Academic Review
Rebecca McGee
Created on January 28, 2024
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Rebecca McGee
Learning Theories
Part one:
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- Characteristic 1 : Observable Behavioral
- Characteristic 2 : Rejection of the Mind
- Characteristic 3 : Classical Conditional
Behaviorism
One of the major characteristics of behaviorism is observable behavior. Behaviorists believe that behavior can be studied and understood by observing and measuring the actions and reactions of individuals. Another characteristic is its rejection of the study of the mind.Theorists believe that behavior can be explained entirely by external factors, such as rewards, punishments, and environmental stimuli, which suggests that behavior is shaped by the environment in which an individual lives. Lastly, conditioning is also a characteristic of behaviorism. Classical conditioning, pioneered by Ivan Pavlov, is based on the idea that behavior can be learned through associations.Behaviorism offers a unique perspective on the role of memory in shaping behavior. It highlights the importance of memory in the process of learning and how it influences our behaviors. Memory allows us to store and retrieve information about our experiences, which helps us modify our behavior according to the consequences of our actions. Understanding the role of memory according to behaviorism can provide valuable insights into how we learn and behave, and how we can use this knowledge to bring about positive changes in our lives.
Learning theories are essential in understanding how individuals acquire knowledge and develop skills. These ideas aid educators and psychologists in understanding the complex process of learning. The three primary theories of learning are constructivism, behaviorism, and cognitivism. Each of these ideas presents a unique perspective on learning and memory's role in the process.
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- Theorist 1 : John Watson
- Theorist 2 : Ivan Pavlo
- Theorist 3 : J.B Skinner
B.F. Skinner, the creator of behaviorism, thought that rewarding and punishing individuals may alter their behavior. The idea that learning is a passive process in which the student is only a recipient of knowledge and has no control over the process is one of behaviorism's main traits. According to behaviorism, a teacher's job is to offer appropriate stimuli and reinforce desired behaviors.
Memory/Learning
The types of learning that is best explained are the differences in individual development result from the past experiences that people have had and the value of these experiences for helping the individuals to accomplish immediate or long-range goals. The content of these experiences and the way they are organized contribute to the differences between one person's behavior and another's. For example, all children go through something called “child rearing,” yet the experiences this entails surely differ for different people. These experiences are part of the individual's history of learning. The dynamics of how people store and recall their experiences, and how they transfer their experiences to new situations, are crucial elements of the behavioral perspective.
Behaviorism holds that learning happens through conditioning, which is the act of associating a response with a particular stimulus through reinforcement. Simple, observable activities like learning a new skill and memorizing information are best explained by behaviorism. Basic abilities like reading, writing, and math are frequently taught using it.
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- Theorist 1 : John Watson
- Theorist 2 : Ivan Pavlo
- Theorist 3 : J.B Skinner
Jean Piaget, the principal theorist of this theory, held that learning is an active process in which the learner actively constructs information. Thinking about learning as an active process in which the student actively participates is one of cognitivism's main features. According to cognitivism, a teacher's job is to support learning by setting up a supportive environment and supplying the necessary resources for learning.
Conigtivism
Cognitivism is a learning theory that focuses on the internal mental processes involved in learning. Strong memory, perception, focus, and problem-solving skills are emphasized as being essential for students.
The types of learning that is best explained are the differences in individual development result from the past experiences that people have had and the value of these experiences for helping the individuals to accomplish immediate or long-range goals. The content of these experiences and the way they are organized contribute to the differences between one person's behavior and another's. For example, all children go through something called “child rearing,” yet the experiences this entails surely differ for different people. These experiences are part of the individual's history of learning. The dynamics of how people store and recall their experiences, and how they transfer their experiences to new situations, are crucial elements of the behavioral perspective.
Cognitivism holds that memory is an essential component of learning. It is thought to be a sophisticated system that gathers, organizes, and retrieves data. According to cognitivists, learning happens when new information is assimilated into preexisting knowledge structures through the process of accommodation. Complex learning tasks that require critical thinking and problem-solving are best explained by cognitivism. It is frequently employed in the teaching of disciplines including literature, science, and history.
Cognitivism is a learning theory that focuses on the internal mental processes involved in learning. Strong memory, perception, focus, and problem-solving skills are emphasized as being essential for students.
- During this stage children are egocentric. They see the world purely from their own perspective. They cannot ‘decentre’, that is see the world from another's point of view
Preoperational 3-4yrs
- Children are beginning to think logically. They begin to understand that things and events can be ordered and that some can be reversed. They begin to classify deliberately and organise.
Concrete Operational 8-11 yrs
- During this stage children are egocentric. They see the world purely from their own perspective. They cannot ‘decentre’, that is see the world from another's point of view
Intuitive 4-7yrs
- Children are learning that physical actions (motor) result in sensed responses, that is by one or more of the five senses. In this can be discerned the stimulus-response relationship of classical conditioning.
