Cestyll

Beth yw Castell?

Castell - 'Mwnt a Beili'

Cestyll Cyntaf Cymru

Castell Mwnt a Beili

Gwybodaeth Gyffredinol / General Information

Cestyll Tywysogion Cymru / Castles of the Princes of Wales

Cestyll Edward I Castles of Edward I

Pam adeiladodd Edward I gymaint o gestyll yng ngogledd Cymru?Why did Edward I build so many castles in north Wales?

Sut mae cestyll y Cymry a chestyll Edward I yn debyg ?How are Welsh castles and Edward I's castles similar?

Sut mae cestyll y Cymry a chestyll Edward I yn wahanol?How are Welsh castles and Edward I's castles different?

Eich Tasg / Your Task

Caplan

Crefftwyr

Craftsmen

Visitors

Ymwelwyr

Chaplain

Domestic Staff

Staff Domestig

Arglwydd ac Arglwyddes:

Lord and Lady

Soldiers

Milwyr

Bywyd bob dydd mewn Castell

Gwybodaeth

Gwybodaeth

Swyddi Castell Canoloesol a Swyddi Modern (heddiw)

Tebygrwydd

Gwahaniaethau

John

Graphic Design

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Swyddi Castell Canoloesol a Swyddi Modern (heddiw)

Cegin y Castell

Imagine stepping into a bustling castle kitchen during medieval times! It's like a whirlwind of activity with cooks and servants scurrying around to prepare meals for knights, lords, ladies, and other castle dwellers. But what tasty treats were on the menu? Let's find out!

Dychmygwch gamu i mewn i gegin brysur castell yn ystod y canol oesoedd! Mae fel corwynt o weithgaredd gyda chogyddion a gweision yn sgrialu o gwmpas i baratoi prydau i farchogion, arglwyddi, merched, a thrigolion eraill y castell. Ond pa ddanteithion blasus oedd ar y fwydlen? Gadewch i ni gael gwybod!

Bread

Bara

Meat

Cig

Pottage

Potas

Cheese

Caws

Fruits and Nuts

Ffrwythau a Chnau

Fish

Pysgod

Porraige

Uwd

Llinell Amser - Cestyll

1066

Mwnt a Beili

1067

Castell Cas-gwent

1435

1091

Castell Rhaglan

Castell Caerdydd

1295

Castell Biwmares

1280

1277

1277

Castell Powys

Castell Rhuddlan

Castell Caeriw

1280

Castell Dinbych

• Adeiladodd tywysogion Cymru eu cestyll eu hunain er mwyn amddiffyn eu tiroedd a diogelu lleoedd pwysig.
• Adeiladwyd y cestyll mewn mannau gydag amddiffynfeydd naturiol cryf, fel ar ben bryn neu ger afon.
• Byddai siâp y castell yn amrywio er mwyn manteisio ar ei safle.
• Llywelyn ab lorwerth (Llywelyn Fawr, m.1240) adeiladodd gestyll Dolwyddelan, Dolbadarn, Cricieth ac Ewlo.

Cestyll Tywysogion Cymru

• The princes of Wales built their own castles to protect their lands and protect important places.
• The castles were built in places with strong natural defenses, such as on top of a hill or near a river.
• The shape of the castle would vary in order to take advantage of its position.
• Llywelyn ab lorwerth (Llywelyn Fawr, d.1240) built the castles of Dolwyddelan, Dolbadarn, Cricieth and Ewlo.

Castles of the Princes of Wales

Cig / Meat

• Meat was a luxury enjoyed by the wealthy inhabitants of the castle.
• They might feast on roasted beef, lamb, or pork.
• Sometimes, they even hunted for wild game like deer or boar.

Nutrition:Meat provided essential proteins for building and repairing muscles, as well as important vitamins and minerals like iron and zinc.

• Roedd cig yn foethusrwydd a fwynhawyd gan drigolion cyfoethog y castell.
• Efallai y byddan nhw'n gwledda ar gig eidion, cig oen neu borc wedi'i rostio.
• Weithiau, roedden nhw hyd yn oed yn hela am ceirw neu faedd.

Maeth:Roedd cig yn darparu proteinau hanfodol ar gyfer adeiladu ac atgyweirio cyhyrau, yn ogystal â fitaminau a mwynau pwysig fel haearn a sinc.

• Math o gartref yw castell.
• Brenhinoedd, breninesau neu arglwyddi a’u teuluoedd fyddai’n byw mewn castell fel arfer.
• Byddai milwyr, cogyddion, glanhawyr a phobl eraill hefyd yn byw yno er mwyn helpu edrych ar ôl y brenin, y frenhines neu’r arglwydd.
• Roedd cestyll wedi eu cynllunio i gadw’r bobl tu mewn iddo yn ddiogel ac i gadw gelynion allan.

• A castle is a type of home.
• Kings, queens or lords and their families would usually live in a castle.
• Soldiers, cooks, cleaners and other people would also live there to help look after the king, queen or lord.
• Castles were designed to keep the people inside safe and to keep enemies out

Twmpath neu fryn mawr oedd y Mwnt. Roedd y gorthwr neu'r castell wedi'i leoli ar ben y mwnt. Yma yr oedd yr arglwydd a'i deulu yn byw.

