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P2

Introduction

Writing

Literacy is fundamental to all areas of learning, as it unlocks access to the wider curriculum. The skills for literacy are organised under 3 headings: Talking and Listening - Reading - Writing These skills are interdependent:

We use talking and listening skills to be able to read.
We use talking, listening and reading skills to write.

Development of literacy skills, with lots of opportunities to explore, should take place within a literacy rich environment. This resource will support your understanding of how to develop each of these skills. At times, it is appropriate to teach these skills discretely while always remembering their interdependency.

When and who should teach these skills?

Reading

Feedback

Talking & listening

Framework index with links to pages

Let's GEt started

P3

Start Here

Self-evaluation

Talking & listening

Reading

Writing

P4

SElf-evaluation tool

Feedback

Writing

Step 1: Download the handy tool Step 2: Practitioner completes the evaluation Step 3: (whole school) Collate evaluations and identify professional learning needs as a staff Step 4: (individual) identify professional learning needs Step 5: Use the index page to take you straight to the professional learning you need

Download

index

Writing Key messages

Understanding the reason to write ... Genre

Invest time for talk at all stages of learning to develop writing skills

Motivation

Feedback

Both revising and editing should be used to uplevel writing

Grammar is best taught in the context of student writing

Writing should have an authentic audience

Write about what you know or what you are reading about when learning to write to reduce working memory

Sentences and punctuation

Planning cycle

Click anything blue if you want to know more

P6

Writing

Feedback

Learning to Write

SPOTLIght On...

Writing to support learning

P7

Learning To WRite

Develop writing stamina and automaticity

Use dialogic approaches and colaboration to model writing

Be aware that working memory can impact on progress

Write about what you know or what you are reading about

Writing should have an authentic audience

Feedback

Sentence creation is the foundation of all writing.

Dramatic play and imitation allows children to explore roles and themes, beginnings, endings, and transitions, all of which are vital to the writing process.

The 'Simple View of Writing' is a theory that writing has three basic components: composition, transcription, executive function. All require using working memory.

Take opportunties to write in all subject areas

Quality planning leads to quality writing

Give time to revise and edit

Give feedback to support both revision and editing

WAGOLLs are useful to demonstrate what a text's style and onctent may look like

Return to writing main PAge

writing components

SUPPOrts

P9

Components of Writing

Feedback

Image Learning Difficulty Australia

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P10

Composition

Composition requiresIdeas - Words - Sentences

Es &Os

Sentences types, grammar & syntax awareness, punctuation structure

Words vocabulary, word choice

Ideas topic knowledge, imitation, genre

Talk and thinking time should support planning and generation of ideas

Teach vocabulary and word choice

If you don’t know what a sentence or paragraph is you won’t be able to write one

Planning collobortively will support gaps in prior knowledge

Establishments have a responsibility to grow learners’ vocabulary. There are different types of vocabulary

Feedback

Explictly teach the 4 types of sentences

Imitiating texts, use WAGOLLs and retell stories remove the burden of imagination while developing other skills

Use dialogic approaches to model how to create and develop sentences. Quality is better than quanitity when learning how to create a good sentence

and tiers.

There are four main purposes of writing (genre)

We learn vocabulary through:1. Explicit vocabulary teaching 2. Incidental learning and 3. Cultivating work consciousness

Learning about syntax enables pupils to develop their sentences

Exposure to a rich range of genres will develop an understanding of the texts' features and conventions. READ what your are writing about and write what you know about

Grammar and puncutation are interlinked and are best taught in the context of writing. Progression frameworks are helpful.

Vocabulary aquisition starts at home but we can't assume everyone has the same experience

Limit the volume the guidance for a writing task will reduce working memory/cognative load required

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writing components

SUPPOrts

P11

Composition

Effective Reading InstRuction

Professional learning

Skills and Progression in Writing

How words and phrases are arranged to form correct sentences

Chapter 1

Phrase bank for signposting sentences

Prior knowledge and the power of prediction

Crafting great sentences

Feedback

Freedom to write through imitation

Review of EEF report - lots on motivation here

Top tips for teaching grammar

Progression example of sentence and paragraph creation

Single Paragraph Outline

What is Syntax? Learn the Meaning and Rules, with examples

What-should-we-do-with-wagolls

Sue Palmer - Types of writing

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writing components

SUPPOrts

This is early years - do we need a P1 or do we expand this?

P11

Composition EArly years

Effective writing InstRuction

Support children’s composition by reading stories, talking to children, re-phrasing what they have said and modelling correct sentence structure. This will support children to share their ideas and help them to develop an understanding of how sentences are formed.

Opportunities for children to capture their thinking and structure it for a range of purposes and audiences are essential. For example, record names of characters in their favourite picture books, make invitations to members of their family for parties, shows or local events.

Role play about everyday experiences and provide opportunities to write in all areas of the playroom, for example, in an office using a keyboard, answering a phone and writing a shopping list.

Retelling stories ine correct sequence using ????. What it the name of the stick picture drawing???

Feedback

Need video

ELLIS REview

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writing components

SUPPOrts

Need to confirm Genre headings ES doesn't match these

P11

Composition First to second Level

Effective writing InstRuction

Write about what we know already - provide this background knowledge before any ideas generation takes place

Teach learners to develop their sentence varitation strategies

Early level to first level example of sentence variation

Use dialogic approaches to model all writing

First level to second level example of sentence variation

Ensure time is given to planning.

Build sentences in all areas of the curriculum

Feedback

Before planning clarify : - Who the writing for is for? - What it the writing about? - What the purpose (genre) is?

Teach learners to develop paragraphs using paragraph outlines

First to second level - single paragraph outline

Teach new vocabulary. (3 ways)

Teach punctation and grammar through writing and reading progressively

Second level to third level - multiple paragraph outline

Provide scaffolded steps

Whole class paragraph outlines can also support idea generation

Use whole class ideas generation to create sentences and paragraphs taking the presure off the idea generation

Sentence paragraph progression exemplar

and publish all writing

Have an authentic audience

Consider the volume the guidance for a writing tasks

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writing components

P11

Composition SEcondary BGE & SEnior Phase

Effective writing InstRuction

Use dialogic approaches to model all writing. Build on prior knowledge

Seek writing opportutnities in all subject areas. Develop the literacy skills need to support literacy components in National 5 and Highers in the BGE

Quigly click for larger image

Consider how the development of skills can be agreed across the school

Feedback

Use grammar to move learners to academic writing

Continue to focus on multiple paragraphing outlines

Teach new vocabulary. (3 ways)

needs taught to allow learners to access the question they have been asked and go on to share their knowledge and understanding using the question to frame their response

Tier two instructional vocabulary

Consider the volume the guidance for a writing tasks

Subject specific/disciplinary vocabulary needs explictly taught

For those who find writing difficult, assess and tackle the barriers they face and do this consistently across all subjects. Know

appropriate SQA support for exams and use supports in daily practise

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writing components

P12

Transciption

Es &Os

Transciption is moving oral language into written language

Handwriting: motor skills, formation

Typing

Spelling

Gross and fine motor skills are the foundations of fluent handwriting

Spelling should be explicitly taught. Spellings that are relevant to the topic or genre being studied are more likely work best

Rich opportunities should be offered to develop digital literacy skills include typing skills.

Dedicated time should be spend on handwriting to prevent cognitive load

Morphology such as prefixes, suffixes and root word support spelling

ICT can support the transciption of text to removing the physical barriers

Regular handwriting practice will increase speed and automaticity

Feedback

Engourage analogy to support spelling of unknown words

Cursive or block writing? Which is best?

Errors in formation often lead to wider difficulties in writing later in school

Etymology can also stimulate interest in spelling from root words

Accurate letter formation by the end of early level will support the joining of letters more easily.

Need linked to reading an north lan approaches Lynn See if St N has a progression pathway for the above

letter formation should be rigorously assessed through oberservation

Formation and reading of sounds are interdependent

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writing components

SUPPOrts

P13

transcription

Effective Reading InstRuction

Professional learning

EEF Improving Literacy KS1

Bulding Automaticity in handwriting

Why no to cursive?

Feedback

Why yes to cursive?

Call Scotland digital support posters

Eptomology and morphology

NHS Occupational Therapy Handwriting

Handwriting Toolbox

Research on Teaching Spelling

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writing components

P11

ELLIS REview - currently early years

Transciption EArly Years

Effective writing InstRuction

Develop core strength and ‘muscle isolation’ through activities like reaching across the body to put on socks and shoes help children to use their right, or left, body side without the other side moving at the same time. Encouraging activities like climbing, throwing and catching.
Develop stomach, shoulder and trapezoid muscles required to sit at a table to write. Heavy work and outdoor physical play has an essential role in developing this. Children need to move in order to be able to sit.
Provide opportunities to develop their finger strength. Develop fine motor skills of grasping, holding to strengthen fingers and thumbs through using scissors, learning to sew, eating with cutlery, using small painting brushes or tweezers.
Children move through stages in their mark making. Gradually muscle control becomes more defined until they develop an ability to use straight lines and curves to form symbols.

Practitioners should encourage and motivate children to make plausible attempts to behave like a writer and to draw freely, making marks that have meaning.

Children should be offered a range of opportunities to mark make with different materials. For example, wet and dry sand, corn flour, foam, markers, chalk, charcoal, pens and of course pencils, to name a few.

Listening to children talking and modelling how to write down the words they say helps children to see how sounds become words on paper.
Practitioners who model writing support children to understand language patterns, develop their thinking skills, solve problems and make sense of their experiences

Feedback

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writing components

P11

Transcription First to senior phase

Effective writing InstRuction

Spelling advice Lynn

Balance the use of technology with traditional handwriting practice

Provide constructive feedback on handwriting to help students improve their form and consistency. This can include tips on posture, grip, and stroke.

Feedback

Regular practice of handwriting drills can improve the speed and legibility of writing. Activities like tracing, copying, and writing letters and words can reinforce muscle memory.

Build fine motor skills and pencil control for older learners whose work is illegible or painstaking slow.

If a learner requires to use a keyboard then typing programs and games to build keyboarding skills to build automaticity should be used. Typing should become second nature, so students can focus on composing text rather than searching for keys.

For a few learners the use of speech to text or programmes like Clicker can be useful to get words on a page. Learners should be taught to how puncuate, review and edit their work and to do this with increasing speed a

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writing components

P14

Executive Function

Planning Motivation Reviewing

Es &Os

Executive function and self-regulation skills provide critical supports for learning and development, and while children aren’t born with these skills, they are born with the potential to develop them through quality interactions and practice

Excutive function goes hand in hand with self-regulation, which helps learners feel up to the task of staying organised and getting things done

Feedback

Planning techniques should be explictly taught

Dedicated time should be allocated during the writing process or at another time to review and edit writing

Editing and reviewing are different.

Don't overload writing guidance more can be added at the reviewing process. It is better to scaffold feedback

Motivate learners to want to write

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writing components

SUPPOrts

P15

Excutive Function

Effective Instruction

Professional learning

Using anchor points to supporing editing and reviewing

The Challenge of Editing Writing

EEF Improving Literacy Key Stage 2

Feedback

Why executive Functioning Matters

Excutive Functions and Writing

Chapter 3

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writing components

P11

Executive Function EArly Years

ELLIS REview

Effective writing InstRuction

Engageme learners in meaningful social interactions and enjoyable activities that draw on self-regulatory skills at increasingly demanding levels.
practice reflecting on their experiences, talking about what they are doing and why, monitoring their actions, considering possible next steps, and evaluating the effectiveness of their decisions.
Scaffolding the development of these skills, first by helping children complete challenging tasks, and then by gradually stepping back to let children manage the process independently—and learn from their mistakes—as they are ready and able to do so.
Imaginary play - During intentional imaginary play, children develop rules to guide their actions in playing roles. They also hold complex ideas in mind and shape their actions to follow these rules, inhibiting impulses or actions that don’t fit the “role.”
• Storytelling - Children love to tell stories. Their early stories tend to be a series of events, each one related to the one before, but lacking any larger structure. With practice, children develop more complex and organized plots. As the complexity of the storytelling grows, children practice holding and manipulating information in working memory.
• Movement challenges - songs and games. The demands of songs and movement games support executive function because children have to move to a specific rhythm and synchronize words to actions and the music. All of these tasks contribute to inhibitory control and working memory. It is important that these songs and games become increasingly complex to interest and challenge children.

Feedback

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writing components

P11

Executive Function First to second Level

Effective writing InstRuction

Using planning techniques to structure the writing process

Teach the multiple demands of writing seperately

Use dialogic approaches: shared practice and guided practice until the gradual removal of scaffolding for independent writing

Using planning tools to structure the writing process

Feedback

Dialogic approaches offer opportunties to explore complex text structure

EEF

Focus on motivation

Build writing pieces at a manageable pace for each learner

Give time to revise and edit writing

Teach metacognition skills

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writing components

P46

Motivation

Consider cognative load

Challenge is key to motivation

Strengthen the learners' identity as a writer, valuing their motivation and wider experience. Encourage goal setting

Feedback

Learners need the right level of working memory to maintain motivation

Be explicit about the different goals of writing

Give autonomy, where possible, of what is written

Work in partnership with children, families and colleagues to explore, understand and identify interests, strengths and barriers

Use writing that links to learners’ interests

Increase opportunities for collaborative planning and ideas generation. Prioritise talk using dialogic approaches

Write about what learners know. Provide background knowledge/experience where prior knowledge is limited.

Have an authentic audience

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writing components

Supports

spotlights

P16

Working Memory/Cognative Load

Working memory refers to a cognitive system with the capacity to hold temporary information and manipulate stored information.

Working memory is used when a learner needs to think and remember at the same time.

Feedback

Working memory and short-term memory - although linked – are not the same.

The working memory can be overloaded when trying to interact with the multiple demands included in the writing process.

High levels of stress on working memory can make it difficult to concentrate and organise thoughts, leading to a lack of written work or ideas.

To avoid an overload of working memory, the writing process should be broken up into multiple parts which are manageable for learners. The quantity of writing success criteria should also be considered

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writing components

SUPPOrts

P17

Working Memory/cognative load

Effective WRiting InstRuction

Professional learning

Activate what learners already know, provide background knowledge if required. Write about what they know or are learning

The Simple View of Writing

Planning techniques should be explictly taught

Feedback

Teach the multiple demands of writing seperately
Use dialogic approaches: shared practice and guided practice until the gradual removal of scaffolding for independent writing

How to optimise working memory

The Writing Revolution

Use imitiatation using dialogic approaches to modelling

Six Strategies to Prevent Cognitive Overload

Give time to edit and review writing
The quanity of writing success criteria should also be considered. More can be added at the review stage.
Encourage 'have a go' writing, technical skills can be edited later while learners are developing automaticity

Teaching High School Students about Working Memory

Build writing pieces at a manageable pace for each learner

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writing components

P26

WRiting to support learning

Es &Os

Writing for learning is where we write to support our understanding of the wider curriculum to support the creation of new text

Note taking is intergral part of all disciplinary areas of the curriculum and should be explictly taught. It is the responsiblty of all

Note taking is crucital for retaining information, enhancing comprehension, and aiding in study and review

Teaching effective note-taking requires a combination of instruction, practice, and feedback for all learners at all ages

Feedback

When note-taking video/oral speakers emphasise active listening

Learners will need motivated to learn note-taking skills. It is also important that that note-taking has a purpose and has an authentic audience

Writing automaticity can impact on the quality of notetaking. Teaching

abbreviations and symbols can support

I use my notes to support my writing when composing texts

To reduce cognative load note-taking oral/video text can be used to teach skills and while reading fluency is developing

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SUPPOrts

P27

WRiting to support learning

Effective Reading InstRuction

Professional learning

Chapter 2 & 6

Feedback

Study skills

Writing Revolution note taking abreviations

Writing Revolution - note taking

Note taking resources

Visual Notetaking

Note-taking strategies

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P11

Writing to support learning Early to second level

Effective writing InstRuction

Explicity teach different note taking methods and learner preference. Encourage learners to consider which type of note taking helps support their learning

Use dialogic approaches to model notetaking

Feedback

Use abbreviations and symbols

Reguarly review notes

Teach and practice summarising

Highlight the importance of key points

Consider motivation

Use notes to ensure authentic use. of writing

To reduce cognative load note-taking oral/video text can be used. This is also useful when reading fluency is not secure

Use note-taking technology wisely

Encourage collaboration

reading Rope

Teach metacognition skills

Return to reading main PAge

Return to previous page

P11

Writing to support learning secondary BGE to senior phase

Effective writing InstRuction

Explicity teach different note taking methods to suit subject areas and learner preference. Encourage learners to consider which type of note taking helps support their learning

Use dialogic approaches to model notetaking

Feedback

Abbreviations and symbols can support

Reguarly review notes and practice summarising

Highlight the importance of key points

Consider motivation

Use notes to ensure authentic use. of writing

To reduce cognative load note-taking oral/video text can be used. This is also useful when reading fluency is not secure

Use note-taking technology wisely

Encourage collaboration

Teach metacognition skills

Return to writing main PAge

SPotlight on ...

