AS1-INDIA

Educational Equity

India

7. Cutural Factor

9. References

8. Conclusion

6. Political Factor

5. Socio-economic Factor

4. Education Background

3. Demographic

2. Educational Equity

1. Introduction

Table of content

It is said that the growth of a person in particular and the development of a country, in general, both depend heavily on education. A country that lacks quality education will be unlikely to rise. However, a country needs significant efforts to address educational issues, including equity. At the same time, education growth must correspond with or even exceed population growth. Only then will a country be able to look far enough beyond to cover and offer adequate education and cultural aspects.By analyzing education in the Indian context, it is better to understand the issues of educational equity and their relevance to socioeconomic, political, and cultural aspects.

Introduction

Definition An educational system that appropriately serves students of all types and develops their learning experience. This means that despite a student's origin, language, gender, socio-economic status, age, learning ability, condition, or family background, each student has the opportunity to get the help and support they need to achieve their learning objectives. (Western Governors University, 2021). All children, no matter their background, have a range of talents and skills, and it is the school's and teacher’s duty to encourage students to develop these by providing a variety of opportunities and learning experiences. Not all children will achieve the same outcomes but there should not be a huge discrepancy between the successes of one social group and another. (Western Governors University, 2021).

Educational Equity

EQUALITY in Education

EQUITY in Education

VS

02. Inclusion

01. Fairness

Equity in education has 2 characteristics that are closely linked (Blair Mann, 2014).

Equity in education

• Population: India will be likely to surpass China as the world's most populous country with approximately over 1,4 billion people in 2023 (Wordometer).
• A large proportion of young people (50% of the population is under 25 years old, and more than 65% are under 35 years old) ➢ India is a country that is always in a high state of demand for education. (Wordometer).

• 1.5 million schools including Government, Government Aided and Private Schools (All Schools in India, 2023).

Demographic

Literacy rate in Male > Literacy Rate in Females ➟ Gender gap is a big issue that India has to face.

Source: Census 2011, National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) & National Statistical Office (NSO) data 2021 (Find Easy, 2023)

According to National Statistical Office (NSO) statistics, the average literacy rate in India was 77.70% in 2021. As of the same year, male literacy in India stands at 84.70%, while female literacy stands at 70.30%.

• Education in India has a 2,000-year history. The foundations of the current educational structure lie in the country's colonial past. (Goldman et al., 2008).
• The Gurukula educational system (Akash, 2016).
• In the 1830s, Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay brought the present educational system to India, and therewith the English language (Akash, 2016).
• India's independence from the British in 1948, Jawaharlal Nehru initiated significant improvements in the country's education system to satisfy the country's technical, scientific, and labor-force demands (Goldman et al., 2008).
• The National Program for Nutrition Assistance to Primary Education was launched by the government in 1995 (Goldman et al., 2008).
• The government launched the Movement to Educate Everyone in the year 2000. The goal of this effort was to provide universal education to all Indian people by 2010. (Goldman et al., 2008).

Education Background

Gender gap

Socio-economic Factor

Cost of education

Background

Poverty

• expense of uniform
• expense of stationary
• expense of school bag
• household activity of girls

The following are the primary causes for dropping out of school, according to a survey of 100 young people in India (Rani & Devi, 2021)

➟ The dropout rate increases gradually from primary to secondary school.

Dropout Rate by Gender, Level of School Education 2021-2022 (UDISE+ Dashboard)

Drop out rate

Political Factor

➠ Political decisions affect every aspect of education in India both directly and indirectly. Politics certainly impacts a country's educational orientation. It is undeniable that education and politics are intimately connected to each other. Consequently, it is always crucial to ensure that every citizen in this country has a minimum level of education. In summary, regardless of the political objective, it must always push for educational equity.

India is one of the countries with the greatest linguistic variety in the world. There is no official language, however, Hindi, the native tongue of about half of the people, is recognized as such by the government. English is widely used in commerce and administration and is recognized as a supplementary official language. There are additionally 122 significant languages and 234 mother tongues. (Pradhan & Hoda, 2022)

Children raised in different cultural environments will have different thoughts and perceptions about issues in life and society. It affects the learning outcomes. (Dr. Radhika Kapur, 2018)

Because the country is multicultural and religious, there are no norms for teaching or school and educational environments (Chakravarty, 2001).

Favor male children's education above female children's education, or parents may discourage their children from pursuing specific fields of study or occupations (Chanana, 2017).

Culture Factor

➠ In India, education is highly valued, and there is intense pressure on students to perform well academically. However, cultural norms and expectations can also create barriers to educational equity.

Overall, the socioeconomic, political, and cultural factors affecting educational equity in India are complex and interrelated. Addressing these factors requires a multi-faceted approach that involves collaboration between the government, schools, families, and communities to guarantee all students have an equal chance of success.