Mwnt (Motte)

The Motte was a large mound or hill. The keep or castle was located on top of the motte. The lord and his family lived here.

Palisâd: Ffens o stanciau pigfain ar gyfer amddiffynfa ychwanegol. Ffosydd: Ffosydd o amgylch y mwnt a'r beili i'w hamddiffyn ymhellach.

Nodweddion Ychwanegol / :

Palisade: A fence made of pointed stakes for added defense.Moat / Ditches: Trenches around the motte and bailey for extra protection.

Concentric Castle: Name: Beaumaris Castle Date: 1295 Builder: Edward I Advantage: Many layers of defense with surrounding walls make it tough for attackers.Disadvantage: Building it costs a lot and takes a long time.

Castell consentrig:Enw: Castell BiwmaresDyddiad: 1295Adeiladwr: Edward IMantais: Mae llawer o haenau o amddiffynfeydd gyda waliau amgylchynol yn ei gwneud hi'n anodd i bobl ymosod.Anfantais: Mae adeiladu yn costio llawer ac yn cymryd amser hir.

Arglwydd ac Arglwyddes / Lord and Lady

• Yr arglwydd a'r arglwyddes oedd llywodraethwyr bonheddig y castell, yn gyfrifol am oruchwylio ei weinyddiad, ei amddiffyn, a'i weithgareddau cymdeithasol.
• Roedd eu dyletswyddau'n cynnwys rheoli'r ystâd, cynnal gwleddoedd a digwyddiadau, a dyfarnu anghydfodau ymhlith eu milwyr a'u deiliaid.

• The lord and lady were the noble rulers of the castle, responsible for overseeing its administration, defense, and social activities.
• Their duties included managing the estate, hosting feasts and events, and adjudicating disputes among their vassals and subjects.

Bara / Bread

• Bread was a staple food for people in medieval times.
• It was usually made from wheat or barley flour and baked in large ovens.
• Imagine the smell of freshly baked bread wafting through the kitchen!

Nutrition:Bread made from whole grains like wheat or barley provide carbohydrates for energy, as well as fiber for digestive health.

• Roedd bara yn brif fwyd i bobl yr oesoedd canol.
• Fel arfer byddai'n cael ei wneud o flawd gwenith neu haidd a'i bobi mewn ffyrnau mawr.
• Dychmygwch arogl bara ffres yn gwibio drwy'r gegin!

Maeth:Mae bara wedi'i wneud o rawn cyflawn fel gwenith neu haidd yn darparu carbohydradau ar gyfer egni, yn ogystal â ffibr ar gyfer treulio.

Negesydd:

• Byddai’r caplan yn aml yn gwasanaethu fel negesydd rhwng arglwydd y castell a phendefigion eraill, clerigwyr, neu ystadau cyfagos.
• Gallant gario llythyrau pwysig neu gyflwyno negeseuon llafar.

Cofnodwr:

• Efallai y bydd y caplan yn gyfrifol am gadw cofnodion o ddigwyddiadau pwysig, megis genedigaethau, marwolaethau, priodasau, neu drafodion arwyddocaol o fewn y castell.

Coffrwr:

• Yn ogystal â dyletswyddau ysbrydol, efallai y bydd y caplan hefyd yn rheoli cyllid yr eglwys o fewn y castell, gan gasglu degwm, rhoddion, neu gyfraniadau ariannol eraill.

Capel

Messenger:

• The chaplain would often serve as a messenger between the lord of the castle and other nobles, clergy, or neighboring estates.
• They may carry important letters or deliver verbal messages.

Recorder:

• The chaplain might be responsible for keeping records of important events, such as births, deaths, marriages, or significant transactions within the castle.

Cashier:

• In addition to spiritual duties, the chaplain might also manage the finances of the church within the castle, collecting tithes, donations, or other monetary contributions.

Castell herodrol:(Castell gyda symbolau ffansi yn dangos cyfoeth a grym) Enw: Castell PowysDyddiad: Diwedd y 13eg ganrif / 1280au.Adeiladwr: Gruffydd ap GwenwynwynMantais: Mae dyluniadau ffansi yn dangos cyfoeth a phŵer, gan wasanaethu amddiffyniad a symbolaeth.Anfantais: Yn ddrud i'w adeiladu a'i gynnal.

Heraldic Castle:(A castle with fancy symbols showing wealth and power) Name: Powis Castle Date: Late 13th century / 1280sBuilder: Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn Advantage: Fancy designs show wealth and power, serving defense and symbolism.Disadvantage: Expensive to build and upkeep.

Ringwork Castle:(A castle with a circular defensive structure.) Name: Rhuddlan Castle Date: 1277 Builder: Edward I Advantage: Earthworks and water defenses add extra protection.Disadvantage: Not as strong as stone structures and can be damaged by erosion.

Castell Ringwork: (Castell gyda strwythur amddiffynnol crwn.)Enw: Castell RhuddlanDyddiad: 1277Adeiladwr: Edward IMantais: Mae cloddiau ac amddiffynfeydd dŵr yn ychwanegu amddiffyniad ychwanegol.Anfantais: Ddim mor gryf â strwythurau cerrig a gall erydiad ei niweidio.