Equity

Assessment

Feedback

Dyslexia

Identifying the right issue

Family learning

Support staff

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P31

Key messages for assesssing, tracking and providing support

It is important we assess what is required to produce a peice of writing as well as the piece itself to identify next steps

Learner participation to identify strengths and next steps through effective feedback is key Assessment of writing must have a purpose and this should be determined at the planning stage

Assess writing stamina and automaticity to support speed

Feedback

"Keep up" rather than "catch-up" is the strongest intervention

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet

Sometimes additional support is needed. This support can be at different levels

Scaffolding assessment allows all learners to demonstate their learning. Scaffolds should used carefully when assessing attainment

scaffolds should not be a substitute for the development of writing skills. Scaffolds are intended to be taken down overtime.

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spotlights

Examples of Teacher and pupil Trackers

Needs updated WE need a literacy one for each of the milestones Mark??

Feedback

Pupil Friendly Tracker

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spotlights

How can we assess WRiting ?

High Quality Assessments

Formative Assessment

Feedback

Formative Assessment

Summative Assessments

Summative Assessment

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spotlights

Summative Assessments

Careful consideration of the purpose, time required for implementation, cost and staff development before deciding to administer any summative assessments. Does it add to what the teacher already knows? How will results be used to support learning?

Needs updated Michelle O'Neil

Feedback

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet

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spotlights

Identifying the problem & solution

Feedback

* Writing is complex and more than one barrier may be present. While all concerns need addressed, give time to addressing concerns individually to prevent cognative load.

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spotlights

P36

Levels of Support

Feedback

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet

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spotlights

Suporting writing?

Draft in Writing Evidence PPT

Feedback

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spotlights

P41

Play PedAgogy & WRiting

"A balance of responsive planning and intentional planning is essential in providing suitable experiences that connect with and extend children’s interests and motivations." Realising the Ambition

Reading is not a natural aptitude and must be explicitly taught

Feedback

Do we still need this?

Adult Initiated (intentional)

Adult Directed (intentional) Teaching of reading:

Child Led (responsive)

Provocation or experience that the adult initiates but is open ended in nature to allow the child to lead - takes the learning in a direction that suits their interest or need.

Child is intrinsically motivated, actively making choices, engaging in repetition and cycles of actions and interactions or applying what they have learned in new situations.

The balance between intentional and responsive depends on the needs of the child and what is happening within the setting. There is no set time in relation to this balance but in having an understanding of the importance and impact of each, helps practitioners to understand the need for both intentional and responsive experiences.

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spotlights

Play pedagogy and play

Do we need this?

Professional learning

Feedback

Inverclyde's play padlet

Education Scotland play-pedagogy-toolkit

Cawdor primary discussing balance

CMO training

Top tips for supporting reading at home early to secondary

part 1

Developing early phonological awareness and literacy skills

CMO training

Early years network

part 2

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spotlights

Equity

High quality learning and teaching has the greatest impact on disadvantaged learners

Feedback

Literacy, including reading, is the magic key to all subject areas including writing.

Providing background knowledge and increasing vocabulary is required to mitigate gaps

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spotlights

Equity

Professional learning

The attainment gap? What about the teaching gap? Anne Glennie

Feedback

What makes great teaching?

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spotlights

Family learning

If families value reading then children are more likely to read. Families should be encouraged to provide space and time to read with their child

Only 45% of 2 year old children are read to every day

Feedback

Families who enjoy reading together have more opportunities for discussion, developing empathy and attachment

Children who are read to regularly have opportunities to build vocabulary and

background knowledge

Not all parents are able to read and some find it difficult to support their child

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spotlights

Family learning

Professional learning

BBC bitesize advice for parents

Creative writing: How parents can help their child get the best out of 500 Words

Feedback

Professional learning on family learning

Read write count

Strategic framework for parental involvement

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spotlights

Support Staff

Pupil support assistants should not be used as an informal teaching resource for low attaining pupils

Use pupil support assistants to add value to what teachers do, not to replace them.

Feedback

Using pupil support assistants to help pupils develop independent learning skills and manage their own learning

Ensure pupil support assistants are fully prepared for their role in the classroom

Use pupil support assistants to deliver high quality one-to-one and small group support using structured interventions

Ensure pupil support assistants make connections between learning from everyday classroom teaching and structured interventions

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spotlights

Support Staff

Professional learning

Empowering Pupil Support Assistants in our classrooms

Feedback

Effective use of Teaching Assistants EEF

CMO training

Support staff approaches and interventions

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spotlights

Content Team

Eric Lindsay Telmo Gomes Claire Coggins Donna Buirds Gemma McCallum Pamela Bradley Paula McParlane Mark Coyle Liz Sommerville Julie Docherty Colette Kavanagh

Siobhan CurrieLynn McGachy Michelle O'Neill Amy Campbell Jennifer McGachy Martin Craig Gill Sullivan Vicky Bonnar Elyse Buchanan Roslynn Oliver

Feedback

Needs updated

With thanks to Education Scotland Literacy Team for their contribution and feedback. Also thanks go to South Ayrshire and Glasgow for being a critical friend.

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spotlights

Index - Click on page to take you strAight to the page

Page 39 2 support steps - language comprehension

Page 2 Introduction

Page 24 Sight Recognition

Page 3 The Framework

Page 26 Reading to Learn

Page 40 2 support steps - Reading comprehension

Page 4 Self-evaluation tool

Page 28 Reading for Pleasure

Page 5 Reading Key Messages

Page 30 Spotlight on! Map

Page 41 Play Pedagogy and Reading

Page 6 Reading Cogs

Page 31 Assessing tracking and support key messages

Page 7 Learning to Read (Fluency)

Page 43 Equity

Feedback

Page 32 Tracking Progress

Page 9 Scarborough's Reading Rope

Page 45 Family Learning

Page 33 How can we assess?

Page 10 Background knowledge

Page 47 Motivation

Page 34 Summative Assessments

Page 12 Vocabulary

Page 49 Dyslexia

Page 35 What should we assess/ track

Page 14 Language Structure

Page 51 English as an Additional Language (EAL)

Page 16 Verbal Reasoning

Page 36 2 Levels of Support

Page 18 Literacy Knowledge

Page 37 Identifying the Problem

Page 53 Secondary

Page 20 Phonological Awareness

Page 38 2 support steps - word recognition

Page 55 Support Staff

Page 22 Decoding

Page 56 Content Team

Introduce common abbreviations and symbols to save time and space (e.g., "&" for "and", ">" for "greater than").Encourage students to create their own shorthand that makes sense to them. Text speak and emojis can be useful.

https://7esl.com/abbreviations-for-note-taking/

"Imitation is the practice of observing and replicating the writing of others." Donna Gorrell Imitation when learning to write encourages learners to engage with genre conventions and styles. Imitation encourages the learners to shape their sentences, paragraphs and practice complicated writing processes all in their own words, removing the blank page. Imitation steps can include: Learners internalising a story Mapping a story's main events Recreating thier own version As learners are building confidence as a writer imitation can also be use develop skills: Teacher writes a sentence/paragraph/poem - learner writes a similar piece of text Encouraging students to imitate professionals from texts such as The Economist and National Geographic with academic style writing can be used to teach students how to respond in a variety of ways – for exam and essay writing. Dialogic approaches are key to the modelling of imitation practice.

The study of the history and origin of words, including their historical development and changes in form and meaning. It focuses on tracing the roots and evolution of words over time.

1. Explicit vocabulary teaching For first level - senior phase Select - Explain - Explore - Condolidate 2. Incidental vocabulary learning: "When teachers talk about words – their subtleties, misnomers, histories, and more – building on reading high quality texts, these conversational turns unlock important shades of meaning for pupils that can fend off misconceptions and lead to greater understanding when reading. Many of these opportunities will arise spontaneously. You simply cannot predict all the words pupils will know and not know. However, with awareness that some of these ‘teachable moments’ could be missed, we should aim to wed incidental learning to explicit teaching." 3. Cultivating word consciousness: ‘Word consciousness’ is an “awareness and interest in words and their meanings” (put a little more interestingly, it is pupils “bumping into spicy, tasty words that catch your tongue”). Quigley

Click image to expand text

Working memory is used when a learner needs to think and remember at the same time.A person’s working memory coordinates and handles the writing process at the moment of writing but, as we know, the working memory has a finite capacity and can easily become overwhelmed. If, for example, a child is struggling with holding their pen and letter formation, then they will not have the capacity to compose great poetry. Equally, if a child is engaged in generating ideas for a story, they may not have the capacity to organise these ideas in a plan at the same time. https://researchschool.org.uk/news/the-simple-view-of-writing-music-to-our-ears

Writing can be thought of as a task made up of five stages: planning, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing. Pupils should be taught each of these components and underlying strategies. Writing strategies should be explicitly taught using the ‘gradual release of responsibility ' EEF P30 https://d2tic4wvo1iusb.cloudfront.net/production/eef-guidance-reports/literacy-ks2/EEF-Improving-literacy-in-key-stage-2-report-Second-edition.pdf?v=1718617141

https://7esl.com/abbreviations-for-note-taking/

Developing fine motor skills and pencil control is a slow process. This should be a short activity that is undertaken frequently (possibly at the bottom of a jotter - not a labourous task working through worksheets and worksheets)

2. Move on to pencil-control - waves

1. Start with line awareness exercises

3. revisit letter formation for letter incorrectly formed- make sure the tails hang down and the stalks stand tall

4. reintroduce joining to increase speed

There is conflicting research on whether cursive or block writing is best. Handwriting requires the use of fine and gross motor skills. Achievement of writing demands the orchestration of multiple skills involving the eyes, arms, hands, memory, posture and body control as well as managing pencil, paper and following instructions. A whole school approach should be determined. While correct formation of letters is important, the use of cursive writing will depend on where developmentally the learner is. It is better to focus on the long-term success in handwriting and for some cursive may need to happen later. https://early-education.org.uk/cursive-or-joined-up-writing-in-early-years-the-case-against/ https://www.howlifeunfolds.com/learning-education/case-cursive-6-reasons-why-cursive-handwriting-good-your-brain

Not all our learners arrive in school with the same prior knowledge. We need to provide them back ground knowledge to ensure they are not disadvantaged.

Volume of Guidance in Writing Tasks Creating the right volume of a success criteria will prevent cognitive load. Too much and for some remembering everything they need to include may overload the brain and nothing will be produced. It is better to introduce further critieria as you progress throught the reviewing process.

Review Sessions: Have regular review sessions where students can go over their notes and add to them. Peer Review: Pair students to review each other's notes and discuss what they learned. Discuss the importance of regularly revisiting notes to reinforce learning and aid retention.