Conclusion

Western Governors University (2021) An Overview of Equity in Education. Western Governors University [online]. Available from: https://www.wgu.edu/blog/overview-equity-education2107.html [Accessed 27/03/ 2023] Blair Mann (2014) Equity and Equality Are Not Equal. The Education Trust [online]. Available from: https://edtrust.org/the-equity-line/equity-and-equality-are-not-equal/ [Accessed 27/03/2023] Wordometer (2023) India Population. Wordometer [online]. Available from: https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/india-population/ [Accessed 27/03/2023] All Schools in India (2023). All Schools in India [online]. Available from: https://allschoolsinindia.in/how-many-government-and-private-schools-in-india/ Goldman, C.A., Kumar, K.B., & Liu, Y. (2008). Education and the Asian Surge: A Comparison of the Education Systems in India and China. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/occasional_papers/2008/RAND_OP218.pdf Kumar I., Chowdhury I. R. (2021). Shadow Education in India: Participation and Socioeconomic Determinants. SAGE Journals. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/09731741211032472?journalCode=sada

References

Akash (2016). The Education Culture in India. Toppr Bytes [online]. Available from: https://www.toppr.com/bytes/education-culture-in-india/ [Accessed 30/03/2023] Annual Status of Education Report (2021). School survey major findings. Annual Status of Education Report [online]. Available from: http://img.asercentre.org/galleries/school_2021.pdf [Accessed 3/04/2023] Rukmini Banerji & Wilima Wadhwa (2021). The COVID effect: Changing patterns in public and private inputs into schooling in rural India. Annual Status of Education Report [online]. Available from: http://img.asercentre.org/docs/aser2021-commentary.pdf [Accessed 3/04/2023] Madhumita Bandyopadhyay Ramya Subrahmanian (2008). Gender Equity in Education: A Review of Trends and Factors. Create [online]. Available from: http://www.create-rpc.org/pdf_documents/PTA18.pdf [Accessed 3/04/2023] Naushad R. B. (2022). Differential effects of socio-economic status and family environment of adolescents on their emotional intelligence, academic stress and academic achievement. IJERI, pp.101-120. https://www.upo.es/revistas/index.php/IJERI/article/view/5148/6279 Roy, P. (2018). Effects of Socio-Economic on education in India. SSRN Electronic Journal. 5(8), pp.331-336. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3640322

References

Rani P., Devi S. (2021). Effect of Education on Socio-Economic status Students in India. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry. 12(6), pp. 8781-8789. https://www.tojqi.net/index.php/journal/article/view/3372/2287 M.R. Madhavan and Kaushiki Sanyal (2012). Regulation in the Education Sector. India Infrastructure Report 2012 [online]. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/23573252/Regulation_in_the_Education_Sector [Accessed 11/04/2023] Kanhaiya (2022). Politicisation of Education in India. Lokniti [online]. Available from: https://mpp.nls.ac.in/blog/politicisation-of-education-in-india. [Accessed 11/04/2023] Sinclair, P. (2014). Basic in Education. National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT). https://www.hzu.edu.in/bed/Basics-in-Education%20(NCERT).pdf Ghonge, M. M., Bag R., Singh A. (2021) Indian Education: Ancient, Medieval and Modern. Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology. IntechOpen. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.93420. Chanana, K. (2017). Gendered access and participation. Routledge Handbook of Education in India, Debates, Practices, and Policies. Routledge Handbooks Online. https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315107929.ch14

References

Chakravarty, S., D. (2001). Multicultural Education in India. Global constructions of multicultural education; theories and realities. 16(4). https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0RuQAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA59&dq=india+is+a+multicultural+and+religious+country,+there+are+no+norms+for+teaching+or+school+and+educational+environments.&ots=HOhJ0V3Sfe&sig=s2pAMwBoIwIVLb-76SMmGeRrHtg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Dr. Radhika Kapur (2018). Impact of Culture on Education. Research gate [online]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323794724_Impact_of_Culture_on_Education UDISE+ Dashboard (2021). Dropout Rate by Gender, Level of School Education, and Social Category. UDISE+ Dashboard [online]. Available from: https://dashboard.udiseplus.gov.in/#/reportDashboard/sReport [Accessed 5/04/2023] Find Easy (n.d) (2023). Find Easy [online]. Available from: https://www.findeasy.in/indian-states-by-literacy-rate/ [Accessed 30/03/2023] Chandra, R. (n.d.) (2019). Education and the Poverty Trap in Rural Areas. Welcome to the United Nations [online]. Available from: https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2019/03/Education-and-the-Poverty-Trap-in-Rural-Areas-final-by-Ritu.pdf [Accessed 5/04/2023]

References

Pradhan K., Hoda N. (2022). Relationship between Society, Language, Culture, and Education in the Indian context. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews. 3(5), pp. 1330-1333. https://www.academia.edu/79257679/Relationship_between_Society_Language_Culture_and_Education_in_the_Indian_context

References