Tower House Castle:(A castle with tall towers for defense)Name: Raglan Castle Date: 1435 Builder: Sir William ap Thomas Advantage: Tall towers provide great defense views.Disadvantage: Vulnerable to artillery attacks because of the height.

Castell Twr (Castell gyda thyrau uchel ar gyfer amddiffyn)Enw: Castell RhaglanDyddiad: 1435Adeiladwr: Syr William ap ThomasMantais: Mae tyrau uchel yn rhoi golygfeydd amddiffyn gwych.Anfantais: Yn agored i ymosodiadau magnelau oherwydd yr uchder.

Manteision / Advantages:

Quick to Build: Motte and Bailey castles were made fast for protection.Affordable to Make: They were not expensive because they used easy-to-find materials like wood and dirt.Fits Anywhere: They could be built in different places because they worked well on all kinds of land.See Enemies Early: The tall part helped people see enemies from far away.Scare Away Invaders: Just having a Motte and Bailey castle could make enemies not want to attack.

Cyflym i'w Adeiladu: Cafodd cestyll tomen a beili eu gwneud yn gyflym i'w hamddiffyn.Fforddiadwy i'w Gwneud: Nid oeddent yn ddrud oherwydd eu bod yn defnyddio deunyddiau hawdd eu darganfod fel pren a baw.Yn ffitio i unrhyw le: Gallent gael eu hadeiladu mewn gwahanol leoedd oherwydd eu bod yn gweithio'n dda ar bob math o dir.Gweld Gelynion yn Gynnar: Roedd y rhan uchel yn helpu pobl i weld gelynion o bell.Dychryn Goresgynwyr: Gallai cael castell Mwnt a Beili olygu nad yw gelynion eisiau ymosod.

Amgaead: Ardal wastad wrth ymyl y mwnt, wedi'i amgylchynu gan wal neu ffens.Adeiladau: Tai, gweithdai, a strwythurau eraill wedi'u gwneud o bren y tu mewn i'r beili.Porthdy: Y fynedfa gyda giât neu strwythur mwy caerog.Ffynnon: Ffynhonnell ddŵr, fel ffynnon, ar gyfer y castell.

Beili (Bailey)

Enclosure: A flat area next to the motte, surrounded by a wall or fence. Buildings: Houses, workshops, and other structures made of wood inside the bailey. Gatehouse: The entrance with a gate or a more fortified structure. Well: A water source, like a well, for the castle.

Ffrwythau a Chnau / Fruits and Nuts

• Castle kitchens often stored fruits and nuts to add flavor to dishes or serve as snacks.
• Apples, pears, berries, and almonds were commonly enjoyed by medieval folks.

Nutrition:Fruits provided vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, while nuts offered healthy fats, proteins, fiber, and various vitamins and minerals.

• Roedd ceginau castell yn aml yn storio ffrwythau a chnau i ychwanegu blas at brydau neu wasanaethu fel byrbrydau.
• Roedd pobl ganoloesol yn mwynhau afalau, gellyg, aeron ac almonau yn aml.

Maeth:Roedd ffrwythau'n darparu fitaminau, mwynau a gwrthocsidyddion, tra bod cnau'n cynnig brasterau iach, proteinau, ffibr, ac amrywiol fitaminau a mwynau.

Crefftwyr

Saer:

• Roedd seiri coed yn fedrus mewn gwaith coed, yn gyfrifol am adeiladu a thrwsio strwythurau pren o fewn y castell, megis dodrefn, drysau a fframweithiau.

Saer maen:

• Roedd seiri maen yn arbenigo mewn gweithio gyda cherrig, adeiladu a chynnal strwythurau carreg y castell, gan gynnwys waliau, tyrau ac amddiffynfeydd.

Tӧwr:

• Roedd toeon, neu dowyr gwellt, yn gyfrifol am gynnal a thrwsio toeau adeiladau'r castell, gan ddefnyddio deunyddiau fel gwellt, pren neu lechi yn aml.

Gof:

• Bu gof yn saernïo a thrwsio offer metel, arfau ac arfwisgoedd ar gyfer trigolion y castell, gan ddefnyddio efail ac einion i siapio metel.

Gof Arfau:

• Roedd gof arfau yn canolbwyntio'n benodol ar grefftio a chynnal arfau a ddefnyddir gan filwyr a gwarchodwyr y castell, megis cleddyfau, gwaywffyn a bwyeill.

Domestic Staff:

Chef / Cook:

• The chef or cook was responsible for planning menus, preparing meals, and overseeing the kitchen staff to ensure that the lord, lady, and their guests were well-fed.

Seamstress:

• Seamstresses were skilled in sewing and embroidery, tasked with creating and repairing clothing, linens, and tapestries for the inhabitants of the castle.

Maid:

• Maids performed various domestic duties within the castle, including cleaning, laundry, and serving food and drink to the lord, lady, and their guests.

Servant:

• Servants provided general assistance to the inhabitants of the castle, running errands, tending to fires, and performing other tasks as needed.

