MULTI-PATHS DESKTOP PRESENTATION

Can you catch cancer? and Can this be prevented? HPV vaccine and cervical cancer

Baran Koc

Cancer

Baran Koc

Cancer is a disease by which some cells go rouge leading to uncontrolled growth and metastasis (spread)

Via GIPHY

Baran Koc

Can you catch cancer?

Exposure

Inheritance of genetics

BRCA1/2 mutation e.g., breast cancer

Mixture

of these

Chris LeBoutillier

Chance

Baran Koc

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer

HPV refers to a large group of viruses which are spread through intimate skin to skin contact. Many HPV infections go away with no intervention while some can lead to serious health issues from warts to increased risk of cancers such as cervical cancer. Long lasting HPV infection with a high risk type (HPV 16 and HPV 18) can increase the risk of cervical cancer due to their ability to integrate into the host genome and cause further damage High risk HPV 16 and HPV 18 cause about 70% of all cervical cancer cases (WHO 2022) 10.1128/CMR.16.1.1-17.2003

Baran Koc

HIGH RISK HPV

Burd. E., 2023

Main drivers for cervical cancer is the proteins E6 and E7 genes, regulated by protein E2. HPV Integration into the host genome and subsequent loss of ​loss of E2 leads to oncogenesis

Baran Koc

Using a city analogy...

Alexander Spatari/Moment RF

The city: Human Body

Image by brgfx on Freepik

House: cell

Image by upklyak on Freepik

Burgular damages house

Image by brgfx on Freepik

Burgular: HPV

Baran Koc

HPV Vaccination

• Getting vaccinated against HPV can decrease the chances of getting HPV related cancers.

• In the UK, the NHS recommends vaccination for:

- children 12-13 years - Men under 45 who have sex with Men -People who have increased protential exposure to HPV

• In the UK,e the Gardasil 9 (Merck Inc.) 9vHPV (nine-valent vaccine) is offered which targets 9 HPV types (6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58)

Soca Gallego L, Dominguez A, Parmar M. Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine. [Updated 2023 Jan 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562186/ https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hpv-universal-vaccination-guidance-for-health-professionals/hpv-vaccination-guidance-for-healthcare-practitioners

Baran Koc

How does the vaccine work?

HPV vaccines contain virus-like particles (VLPs) formed by HPV surface components which closely resemble the natural virus and illicit an immune response (NIH 2021). AN ANALOGY...

Stephen Bredenkamp

Vaccination : script

britpopreunion

Exposure: Final performance

by barnawi on Adobe stock

further doses: Rehersal

Baran Koc

Key points to take away:

• Cancer occurs when cells go rouge, divide uncontrollably and move around the body.

• No, you cannot catch cancer !!!

(Cancer is not transmittable and itself inheritable)

• The HPV vaccination doesn't 100% prevent you from getting cervical cancer (just decreases your chances).

References:

Slide 2: Image from Giphy: https://gizmodo.com.au/2015/07/did-an-australian-university-just-say-wi-fi-gives-you-and-your-kids-cancer/

Slide 3 Image of factory polution by Chris LeBoutillier uploaded on Unsplash: https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1611270418597-a6c77f4b7271?q=80&w=2798&auto=format&fit=crop&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D

Slide 4 Donà, M.G., Di Bonito, P., Chiantore, M.V., Amici, C. and Accardi, L., 2021. Targeting human papillomavirus-associated cancer by oncoprotein-specific recombinant antibodies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(17), p.9143. (NHS- Human papillomavirus (HPV)) https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/human-papilloma-virus hpv/#:~:text=Testing%20for%20human%20papillomavirus%20(HPV)&text=Screening%20is%20offered%20to%20all,who%20have%20sex%20with%20men.

Slide 5

Burd EM. Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003 Jan;16(1):1-17. doi: 10.1128/CMR.16.1.1-17.2003. PMID: 12525422; PMCID: PMC145302.Williams VM, Filippova M, Soto U, Duerksen-Hughes PJ. HPV-DNA integration and carcinogenesis: putative roles for inflammation and oxidative stress. Future Virol. 2011 Jan 1;6(1):45-57. doi: 10.2217/fvl.10.73. PMID: 21318095; PMCID: PMC3037184.

Slide 6

The Square Mile is an intriguing mix of the very old and the gleaming new CREDIT: Alexander Spatari/Moment RF (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/quiet-corner-london-wrongly-overlooked-tourists/) <a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/various-houses_4291104.htm#query=cartoon%20houses&position=31&from_view=keyword&track=ais&uuid=a6e9ade2-560c-4b11-bce2-fd051b35635f">Image by brgfx</a> on Freepik <a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/old-broken-living-room-interior-abandoned-house_38161547.htm#query=damage%20house&position=14&from_view=search&track=ais&uuid=42cfd543-6a68-46f8-99da-e9c7e8e3f0c7">Image by upklyak</a> on Freepik

Slide 7

Soca Gallego L, Dominguez A, Parmar M. Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine. [Updated 2023 Jan 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562186/ https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hpv-universal-vaccination-guidance-for-health-professionals/hpv-vaccination-guidance-for-healthcare-practitioners

Slide 8 NIH 2021: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-vaccine-fact-sheet#:~:text=Like%20other%20immunizations%20that%20guard,formed%20by%20HPV%20surface%20components.

Girls (1935)/ Boys (664) aged 9-15 years Study addessed immunogenisity, effectiveness and safety 10 years after a 3 dose regemin Key points: Persistance seen after the 10 year period ->80% participants had serum positivity for each HPV type after the 10 year period Vaccine showed durable immunogenisity and effectiveness during 10 years of follow up

Bivalent Ceravix HPV vaccine introduced in UK 1st september 2008

Falcaro, M., Castañon, A., Ndlela, B., Checchi, M., Soldan, K., Lopez-Bernal, J., Elliss-Brookes, L. and Sasieni, P. (2021). The effects of the national HPV vaccination programme in England, UK, on cervical cancer and grade 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia incidence: a register-based observational study. The Lancet, 0(0). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02178-4.

Restrepo J, Herrera T, Samakoses R, Reina JC, Pitisuttithum P, Ulied A, Bekker LG, Moreira ED, Olsson SE, Block SL, Hammes LS, Laginha F, Ferenczy A, Kurman R, Ronnett BM, Stoler M, Bautista O, Gallagher NE, Salituro G, Ye M, Luxembourg A. Ten-Year Follow-up of 9-Valent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine: Immunogenicity, Effectiveness, and Safety. Pediatrics. 2023 Oct 1;152(4):e2022060993. doi: 10.1542/peds.2022-060993. PMID: 37667847.

An analogy...

The city: Human Body

City Council: Nucleus with the genetic information

Invation: Metastasis

Citizens: Cells

Police: cell maintanance

Misbehaving Citizen: Cancerous cell

Misbehaving Group: Tumour

Cervical Cancer

• The cervix is located in the lower end of the uterus (near the vagina)

• Most cervical cancers are formed between the ecto and exo cervix called the squamocolumnar junction

Endocervix

Two main types of cervical cancer: 1) Squamous cell carcinomas: (up to 90%) cells in the ectocervix 2)Adenocarcinoma: develop in the glandular cells of the endocervix

Ectocervix

Terese Winslow LLC 2021

Terese Winslow LLC 2021

https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical