Academic Review

Part one:

Learning Theories

Rebecca McGee

Start

One of the major characteristics of behaviorism is observable behavior. Behaviorists believe that behavior can be studied and understood by observing and measuring the actions and reactions of individuals. Another characteristic is its rejection of the study of the mind.Theorists believe that behavior can be explained entirely by external factors, such as rewards, punishments, and environmental stimuli, which suggests that behavior is shaped by the environment in which an individual lives. Lastly, conditioning is also a characteristic of behaviorism. Classical conditioning, pioneered by Ivan Pavlov, is based on the idea that behavior can be learned through associations. Behaviorism offers a unique perspective on the role of memory in shaping behavior. It highlights the importance of memory in the process of learning and how it influences our behaviors. Memory allows us to store and retrieve information about our experiences, which helps us modify our behavior according to the consequences of our actions. Understanding the role of memory according to behaviorism can provide valuable insights into how we learn and behave, and how we can use this knowledge to bring about positive changes in our lives.

Behaviorism

• Characteristic 1 : Observable Behavioral
• Characteristic 2 : Rejection of the Mind
• Characteristic 3 : Classical Conditional

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The types of learning that is best explained are the differences in individual development result from the past experiences that people have had and the value of these experiences for helping the individuals to accomplish immediate or long-range goals. The content of these experiences and the way they are organized contribute to the differences between one person's behavior and another's. For example, all children go through something called “child rearing,” yet the experiences this entails surely differ for different people. These experiences are part of the individual's history of learning. The dynamics of how people store and recall their experiences, and how they transfer their experiences to new situations, are crucial elements of the behavioral perspective.

Memory/Learning

• Theorist 1 : John Watson
• Theorist 2 : Ivan Pavlo
• Theorist 3 : J.B Skinner

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The types of learning that is best explained are the differences in individual development result from the past experiences that people have had and the value of these experiences for helping the individuals to accomplish immediate or long-range goals. The content of these experiences and the way they are organized contribute to the differences between one person's behavior and another's. For example, all children go through something called “child rearing,” yet the experiences this entails surely differ for different people. These experiences are part of the individual's history of learning. The dynamics of how people store and recall their experiences, and how they transfer their experiences to new situations, are crucial elements of the behavioral perspective.

Conigtivism

• Theorist 1 : John Watson
• Theorist 2 : Ivan Pavlo
• Theorist 3 : J.B Skinner

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Paige's Stages of Cognitive Development

Sensirimotor 0-2yrs

• Children are learning that physical actions (motor) result in sensed responses, that is by one or more of the five senses. In this can be discerned the stimulus-response relationship of classical conditioning.

Intuitive 4-7yrs

• During this stage children are egocentric. They see the world purely from their own perspective. They cannot ‘decentre’, that is see the world from another's point of view

Concrete Operational 8-11 yrs

• Children are beginning to think logically. They begin to understand that things and events can be ordered and that some can be reversed. They begin to classify deliberately and organise.

Preoperational 3-4yrs

• During this stage children are egocentric. They see the world purely from their own perspective. They cannot ‘decentre’, that is see the world from another's point of view

Strengths: Students are able to take responsibility for their learning. Hands-on experience and problem solving Interactive and student-teacher approches Students are able to onnect learning to real - life situations

Constructivism explains how a group of people might be exposed to the same idea or event at the same time and place, but attain different conclusions, report different elements and consequences, and recall events in very different ways later on. Constructivism is an instructional technique utilized by certain teachers. Rather than using traditional reading and lectures to study topics, Bruner (1961) advocated for experiential learning through hands-on activities. When students study, question, and engage with a topic or event, knowledge becomes more meaningful, sticks in memory, and is valued more highly.

Constructivism

• Theorist 1 : Jerome Brunner
• Theorist 2 : Jean Piaget
• Theorist 3 : Lev Vygotsky
• Theorist 4: John Dewy

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4 Stages of Constructivism

Engagement Stage

Explanation Stage

Decision Making Stage

• This step involves access to the appropriate solution to the problem and implementation of such solution. Hence the cognitive integration process occurs between the new and previous concepts, which lead to cognitive integration of the concepts and the emergence of more extensive and deeper concepts. as well applying what they have learned in new situations.

Exploration Stage

In conclusion, the three prominent theories of learning that offer distinct viewpoints on how people learn are behaviorism, constructivism, and cognitivism. Each theory offers a unique viewpoint on how people learn. Behaviorism places emphasis on observable behavior, whereas constructivism and cognitivism highlight the significance of internal mental processes. Understanding the distinctive qualities of each theory can assist teachers in creating engaging learning opportunities for students. Through the integration of several theories, educators can develop a comprehensive and well-rounded approach to teaching and learning.

Summary

Visual content is a transversal and universal language, just like music. We are able to understand images from millions of years ago, even from other cultures.

References

https://sk-sagepub-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/books/an-introduction-to-theories-of-human-development/n7.xml Salkind, N. J. (2004). Behavioral models of development. In An Introduction to Theories of Human Development (pp. 159-196). SAGE Publications, Inc., https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483328676and participation. https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://sk-sagepub-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/books/childhood-and-youth-studies/n7.xml Sullivan, L. E. (2009). Constructivist learning theory. In The SAGE Glossary of the Social and Behavioral Sciences (Vol. 3, pp. 106-107). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412972024

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You can add additional content that excites your students' brains: videos, images, links, interactivity... Whatever you want!

Trick:

Interactivity is the key element to capture your students' interest and attention. A genially is interactive because your group explores and interacts with it.

Did you know...

Does the window allow for adding more extensive content? You can enhance your genially by incorporating PDFs, videos, text... The content of the window will appear when clicking on the interactive element.

With this function...

You can add additional content that excites your students' brains: videos, images, links, interactivity... Whatever you want!

With this function...

You can add additional content that excites the brains of your students: videos, images, links, interactivity... Whatever you want!

Did you know...

Does the window allow for adding more extensive content? You can enhance your genially by incorporating PDFs, videos, text... The content of the window will appear when clicking on the interactive element.

With this function...

You can add additional content that excites your students' brains: videos, images, links, interactivity... Whatever you want!

Trick:

Interactivity is the key element to capture your students' interest and attention. A genially is interactive because your group explores and interacts with it.

With this function...

You can add additional content that excites the brains of your students: videos, images, links, interactivity... Whatever you want!

Did you know...

In Genially you will find more than 1,000 templates ready to upload your content and 100% customizable, which will help you in your classes.