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy, and Immunoprophylaxis. Cambridge University Press. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK47447/ Whitley, R. J. (1996). Herpesviruses. In S. Baron (Ed.), Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8157/ Zhu, S., & Viejo-Borbolla, A. (n.d.). Pathogenesis and virulence of herpes simplex virus. Virulence, 12(1), 2670–2702. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2021.1982373

THANKS!

Stay viral :P

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HSV Family

Any species of human herpes viruses are a part of the family Herpesviridae. The suffix -viridae is consistent for the familial names of viruses.

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HSV Species

The species human herpes viruses 1 and 2 fall within genus Simplexvirus HSV-1 affects the oral mucosa HSV-2 affects the genital mucosa

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HSV Subfamily

Herpesviridae is divided into three subfamilies. HSV is within alphaherpesvirinae.The suffix -virinae is consistent for the subfamilial names of viruses. The subfamilies are divided based on their host range: Alpha - broad range (neurotropic) Beta - restricted range (lymphotropic) Gamma - very restricted range (lymphotropic but only T and B cells)

HSV Genus

Alphaherpesvirinae divides into Simplexvirus and Varicellovirus. Simplexvirus causes herpesVaricellovirus causes shingles. The suffix -virus is consistent for the genus names of viruses.

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From mom to baby!

We know that HSV-2 tends to target genital mucosa instead of oral mucosa like HSV-1. This puts newborns at a high risk of attracting the virus if the mother were to have HSV-2. The baby would be exposed to the virus immediately upon passing through the birth canal Important to note that the virus itself does not cross the placenta! The direct contact with the mothers secretions is what infects the baby!

Don't touch me !

The only way of transmitting HSV is through direct contact. This is due in part to the virion being enveloped in the lipid bilayer. Forms of common transmission routes are:

• Sexual
• Oral-genital
• Kissing (especially adults to babies)
• Contact with bodily fluids
• Fomites

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The Start of Cold Sores

This HSV infection is a result of the host's first ever interaction with the virus. The first infection is the most severe with its symptoms of :

• Fever
• Sore throat
• Erythema of the throat/mouth
• Lesions (vesicular or ulcerative)

Reinfection of this HSV-1 manifestation is less drastic, leaving a person with only an oral lesion (called cold sores) whenever their immunity is low.

Infection of the Eye

Herpatic keratitis happens when there is direct contact of HSV with the eye, or reinfection of the virus that has migrated from its initial site to the eye.

We expect to see:

• Conjunctivitis
• Blephiritis
• Dentritic ulcers (seen under fluorescent staining →)

HSV keratitis is self-limiting like all other types of HSV infections. However, reinfection can lead to serious outcomes like vision impairment or even blindness

Big Brain

HSV encephalitis usually presents with a fever, headaches, and seizures. The onset of the primary infection is insidious. Symptoms outside of encephalitis will start as minor and then evolve from there; becoming more severe with each reinfection

Reaching the point of encephalitis can happen either at primary infection (typically in young adults since the first infection has the harsher symptoms) or during reinfection (typically in elderly since their immunity decreases over time)

Herpes Down Under

Predominantly caused by HSV-2 (although cases caused by HSV-1 have been on the rise)

A person with genital herpes can present with:

• Fever
• Itching
• Myalgia

• Papules
• Blisters
• Ulcers

Like with all other HSV infections, the primary infection is the most severe. The severity of reinfection depends on host immunity

Why Mother

We are aware that HSV can be transmitted from mother to baby during the birthing process if she is infected.

Majority of cases, the mother had passed the virus from intrapartum exposure. Those newborns exhibit fever, sepsis, or seizures.

Rarely are there cases where baby contracts the virus before birth. Newborns affected in these cases are usually born prematurely and have a poorer prognosis

It was noted that those who deliver via C-section are less likely to pass on the virus to their newborn.

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