Pysgod / Fish

• If the castle was near a river or the sea, fish would also be a part of the menu.
• Trout, salmon, and herring were popular choices, either grilled, baked, or stewed.

Nutrition:Fish was an excellent source of lean protein, omega-3 fatty acids (which are important for heart and brain health), and various vitamins and minerals like vitamin D and selenium.

• Pe bai'r castell ger afon neu'r môr, byddai pysgod hefyd yn rhan o'r fwydlen.
• Roedd brithyllod, eog a phenwaig yn ddewisiadau poblogaidd, naill ai wedi'u grilio, eu pobi, neu eu stiwio.

Maeth:Roedd pysgod yn ffynhonnell wych o brotein heb lawer o fraster, asidau brasterog omega-3 (sy'n bwysig i iechyd y galon a'r ymennydd), ac amrywiol fitaminau a mwynau fel fitamin D a seleniwm.

Motte and Bailey Castle: Name: Cardiff Castle Date: 1091 Builder: Robert Fitzhamon Advantage: Elevated position on a motte provided strategic advantage and better visibility. Disadvantage: Wooden buildings could easily catch fire.

Castell Mwnt a Beili:Enw: Castell CaerdyddDyddiad: 1091 Adeiladwr: Robert Fitzhamon Mantais: Roedd safle uwch ar fwnt yn rhoi mantais strategol a gweld yn well.Anfantais: Gallai adeiladau pren fynd ar dân yn hawdd.

Cestyll Cyntaf Cymru

Cestyll tomen a beili odd y cestyll cyntaf hyn sef: • tomen o bridd a thir o bren ar ei phen • beili neu gwrt, a ffos a ffens oi amgylch i'w amddiffynCafodd dros 500 o gestyll tomen a beili eu hadeiladu yng Nghymru. Mae pob un o'r rhain wedi diflannu erbyn heddiw, ond mae'n bosibl gweld lle roedden nhw twy awyrluniau. Tomen Castell Caerdydd yw'r uchaf yng Nghymru. Mae'n 10.87 metr o uchder.

Motte and bailey castles were the first castles, namely:• a heap of soil and a piece of wood on top• a bailey or court, with a moat and fence around it to protect it .Over 500 mound and bailey castles were built in Wales.All of these have disappeared by now, but it is possible to see where they were by aerial photographs.Cardiff Castle Hill is the highest in Wales. It is 10.87 meters high.

Uwd / Porraige

• Porridge was a simple dish made from boiled grains like oats or barley.
• It was a common breakfast food, especially for servants and workers in the castle.

Nutrition:Porridge made from grains like oats provided complex carbohydrates for sustained energy, fiber for digestive health, and some proteins and essential nutrients depending on additional ingredients.

• Roedd uwd yn fwyd syml wedi'i gwneud o rawn wedi'i ferwi fel ceirch neu haidd.
• Roedd yn fwyd brecwast cyffredin, yn enwedig i weision a gweithwyr y castell.

Maeth:Roedd uwd wedi'i wneud o rawn fel ceirch yn darparu carbohydradau ar gyfer egni parhaus, ffibr ar gyfer treulio, a rhai proteinau a maetholion hanfodol yn dibynnu ar gynhwysion ychwanegol.

Craftsmen

Carpenter:

• Carpenters were skilled in woodworking, responsible for constructing and repairing wooden structures within the castle, such as furniture, doors, and frameworks.

Mason:

• Masons specialized in working with stone, building and maintaining the castle's stone structures, including walls, towers, and fortifications.

Roofer:

• Roofers, or thatchers, were tasked with maintaining and repairing the roofs of the castle buildings, often using materials like thatch, wood, or slate.

Blacksmith:

• Blacksmiths crafted and repaired metal tools, weapons, and armor for the inhabitants of the castle, utilizing a forge and anvil to shape metal.

Weaponsmith

• Weaponsmiths specifically focused on crafting and maintaining weapons used by the soldiers and guards of the castle, such as swords, spears, and axes.

Visitors to the Castle:

Poets:

• Poets were often invited to entertain the lord and lady of the castle and their guests with lyrical compositions, recitations, or performances.

Musicians:

• Musicians provided entertainment through music, playing instruments such as lutes, harps, flutes, or drums during feasts, celebrations, or gatherings.

Paddlers:

• Paddlers were individuals who operated boats or barges, transporting goods or people along rivers or waterways near the castle.

Traders:

• Traders visited the castle to exchange goods or services, offering items such as spices, textiles, jewelry, or other luxury goods.

Anfanteision / Disadvantages

Fire Danger: These castles could easily catch fire because they were mostly made of wood, especially when attacked with fire arrows. Not So Strong: They were not as tough as castles made of stone, so they needed a lot of fixing and could decay more easily. Small Space: The area where people lived and worked on the castle was not very big because the space on the tall part was limited. Not Great at Defending: These castles didn't work as well against certain attack methods, like sieges, making them more likely to get hurt. Need Lots of resources: Building these castles needed a lot of things from nearby, which could be a problem if those things weren't easy to find. Not Forever Houses: These castles couldn't last a really long time because they could get old, catch fire, or be defeated by better ways of attacking. People often replaced them with stronger castles made of stone.

