VISUAL THINKING CHECKLIST

Exploring the Blueprint of Life

The Genetics of Identity

Genetics of Immunity

Cancer Genetics and Genomics

DNA Technologies

Genetic Testing and Treatment

Reproductive Technologies

+ Cheval, B., Darrous, L., Choi, K. W., Klimentidis, Y. C., Raichlen, D. A., Alexander, G. E., ... & Boisgontier, M. P. (2023). Genetic insights into the causal relationship between physical activity and cognitive functioning. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 5310.

+ Virolainen, S. J., VonHandorf, A., Viel, K. C., Weirauch, M. T., & Kottyan, L. C. (2023). Gene–environment interactions and their impact on human health. Genes & Immunity, 24(1), 1-11.

+ Ghoussaini, M., Nelson, M. R., & Dunham, I. (2023). Future prospects for human genetics and genomics in drug discovery. Current opinion in structural biology, 80, 102568.

+ Eskandar, K. (2023). Revolutionizing biotechnology and bioengineering: unleashing the power of innovation. J Appl Biotechnol Bioeng, 10(3), 81-88.

+ Vockley, J., Brunetti-Pierri, N., Chung, W. K., Clarke, A. J., Gold, N., Green, R. C., ... & De Baere, E. (2023). The evolving role of medical geneticists in the era of gene therapy: An urgency to prepare. Genetics in Medicine, 100022.

+ Graham, M. E., Jelin, A., Hoon Jr, A. H., Wilms Floet, A. M., Levey, E., & Graham, E. M. (2023). Assisted reproductive technology: Short‐and long‐term outcomes. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 65(1), 38-49.

The unique genetic makeup of an individual is referred to as genetic identity. Genetic identity is essential for understanding diseases, developing individualized treatments, and tracing family lines (Cheval et al.,2023). It can also help identify people who are at risk of genetic abnormalities.It is DNA and genes that transmit genetic information to the next generation. Physical characteristics like eye color, height, and skin tone are determined by this. Some features of eye color follow Mendelian inheritance patterns, whereas others are more complicated due to genetic factors(Cheval et al.,2023).

The immune system serves as the body's defense mechanism against pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and other harmful substances. Immunity can be innate or adaptive. Innate immunity is the first line of defense and is present at birth. Over time, adaptive immunity is acquired by recognizing and remembering pathogens (Virolainen et al.,2023). The efficiency of the immune response is influenced by genetic variances in immune system components such as cytokines and chemokines. Genetics can create varying degrees of vulnerability or resistance to diseases. Genetic variations and environmental factors can interact, influencing infection risk (Virolainen et al.,2023).For example, one with a family history of a certain disease may be more susceptible to the same disease than an one without a family history of the disease.

Cancer is a complex group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. Genetic instability fuels cancer evolution, enabling cells to develop traits like uncontrolled growth, cell death, and resistance to regulatory signals (Ghoussaini et al.,2023). Oncogenes play a key role in cancer development as they stimulate and promote excessive cell growth.Cancer genomics alters the approach to cancer treatment. Thus, the ability to precisely target the genetic basis of a tumor not only improves treatment outcomes but also represents a more effective and less toxic medicinal intervention (Ghoussaini et al.,2023).

DNA technologies encompass a range of scientific methods and tools used to manipulate and analyze DNA. DNA technologies play a crucial role in functional genomics. Diagnostics have transformed by providing powerful tools for detecting genetic markers associated with diseases (Eskandar, K. 2023). PCR-based tests, DNA sequencing, and molecular diagnostic techniques have enhanced the accuracy and efficiency of disease diagnosis.The ethical considerations in DNA technologies involve potential risks that need careful handling and protective measures (Eskandar, K. 2023). Regulations are crucial for consistent ethical standards worldwide, promoting responsible and fair use of DNA technologies; promoting responsible use of genetic information.

Genetic testing involves analyzing an individual's DNA to identify genetic variations or mutations. Polymerase Chain Reaction amplifies specific DNA segments and DNA sequencing deciphers nucleotide order (Vockley et al.,2023). These techniques are vital for examining genetic variations, gene expression, and interpreting genetic disorders.By analyzing an individual's genetic makeup, particularly variations in genes responsible for drug metabolism, genetic testing provides valuable insights into how a person's body is likely to process and respond to certain medications (Vockley et al.,2023). Two fundamental approaches distinguish gene therapy methods: Ex Vivo and In Vivo. Ex Vivo gene therapy involves the modification of cells outside the patient's body. In Vivo gene therapy involves the direct administration of genetic material into the patient's body.

A variety of medical techniques aimed at helping couples become pregnant are included in the category of reproductive technologies. Assisted reproductive technologies encompass commonly used techniques like in vitro fertilization, which helps couples with problems ranging from male factor infertility to infertility without an explanation (Graham et al.,2023). Couples who are unable to carry a pregnancy to term may find relief through surrogacy. The components required to overcome difficulties with reproduction also include ovulation induction, egg and sperm donation, and genetic counseling(Graham et al.,2023).

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