For example: No prior knowledge = limited ideas Poor planning skills = Composition will not have structure and my be incomplete Limited working memory = I will only cope with a small number of things to think about Not motivated = I am not writing Poor fine motor skills/pencil control = It is sore to write Incorrect letter formation = I can't join and writing takes me longer I don't get time review my work = My writing is not going to get better

"What do we mean by ‘writing stamina’ anyway? For many teachers, a lack of writing stamina characterises an inability to write independently for a sustained period. And yet, it probably characterises a broader range of behaviours that attend writing (and learning). Just a sample of these could include: Limited handwriting fluency. For younger pupils in particular the motor skills required of extended writing is hard work. As a result, their handwriting quality can quickly slip. For older pupils too, the effort and attention on handwriting can wane. Running dry of ideas. For many pupils, with an urge to get going with a tricky writing task, they rush into the act. They plan sparingly. As a result, their initial enthusiasm is dimmed and they run out of creative ideas, or deep knowledge of the topic at hand. Errors increase in pupils extended writing. Pupils embark on their writing, but they lack the ability and stamina to edit and revise what they have written. As a result, their writing is error strewn and apparently maxed out of all stamina. Motivation is low to keep going with a writing task. Every teacher has battled with the reality of pupils claiming, ‘I’ve finished!’ in a matter of minutes, or gnashed their teeth as a pupil has plonked their head on the desk during the act of writing" Alex Quigly

To Describe (Descriptive Writing) Poems: Short pieces of writing that use lots of details to create a picture in your mind. Travel Journals: Stories about different places and what they are like. Character Descriptions: Writing that tells you what a person looks like and acts like. Nature Descriptions: Writing that paints a picture of natural scenes like forests, mountains, or oceans. Art Reviews: Descriptions of paintings, sculptures, or other artworks, focusing on details like color and style. Fashion Blogs: Detailed descriptions of clothing, accessories, and fashion trends.

To Narrate (Narrative Writing) Short Stories: Made-up stories that have characters and a plot. Autobiographies and Memoirs: True stories about a person’s life or experiences. Personal Stories: Sharing real-life experiences, like what happened on a special day or during a fun trip. Comics and Graphic Novels: Stories told with pictures and words, often featuring superheroes or adventures. Fairy Tales: Magical stories with characters like fairies, dragons, and talking animals.

To Persuade (Persuasive Writing) Opinion Pieces: Articles where someone shares their opinion and tries to convince you to agree. Advertisements: Messages that try to get you to buy something. Political Speeches: Talks by leaders that try to get you to support their ideas or vote for them. Book Reviews: Opinions about books, trying to convince others to read (or not read) them. Debate Speeches: Presentations where someone argues for or against a specific point of view. Petitions: Written requests asking people to support a cause or make a change. Emails/letters: Persuasive emails/letter can try to convince someone to support a cause, join a club, or agree with your idea for a group project.

To Inform (Expository Writing) Science reports: Writing that tells us about a science topic. News Articles: Reports that tell you what’s happening in the world. How-To Guides: Instructions that show you how to do something, like cook a recipe or build a model. Encyclopedia Entries: Articles that provide detailed information about different topics like animals, history, or science. Documentaries: Films or videos that teach you about real-life subjects and events. School Reports: Assignments where you gather facts and present what you learned about a topic.

* lists not exhaustive

Scaffolds used by learners should also be used to when undertaking assessments. However scaffolds must allow the learner to demonstrate they have attained the required skills. EG: scribing for a learner way not allow a learner to demonstrate the correct use of punctuation if used incorrectly.

"Scaffolds are temporary support that is removed when it is no longer required’, providing ‘enough support so that pupils can successfully complete tasks that they could not yet do independently’. Rather than requiring teachers to be creating different worksheets for pupils with different needs, scaffolding can be a term used to describe:

A visual scaffold, such as a task planner.
A verbal scaffold, such as a teacher correcting a misconception at a pupil’s desk.
A written scaffold, such as a writing frame. This scaffolding tool from the EEF can help teachers to consider what effective scaffolding looks like and what it might mean for them in their classroom. It can support teachers to consider when and how scaffolds might be implemented for everyone, becoming a fundamental part of high-quality teaching, rather than an add-on.

https://educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk/news/scaffolding-more-than-just-a-worksheet

Publishing pupil writing can be a rewarding experience for learners, fostering a sense of accomplishment and motivating them to improve their writing skills. Here are some examples of how a teacher can publish pupil writing: 1. Writing Walls or Boards: Dedicate a wall or board in the classroom to showcase learner's writings. Rotate the displays regularly to feature different learners' work. 2. Classroom Anthology: Compile a collection of learners' writings into a booklet or magazine. This can be printed and shared with the class, school, and parents. 3. School Newspaper or Magazine: Create a school newspaper or magazine. This provides a larger audience within the school community. 4. Class Blog or Website: Create a class blog, twitter feed, website where learners can post their writings. This platform can be shared with parents and the class community. 5. Writing Contests: Enter learner's writings into local, regional, or national writing contests. 6. School Bulletin Boards/ Visitor Areas: Display writings on school bulletin boards, especially in common areas where many learners, teachers, and visitors can see them. 7. E-books: Create a digital anthology of learners' work and publish it as an e-book. 8. Collaborative Projects: Partner with other classes or schools to create a larger anthology of learners' writing, fostering a sense of community and collaboration. 9. End-of-Year Book: Compile the best works from the entire year into a book that can be given to learners at the end of the school year as a keepsake or to passed on to the next teacher. 10. Emails/letters Emails of letters that are actually sent. By providing various platforms and opportunities for learners to publish their writing, teachers can greatly enhance learners’ engagement and pride in their work. However the expectation is that learners are given time to finish a piece of work to feel that sense of accomplishment.

Subject specific or disciplinary vocabulary are words which are either used specifically in that subject area (and not in general English). This is the third tier of the vocabulary.

The arrangement of words in a phrase or sentence can change the meaning: Notice how moving the word only changes the meaning of the entire sentence. Only Batman fights crime. Meaning: Batman is the only person who fights crime. No one except Batman fights crime, not even Superman. Batman only fights crime. Meaning: Fighting crime is the only thing Batman does. He doesn’t work, he doesn’t shower—fighting crime is all he does. Batman fights only crime. Meaning: Batman doesn’t fight anything except crime. He doesn’t fight Alfred or Robin; he doesn’t fight the dry cleaner if they accidentally stain his shirt. Crime is the only thing he fights. Learners who understand syntax comprehend better than the ones who don’t. Learners who understand syntax comprehend better than the ones who don’t.