Perygl Tân: Gallai’r cestyll hyn fynd ar dân yn hawdd oherwydd eu bod wedi’u gwneud yn bennaf o bren, yn enwedig pan ymosodwyd arnynt â saethau tân.Ddim mor gryf: Nid oeddent mor galed â chestyll wedi'u gwneud o gerrig, felly roedd angen llawer o waith gosod arnynt a gallent bydru'n haws.Lle Bach: Nid oedd yr ardal lle roedd pobl yn byw ac yn gweithio ar y castell yn fawr iawn oherwydd roedd y gofod ar y rhan uchel yn gyfyngedig.Ddim yn Fawr am Amddiffyn: Ni weithiodd y cestyll hyn cystal yn erbyn rhai dulliau ymosod penodol, fel gwarchaeau, gan eu gwneud yn fwy tebygol o gael eu brifo.Angen Llawer o adnoddau: Roedd angen llawer o bethau o'r ardal gyfagos i adeiladu'r cestyll hyn, a allai fod yn broblem pe na bai'r pethau hynny'n hawdd eu darganfod.Tai Ddim am Byth: Ni allai'r cestyll hyn bara am amser hir iawn oherwydd gallent fynd yn hen, mynd ar dân, neu gael eu trechu gan ffyrdd gwell o ymosod. Roedd pobl yn aml yn eu disodli gan gestyll cryfach wedi'u gwneud o gerrig.

Adeiladwyd y Cestyll Mwnt a Beili cynnar yn gyflym gan ddefnyddio coed a phridd. Wrth weithio’n galed roedd yn bosibl gorffen y gwaith trymaf cyn pen wythnos.

• Safai’r Castell ei hun ar ben mwnt.
• Roedd yna fos yn amgylchynu’r holl gastell.
• Buarth gwastad oedd y beili. Yma y cedwid anifeiliaid a bwydydd.

Erbyn heddiw, does yr un castell mwnt a beili yn dal yn sefyll, er y gellid gweld olion llawer ohonynt.

Castell Mwnt a Beili

Differences:Builder and Purpose:

• Welsh castles were built by Welsh rulers for their reasons,
• Edward I's castles were built by the English king to conquer Wales.

Design and Architecture:

• Welsh castles reflected local styles;
• Edward I's castles had a special style showing power.

Intention of Control:

• Welsh castles were for local control and defense;
• Edward I's castles were to take over Wales.

Historical:

• Welsh castles show the history of Welsh struggles;
• Edward I's castles represent English dominance in Wales.

Sut mae cestyll y Cymry a chestyll Edward I yn wahanol?

How are Welsh castles and Edward I's castles different?

Gwahaniaethau:Adeiladwr a Phwrpas:

• Adeiladwyd cestyll Cymreig gan reolwyr Cymreig am eu rhesymau,
• Adeiladwyd cestyll Edward I gan frenin Lloegr i goncro Cymru.

Dylunio a Phensaernïaeth:

• Roedd cestyll Cymreig yn adlewyrchu dyluniadau lleol;
• Roedd gan gestyll Edward I edrychiad arbennig i ddangos pŵer.

Bwriad rheolaeth:

• Roedd cestyll Cymreig ar gyfer rheolaeth ac amddiffyn yn lleol;
• Byddai cestyll Edward I yn i gymryd drosodd Cymru.

Hanesyddol:

• Bu cestyll Cymreig yn dangos hanes brwydrau Cymreig;
• Mae cestyll Edward I yn cynrychioli rheolaeth y Saeson yng Nghymru.

• Rhwng 1276 ac 1277 ac eto rhwng 1282 ac 1283, ymosododd y Brenin Edward I o Loegr yn ffyrnig ar Gymru i geisio trechu tywysogion Cymru.
• Er mwyn gwneud hyn, adeiladwyd neu atgyweiriwyd llawer o gestyll gan Edward I a'ї gynllunwyr - cestyll fel Aberystwyth, Biwmares, Llanfair-ym- muallt, Caernarfon, Conwy, y Fflint, Harlech a Rhuddlan.
• Cipiwyd cestyll Cymreig y Bere, Cricieth, Dolwyddelan a Chaergwrle ganddo a gweithiodd ar atgyweirior rhain.

• Gwariodd Edward I lawer o arian ar y cestyll (tua £30 miliwn yn arian heddiw) a defnyddiodd y syniadau a'r technegau diweddaraf wrth eu codi.

Cestyll Edward I

Castles of Edward I

• Between 1276 and 1277 and again between 1282 and 1283, King Edward I of England fiercely attacked Wales to try to defeat the Welsh princes.
• In order to do this, many castles were built or repaired by Edward I and his planners - castles such as Aberystwyth, Beaumaris, Llanfair-ym-muallt, Caernarfon, Conwy, Flint, Harlech and Rhuddlan. Welsh Castles were captured - y Bere, Cricieth, Dolwyddelan and Caergwrle by him and he worked on repairing these.

• Edward I spent a lot of money on the castles (about £30 million in today's money) and used the latest ideas and techniques when erecting them.