Sensirimotor 0-2yrs
Paige's Stages of Cognitive Development
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- Theorist 1 : Jerome Brunner
- Theorist 2 : Jean Piaget
- Theorist 3 : Lev Vygotsky
- Theorist 4: John Dewy
Constructivism's principal theorist, Lev Vygotsky, held that education is a social and cultural process. Constructivist theory views the teacher's job as one of facilitating learning by giving students opportunity for practical experiences and fostering student participation.
Constructivism
Constructivism is a philosophy of learning that places a strong emphasis on how learners actively construct knowledge. It sees education as a process of creating meaning by encounters and interactions with the outside world.One of constructivism's main features is that it sees education as an active process in which students build their knowledge via interactions with their surroundings and other people.
Constructivism explains how a group of people might be exposed to the same idea or event at the same time and place, but attain different conclusions, report different elements and consequences, and recall events in very different ways later on. Constructivism is an instructional technique utilized by certain teachers. Rather than using traditional reading and lectures to study topics, Bruner (1961) advocated for experiential learning through hands-on activities. When students study, question, and engage with a topic or event, knowledge becomes more meaningful, sticks in memory, and is valued more highly.
Strengths:Students are able to take responsibility for their learning.Hands-on experience and problem solvingInteractive and student-teacher approchesStudents are able to onnect learning to real - life situations
According to constructivism, memory is a tool for creating understanding and meaning. It is expected of the learner to interpret new information by drawing on their past experiences and expertise. Through the scaffolding process, where a student is assisted by someone with greater experience, learning takes place. Complex learning activities that require higher order thinking skills are best explained by constructivism. It is frequently utilized in the instruction of social studies, music, and art classes.
Exploration Stage
- This step involves access to the appropriate solution to the problem and implementation of such solution. Hence the cognitive integration process occurs between the new and previous concepts, which lead to cognitive integration of the concepts and the emergence of more extensive and deeper concepts. as well applying what they have learned in new situations.
This step involves access to the appropriate solution to the problem and implementation of such solution. Hence the cognitive integration process occurs between the new and previous concepts, which lead to cognitive integration of the concepts and the emergence of more extensive and deeper concepts. as well applying what they have learned in new situations.
Decision Making Stage
Explanation Stage
Engagement Stage
4 Stages of Constructivism
The teacher divides the learners into heterogeneous groups; and each group carries out various activities such as collecting data and information, classifying them, develop hypotheses, ask questions, search for answers and explanations, access to solutions, criticize them, issue judgment; in preparation for social dialogue to reach solutions to the question raised at the beginning of the class.
Visual content is a transversal and universal language, just like music. We are able to understand images from millions of years ago, even from other cultures.
Summary
In conclusion, the three prominent theories of learning that offer distinct viewpoints on how people learn are behaviorism, constructivism, and cognitivism. Each theory offers a unique viewpoint on how people learn. Behaviorism places emphasis on observable behavior, whereas constructivism and cognitivism highlight the significance of internal mental processes. Understanding the distinctive qualities of each theory can assist teachers in creating engaging learning opportunities for students. Through the integration of several theories, educators can develop a comprehensive and well-rounded approach to teaching and learning.
https://sk-sagepub-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/books/an-introduction-to-theories-of-human-development/n7.xmlSalkind, N. J. (2004). Behavioral models of development. In An Introduction to Theories of Human Development (pp. 159-196). SAGE Publications, Inc., https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483328676and participation.https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://sk-sagepub-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/books/childhood-and-youth-studies/n7.xmlSullivan, L. E. (2009). Constructivist learning theory. In The SAGE Glossary of the Social and Behavioral Sciences (Vol. 3, pp. 106-107). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412972024
References
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You can add additional content that excites your students' brains: videos, images, links, interactivity... Whatever you want!
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Does the window allow for adding more extensive content? You can enhance your genially by incorporating PDFs, videos, text... The content of the window will appear when clicking on the interactive element.
Did you know...
You can add additional content that excites your students' brains: videos, images, links, interactivity... Whatever you want!
With this function...
You can add additional content that excites the brains of your students: videos, images, links, interactivity... Whatever you want!
With this function...
Does the window allow for adding more extensive content? You can enhance your genially by incorporating PDFs, videos, text... The content of the window will appear when clicking on the interactive element.
Did you know...
You can add additional content that excites your students' brains: videos, images, links, interactivity... Whatever you want!
With this function...
Interactivity is the key element to capture your students' interest and attention. A genially is interactive because your group explores and interacts with it.
Trick:
You can add additional content that excites the brains of your students: videos, images, links, interactivity... Whatever you want!
With this function...
In Genially you will find more than 1,000 templates ready to upload your content and 100% customizable, which will help you in your classes.
Did you know...