Regular handwriting practice is also needed to support pupils to increase the speed at which they can handwrite and the automaticity of the process. As the process becomes quicker and less effortful, pupils will be able to focus more on other aspects of the writing process such as spelling and text generation. EEF Automaticity is writing without consciously focussing on the formation or spelling. A lack of automaticity with handwriting causes cognitive resources to be used up and therefore are unavailable for other processes, such as vocabulary selection or new ideas.

Reading: The shift from learning to read and reading to learn isn’t always linear, when leaners encounter new or challenging texts they will need to draw upon the learning to read skills.

As an EYECO, I spend a lot of time developing talking and listening skills that support learning to read skills. I still spend time on reading to learn as we discuss stories and other texts.

* Adapted from Highland Literacy Resource

As a geography teacher I spend a lot of time supporting pupils to effectively use reading to learn skills. I also still need to use learning to read skills for example when introducing specialised vocabulary or challenging texts. I also support individual learners who are still developing their reading to learn skills by providing support and scaffolding.

As a P4 teacher, I still spend a lot of time teaching learning to read skills. I spend about the same amount of time building reading to learn skills as we develop our comprehension.

It is the 'responsiblity of all' to develop literacy skills.

2. Move on to pencil-control - waves

1. Start with line awareness exercises

3. revisit letter formation for letter incorrectly formed- make sure the tails hang down and the stalks stand tall

4. reintroduce joining to increase speed

2. Move on to pencil-control - waves

1. Start with line awareness exercises

3. revisit letter formation for letter incorrectly formed- make sure the tails hang down and the stalks stand tall

4. reintroduce joining to increase speed

Introduce digital note-taking tools and apps, such as OneNote, Evernote, or Google Keep, which can help organise and access notes easily for those who may benefit.

You will recognise a lot of use of tier two words in exam questions. "Tier 2 words are high-frequency words used by mature content users over a variety of content domains. More simply, they are words that are frequent enough that most native speakers would know what they mean, but usually require explicit instruction (having to look them up in a dictionary, or apply context referencing, etc.) Tier 2 words are words such as obvious, complex, reasoned, national, or informed" Peter Kruge Examples of tier two intructional words used in exams - compare, analyse, conclude, label, identify, evaluate, summarise, modify, elaborate, specify, catagorise.

EEF

click image to expand

Formative assessment provides ongoing feedback that leads to next steps. “The most powerful educational tool for raising attainment and preparing children to be lifelong learners, in any context, is formative assessment.” (Outstanding Formative Assessment, Shirley Clarke) Carefully planned formative assessments provide opportunities for teachers to assess all elements of writing continually and regularly. This continuous feedback supports learners to understand what their next steps are and how to achieve them. https://www.edutopia.org/article/7-smart-fast-ways-do-format

Alex Quigly explains well how formative assessment can support learning

Some levels of stress are normal and healthy. However, stress can also have a negative impact on a student’s ability to write. Stress factors can manifest in many forms. These can be:

language and learning disabilities
a lack of knowledge of the English language or subject area
negative living conditions and home pressures

When students experience high levels of stress, their ability to use their working memory to meet the multiple demands of the writing process is impacted.

A WAGOLL stands for ‘What a Good One Looks Like’. If we want our children to become outstanding writers then they need to see outstanding writing or at least writing that models what they are working towards.

A WAGOLL can be used as an inspiration source. Learners shouldn't directly copy the text, but they can take some of the ideas from this piece of work and imatate it. WAGOLLs offer the opportuntity to: Anaylise text to see how language is used for effect be able to pick out key features of a genre analyse the use of puncutation and grammar and see What a Good One Looks like. WAGOlls can be a professional example or a pupil example. It is useful to save peices of work that outline what you are looking for.

Use more than one WAGOLL. When pupils are faced with one example of good writing, they too often simply copy this. But shift pupils to comparing two examples and pupils begin to better to discriminate their key ingredients. (success criteria)

Click image to expand text

Explicit vocabulary teaching -Select - Explain - Explore - Consolidate Quigley

Incidental vocabulary learning: "When teachers talk about words – their subtleties, misnomers, histories, and more – building on reading high quality texts, these conversational turns unlock important shades of meaning for pupils that can fend off misconceptions and lead to greater understanding when reading. Many of these opportunities will arise spontaneously. You simply cannot predict all the words pupils will know and not know. However, with awareness that some of these ‘teachable moments’ could be missed, we should aim to wed incidental learning to explicit teaching." Quigley

Click image to enlarge

Cultivating word consciousness: ‘Word consciousness’ is an “awareness and interest in words and their meanings” Quigley Learners should be given opportunities to understand: structure, such as roots, prefixes, and suffixes, as well as how they combine to create different forms and meanings (morphology) history of words roots and evolution of words over time (etymology) re move able prefix root suffix pre script ion (before) (write) (act) prefix root suffix

"Errors in letter formation are often the source of handwriting difficulties in children, but are not always obvious to a reader after the event of writing. Observations of the child’s process of letter formation need to be undertaken so that incorrect patterns do not become embedded, leading to difficulties with fluency later on. Ten letters seem more susceptible to formation errors and may require additional attention: i, j, a, d, g, r, n, m, h, and z. " EEF https://d2tic4wvo1iusb.cloudfront.net/production/eef-guidance-reports/literacy-ks-1/Literacy_KS1_Guidance_Report_2020.pdf?v=1715426185

As learners cognative load is focussed on forming the letters they have limited room for other writing processes such as idea generation, grammar or spelling.

The Writing Revolution by Hovhman & Wexler

Build sentences in all areas of the curriculum: In PE write about sequences using signposting sentences. In RE take notes shrinking sentences. In science report combine sentences. In social subjects expand sentences using who, what, why, when, and where or 'because - but - so'.