• Cestyll mwnt a beili oedd y cestyll Normanaidd cyntaf.
• Roedden nhw’n cynnwys gorthwr pren neu garreg wedi’i osod ar dwmpath artiffisial o’r enw mwnt oedd y math hwn o gastell, wedi’i amgylchynu gan ardal gaeedig fawr, sef beili.

• Daeth ffos a phalisâd amddiffynnol yn rhan o adeiladwaith y castell mewn blynyddoedd diweddarach.

• Mount and bailey castles were the first Norman castles.
• They included a wooden or stone keep placed on an artificial mound, this type of castle was surrounded by a large enclosed area, a bailey.
• A moat and a defensive palisade became part of the construction of the castle in later years.

Cestyll Cyntaf Cymru

Pwy oedd y Normaniaid?

• Roedd y Normaniaid yn grŵp o bobl o Ogledd Ffrainc.
• Dan arweiniad William y Concwerwr, goresgynasant Loegr ym 1066 a rheoli'r wlad tan 1154.

Staff Domestig:

Cogydd:

• Y cogydd oedd yn gyfrifol am gynllunio bwydlenni, paratoi prydau, a goruchwylio staff y gegin i sicrhau bod yr arglwydd, y wraig, a'u gwesteion yn cael eu bwydo'n dda.

Gwisgwraig:

• Roedd gwnïwyr yn fedrus mewn gwnïo a brodwaith, gyda'r dasg o greu a thrwsio dillad, llieiniau a thapestrïau ar gyfer trigolion y castell.

Morwyn:

• Cyflawnodd morwynion amrywiol ddyletswyddau domestig o fewn y castell, gan gynnwys glanhau, golchi dillad, a gweini bwyd a diod i'r arglwydd, y foneddiges, a'u gwesteion.

Gwas:

• Darparodd gweision gymorth cyffredinol i drigolion y castell, gan redeg negeseuon, gofalu am danau, a chyflawni tasgau eraill yn ôl yr angen.

Similarities: Protection:

• Both Welsh castles and Edward I's castles were built for protection.
• They served as strongholds to defend against enemies and secure the territory.

Living Spaces:

• Both types of castles provided living spaces for people.
• They were like homes where people could stay and be safe.

Control of Land:

• Both Welsh castles and Edward I's castles helped in controlling the land.
• They were strategic points that allowed rulers to oversee and manage their territories.

Sut mae cestyll y Cymry a chestyll Edward I yn debyg?

How are Welsh castles and Edward I's castles similar?

Tebygrwydd:

Amddiffyniad:

• Adeiladwyd cestyll Cymreig a chestyll Edward I i'w hamddiffyn.
• Buont yn llefydd cadarn i amddiffyn yn erbyn gelynion a diogelu'r diriogaeth.

Mannau Byw:

• Roedd y ddau fath o gastell yn rhoi llefydd byw i bobl.
• Roeddent fel cartrefi lle gallai pobl aros a bod yn ddiogel.

Rheoli Tir:

• Bu cestyll Cymreig a chestyll Edward I yn helpu i reoli’r tir.
• Roeddent yn caniatáu i reolwyr oruchwylio a rheoli eu tiriogaethau.

Shell Keep Castle:(A castle with a strong D-shaped defense and less space inside.)Name: Denbigh Castle Date: 1280s Builder: Henry de Lacy Advantage: The D-shaped shell keep makes the defense stronger.Disadvantage: Inside space is smaller compared to other designs.

Castell Gorthwr Cregyn: (Castell ag amddiffynfa CRYF siâp D)Enw: Castell DinbychDyddiad: Diwedd y 1280auAdeiladwr: Henry de LacyMantais: Mae gorthwr cragen siâp D yn gwneud yr amddiffyniad yn gryfach.Anfantais: Dim llawer o le tu fewn o'i gymharu â dyluniadau eraill.

Cartrefi Diogel:

• Adeiladodd Edward I gestyll yng ngogledd Cymru i gael cartrefi diogel i'w deyrnas.

Amddiffyniad cryf:

• Helpodd cestyll ef i amddiffyn yn erbyn gelynion a chadw'r deyrnas yn ddiogel.

Rheoli

• Trwy adeiladu llawer o gestyll, dangosodd Edward I mai ef oedd y rheolwr a dylai pawb ddilyn ei reolau.

Tai Milwyr:

• Roedd cestyll fel tai mawr i filwyr, a allai amddiffyn y deyrnas oddi yno.

Cadw Heddwch:

• Helpodd cestyll i sicrhau bod heddwch a threfn yng ngogledd Cymru.

Rheoli Arian:

• Roeddent hefyd yn helpu i reoli arian trwy fasnach a threthi, sy'n bwysig ar gyfer rhedeg y deyrnas.

Pam adeiladodd Edward I gymaint o gestyll yng ngogledd Cymru?

Why did Edward I build so many castles in north Wales?

Safe Homes:

• Edward I built castles in north Wales to have safe homes for his kingdom.

Strong Defense:

• Castles helped him defend against enemies and keep the kingdom safe.

Being in Charge:

• By building many castles, Edward I showed he was the boss and everyone should follow his rules.

Soldiers' Houses:

• Castles were like big houses for soldiers, who could protect the kingdom from there.

Keeping Peace:

• Castles helped make sure there was peace and order in north Wales.

Controlling Money:

• They also helped control money through trade and taxes, important for running the kingdom.

Fortified Manor House. Name: Carew Castle Date: 1270 Builder: Nicholas de Carew Advantage: Combines home comfort with defense.Disadvantage: Not as big as larger castles, making it a potential target.

Maenordy caerog:Enw: Castell CaeriwDyddiad: 1270Adeiladwr: Nicholas de CarewMantais: Cyfuniad o cartrefol a nodweddion amddiffynnol.Anfantais: Llai mawreddog na chestyll eraill, gan ei wneud yn darged posibl.

Caws / Cheese

• Cheese was another important food in the medieval diet.
• It was made from the milk of cows, goats, or sheep and could be eaten fresh or aged.
• Imagine tasting a creamy slice of cheese with a crusty piece of bread!

Nutrition: Cheese was rich in proteins and fats, providing energy and essential nutrients like calcium for strong bones and teeth.

• Roedd caws yn fwyd pwysig arall yn y diet canoloesol.
• Fe'i gwnaed o laeth gwartheg, geifr, neu ddefaid a gellid ei fwyta'n ffres neu'n hen.
• Dychmygwch flasu sleisen hufennog o gaws gyda darn crystiog o fara!

Maeth:Roedd caws yn gyfoethog mewn proteinau a brasterau, gan ddarparu egni a maetholion hanfodol fel calsiwm ar gyfer esgyrn a dannedd cryf.

Stone Keep Castle:Name: Chepstow Castle Date: Begun in 1067 Builder: William FitzOsbern Advantage: Stone buildings last longer and are better at resisting fire.Disadvantage: Thick walls reduce the space inside for living..

Castell Gorthwr Carreg:Enw: Castell Cas-gwentDyddiad: Dechreuwyd yn 1067Adeiladwr: William FitzOsbernMantais: Mae adeiladau carreg yn para'n hirach ac yn well am wrthsefyll tân.Anfantais: Mae waliau trwchus yn lleihau'r gofod y tu mewn ar gyfer byw.

Ymwelwyr â’r Castell:

Beirdd:

• Byddai beirdd yn aml yn cael eu gwahodd i ddiddanu arglwydd a gwraig y castell a'u gwesteion gyda chyfansoddiadau telynegol, datganiadau neu berfformiadau.

Cerddorion:

• Roedd cerddorion yn darparu adloniant trwy gerddoriaeth, gan chwarae offerynnau fel liwtau, telynau, ffliwtiau, neu ddrymiau yn ystod gwleddoedd, dathliadau neu gynulliadau.

Padleriaid:

• Roedd padlwyr yn unigolion a oedd yn gweithredu cychod neu gychod, yn cludo nwyddau neu bobl ar hyd afonydd neu ddyfrffyrdd ger y castell.

Masnachwyr:

• Ymwelai masnachwyr â'r castell i gyfnewid nwyddau neu wasanaethau, gan gynnig eitemau fel sbeisys, tecstilau, gemwaith, neu nwyddau moethus eraill.

Soldiers

Knight: Knights were elite warriors who served the lord of the castle, typically armored and mounted on horseback. They were skilled in combat and often participated in battles, tournaments, and jousts.Squire: Squires were young men training to become knights, serving as assistants to knights and learning the skills of combat, horsemanship, and chivalry.Crossbow Soldier: Crossbow soldiers were infantry troops armed with crossbows, ranged weapons capable of firing bolts with significant force and accuracy.Longbow Soldier: Longbow soldiers were archers trained in the use of the longbow, a powerful weapon capable of launching arrows over long distances with great force.Foot Soldier:Foot soldiers were infantry troops who fought on foot, using weapons such as swords, spears, axes, or shields in close combat.

Twr oedd y gorthwr. Roedd perchnogion y castell yn byw yma

Y Gorthwr ( Keep )

The keep was a tower. The owners of the castle lived here

Potas / Pottage

• Pottage: Pottage was a thick stew made from vegetables, grains, and sometimes bits of meat.
• It was a hearty and filling dish that kept people warm and satisfied during cold medieval nights.

Nutrition:Pottage was a nutritious dish containing a variety of vegetables, grains, and sometimes meat. It provided a mix of carbohydrates, proteins, fiber, vitamins, and minerals, offering a well-rounded source of nutrition.

• Stiw trwchus wedi'i wneud o lysiau, grawn, ac weithiau darnau o gig oedd potas.
• Roedd yn fwyd swmpus oedd yn cadw pobl yn gynnes ac yn fodlon yn ystod nosweithiau oer y canol oesoedd.

Maeth:Roedd potas yn ddysgl faethlon yn cynnwys amrywiaeth o lysiau, grawn, ac weithiau cig. Roedd yn darparu cymysgedd o garbohydradau, proteinau, ffibr, fitaminau a mwynau, gan gynnig ffynhonnell gyflawn o faeth.