'because - but - so' examples of sentence expansion

Teaching science stem:Aerobic respiration is similar to anaerobic respiration...Aerobic respiration is similar to anaerobic respiration because both start with glucose and make ATP. Aerobic respiration is similar to anaerobic respiration, but anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen. Aerobic respiration is similar to anaerobic respiration, so both autotrophs and heterotrophs use aerobic and anaerobic respiration. _______________________________.

Teaching maths:Fractions are like decimals ______________________________.Fractions are like decimals because they are all parts of wholes.Fractions are like decimals, but they are written differently. Fractions are like decimals, so they can be used interchangeably. :

https://7esl.com/abbreviations-for-note-taking/

Dyslexia can be described as a continuum of difficulties in learning to read, write and/or spell, which persist despite the provision of appropriate learning opportunities.

This framework is a self-evaluation tool for practioners to evaluate their knowledge, then develop their understanding of how to effectively teach reading (please note reading builds on talking and listening and leads to writing skills). As the full framework is developed, the links across the organisers will be explictly identified. Practitioners should use the self-evaluation tool to identify areas they may wish to develop. They can then use the framework to build or secure their understanding. Throughout the framework readers are directed to:
Key Messages - extracted from current research
Professional Learning - reading, research, videos or CMO sessions
Effective Reading Instruction - examples of practice that research has indicated may be effective (these are not exhaustive lists)
Technical language has been used intentionally throughout the framework. Any words indicated in blue can be opened to reveal what the language means. Anything that flashes will either direct you to another page or open an information window. Spotlights include more detailed guidance for the areas: Equity - Assessment - Motivation - Play Pedagogy - Support Staff - English as an Additional Language - Family Learning -Dyslexia

Summarise in Pictures: Have younger students draw a picture to summarize a story or lesson. One-Sentence Summaries: Encourage older students to write one-sentence summaries of what they learned.

Editing is fixing basic errors like capitalization, punctuation and spelling. Revising is the task of improving writing-specifically by revising structure or word choice. Generally for writing instruction to be effective we have to make a habit of constantly looking at and re-working what students write. But as Hochman pointed out, Revising is much more rigorous. It’s where the work really happens- where an idea is framed, distilled to its core elements, and brought to life. Editing is fine; revision is critical. Which is important to observe because 1) many (most?) teachers don’t distinguish between the two and 2) if you let students choose–that is if you put a block of text in front of them and say something like “What suggestions do you have to improve it?”–they will generally choose to edit rather than revise, primarily because it is easier to add a missing capital letter than to rework a sentence to use a subordinating conjunction and make your verb more precise and active, say. In fact many teachers, too, will choose editing over revising- for exactly the same reason. We’re drawn to the low hanging fruit, so when we look at text in the classroom there can be a “rigor gap” if we’re not careful to revise more than edit.

Signposting stems

Put Reading First Nih.gov

For example, science and math might benefit more from the charting method, while history might be better suited for the outline method.

Almost all writing fulfils one or more of the following purposes:

• writing to recount or instruct • writing to explain or inform • writing to analyse or evaluate • writing to discuss or persuade

A good understanding of the features of different types of writing such as style, structure and language will support young people to develop their writing skills and become more independent.

https://education.gov.scot/media/gdtd4ajm/lit15-writing.pdf

When an initial concern is expressed, the pathway should be followed to ensure support is timely and appropriate.

https://glowscotland.sharepoint.com/:f:/r/sites/CMOTrainingTeam/Shared%20Documents/Literacy/Literacy%20Framework/Dyslexia%20support%20materials?csf=1&web=1&e=ZyFET6

https://7esl.com/abbreviations-for-note-taking/

Have learners compare and discuss their notes with classmates. This can provide new perspectives and highlight different techniques. Group note-taking activities can also help learners support each other. Group Activities: Use group activities where learners can share what they’ve noted and learn from each other. Note-Taking Buddies: Pair learners up to help each other take notes during lessons.

Working memory is used when a learner needs to think and remember at the same time. A person’s working memory coordinates and handles the writing process at the moment of writing but, as we know, the working memory has a finite capacity and can easily become overwhelmed. If, for example, a child is struggling with holding their pen and letter formation, then they will not have the capacity to compose great poetry. Equally, if a child is engaged in generating ideas for a story, they may not have the capacity to organise these ideas in a plan at the same time. https://researchschool.org.uk/news/the-simple-view-of-writing-music-to-our-ears

Not all our learners arrive in school with the same prior knowledge. We need to provide them back ground knowledge to ensure they are not disadvantaged.

Encourage students to review and revise their notes shortly after class to fill in any gaps and clarify any confusion. Discuss the importance of regularly revisiting notes to reinforce learning and aid retention. After taking notes, have students summarise the main ideas in their own words. This helps reinforce the material and ensures they understand the key points.

X back up Writing Inverclyde literacy framework

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Transcript

back up

P2

Introduction

Writing

When and who should teach these skills?

Reading

Talking & listening

P3

Start Here

Self-evaluation

Talking & listening

Reading

Writing

P4

SElf-evaluation tool

Writing

P5

Writing Key messages

P6

Writing

Learning to Write

SPOTLIght On...

Writing to support learning

P7

Learning To WRite

P9

Components of Writing

Image Learning Difficulty Australia

P10

Composition

and tiers.

P11

Composition

This is early years - do we need a P1 or do we expand this?

P11

Composition EArly years

Need video

ELLIS REview

Need to confirm Genre headings ES doesn't match these

P11

Composition First to second Level

P11

Composition SEcondary BGE & SEnior Phase

P12

Transciption

P13

transcription

P11

ELLIS REview - currently early years

Transciption EArly Years

P11

Transcription First to senior phase

P14

Executive Function

P15

Excutive Function

P11

Executive Function EArly Years

ELLIS REview

P11

Executive Function First to second Level

P46

Motivation