Castell Mwnt a Beili / Motte and bailey castle

Milwyr

Marchog: Roedd marchogion yn rhyfelwyr elitaidd a oedd yn gwasanaethu arglwydd y castell, yn nodweddiadol wedi'u harfogi a'u gosod ar gefn ceffyl. Roeddent yn fedrus mewn ymladd ac yn aml yn cymryd rhan mewn brwydrau, twrnameintiau a jestau.Sgweier: Roedd sgweieriaid yn ddynion ifanc yn hyfforddi i fod yn farchogion, yn gwasanaethu fel cynorthwywyr i farchogion ac yn dysgu sgiliau ymladd, marchogaeth, a sifalri.Milwr bwa croes: Roedd milwyr bwa croes yn filwyr traed wedi'u harfogi â bwâu croes, arfau amrywiol a oedd yn gallu tanio bolltau gyda grym a chywirdeb sylweddol.Milwr bwa hir: Roedd milwyr bwa hir yn saethwyr wedi'u hyfforddi i ddefnyddio'r bwa hir, arf pwerus sy'n gallu lansio saethau dros bellteroedd hir gyda grym mawr.Milwr Traed: Roedd milwyr traed yn filwyr traed a ymladdodd ar droed, gan ddefnyddio arfau fel cleddyfau, gwaywffyn, bwyeill, neu darianau wrth ymladd yn agos.

Ewch ati i ymchwilio ymhellach ir gwahanol gestyll a'u hanes.

Ymchwiliwch / Please investigate

Go research further on different castles and their history.

• Defnyddiwch eich sgiliau ymchwil i ddarganfod mwy am gestyll Cymru.
• Dewch o hyd i’ch castell a’i dangos ar fap o Gymru.
• Nodwch unrhyw wybodaeth allweddol e.e. Lleoliad - Gogledd Cymru, Sir / Dyddiad Adeiladwyd / Adeiladwyd neu Dylunwyd gan /
• Cofiwch gynnwys ffeithiau ddiddorol.

Pwyntiau / cwestiynau allwch chi gynnwys:

• Ymchwiliwch i hanes un castell - beth yw hanes y castell erbyn heddiw?
• Cymharwch ddau gastell penodol.

• Use your research skills to find out more about the castles of Wales.
• Find your castle and show it on a map of Wales.
• Enter any key information e.g. Location - North Wales, County / Date Built / Built or Designed by /
• Remember to include interesting facts.

Points / questions you can include:

• Investigate the history of one castle - what is the history of the castle today?
• Compare two specific castles.

• Cafodd cestyll eu hadeiladu yng Nghymru or 11eg ganrif ymlaen fel rhan or frwydr rhwng y Cymry a'r Saeson am reolaeth dros y wlad.
• Adeiladwyd y rhai cyntaf allan o bren ar ffurf cestyll tomen a beili.
• Yn raddol defnyddiwyd cerrig ar gyfer adeiladu rhannau pwysicaf y cestyll.
• Yn ystod y 12fed ar 13eg ganrif datblygodd y cestyll i fod yn adeiladau cryfach a mwy soffistigedig.

Gwybodaeth Gyffredinol

• Castles were built in Wales from the 11th century onwards as part of a battle between the Welsh and the English for control of the country.
• The first ones were built out of wood in the form of mound and bailey castles.
• Stone was gradually used to build the most important parts of the castles.
• During the 12th and 13th centuries the castles developed into stronger and more sophisticated buildings.

General Information

Skills Required:

• Medieval and modern jobs need special skills.
• For instance, knights and police officers both need to be strong, trained in combat, and able to protect people.

Specialization:

• In both medieval and modern times, people focus on certain jobs, like metalworking or cooking.
• For example, blacksmiths and electricians both specialize in working with metals and tools.

Hierarchy:

• Both medieval and modern jobs have a hierarchy, or levels of authority.
• In medieval castles, there were levels of power like lords, stewards, and servants.
• Modern organizations also have levels, like CEOs, managers, and employees.

Service Orientation:

• Many jobs in medieval castles and today involve helping others.
• For instance, cooks in castles and chefs today both make food for people to eat.

Gwahaniaethau / Differences:

Technology:

• Medieval jobs used basic tools, while modern jobs use advanced machines.

Specialization:

• In medieval times, people did many tasks, but today they focus on one skill.

Social Status:

• In medieval times, your job depended more on your social class, but today you have more choices.

Economy:

• Medieval jobs were linked to land and loyalty, but modern jobs are influenced by competition and demand.

Technoleg:

• Roedd swyddi canoloesol yn defnyddio offer sylfaenol, tra bod swyddi modern yn defnyddio peiriannau uwch.

Arbenigedd:

• Yn y canol oesoedd, roedd pobl yn gwneud llawer o dasgau, ond heddiw maen nhw'n canolbwyntio ar un sgil.

Statws Cymdeithasol:

• Yn y canol oesoedd, roedd eich swydd yn dibynnu mwy ar eich dosbarth cymdeithasol, ond heddiw mae gennych chi fwy o ddewisiadau.

Economi:

• Roedd swyddi canoloesol yn gysylltiedig â thir a theyrngarwch, ond mae swyddi modern yn cael eu dylanwadu gan gystadleuaeth a galw.