GEN4Z BRIDGES AROUND THE WORLD

Bridges Around The World

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About The Activity

Bridges are structures built to overcome the difficulties that people face in transportation on their journeys. They are affected by the culture of the places where they are made and by the natural conditions. We wanted to enable our students to research and learn why and how bridges in different countries of the world were built. We wanted our students to explore the mathematics and geometry used in their bridge designs and to examine how the bridges adapt to the nature of their region.

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CONTENTS

• Abdun Bridge --Jordan--

• Golden Gate Bridge --USA--

• Mekweg Bridge --Netherlands--

• Mostar Bridge --Bosnia&Herzegovina--

• Ponte Vecchio Bridge --Italy--

• Puente de la Mujer-Womans Bridge

• Akashi Kaikyo Bridge --Japan--

• Millau Viaduct --France--

Andreas & Anastasios Salis 1st EPAL OF DRAMA /GREECE

Adem-Eyüpcan & Burcu Sönmez Borsa İstanbul Vocational and Technical Anatolian Hİghschool / Turkey

Burak & Burcu SönmezBorsa İstanbul Vocational and Technical Anatolian Hİghschool / Turkey

Fabiana Gruosso & Cecilia MottaIPSSEOA "U.Di Pasca" / Italy

Desirè Palermo & Cecilia MottaIPSSEOA "U.Di Pasca" / Italy

Gabriel & Daniela GuicinLiceul Tehnologic Nr 1 Balș / Romania

Ergün / Hatice Uysal ÇatmakaşSalihli Şehit Mustafa Serin AIHL / Turkey

Stelios-Stavros & Kyriaki Fotiadou1st EPAL OF DRAMA /GREECE

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CONTENTS

• Ada Bridge --Serbia--

• Stone Bridge --Turkey--

• Bosphorus Bridge --Turkey--

• Helix Bridge --Singapore--

• Suleiman the Magnificent Bridge --Turkey--

• German(Varda)bridge --Turkey--

Kadir-Velihan & Rabiye GökoğlanSalihli Necip Fazıl Kısakürek Social Sciences Anatolian High School / Turkey

Ognjen- Nina -Kristina - Martina & Marina NikolicThe first Technical School / Serbia

Ada & Manuela StroieTechological High School 1 / Romania

Onur - Hatice & Seçil BilginSalihli Necip Fazıl Kısakürek Social Sciences Anatolian High School / Turkey

Ahmet & Selin AltınkayaBeyceli Anatolian High School / Turkey

Yiğit-Zehranaz & Sema KarakelleoğluÇağrıbey Anatolian High School

• Slauerhoff bridge --Netherlands--

• Langkawi Sky Bridge --Malaysia--

• Rakotz bridge --Germany--

Yiğit-Zehranaz & Sema KarakelleoğluÇağrıbey Anatolian High School

Fatmanur - Ubeydullah &Tayyibe Tezcan Şehit Erhan Ar Vocational and Technical Anatolian High School / Turkey

Stavros-Stathis-Haris & Theodora Ketsetsidou1st EPAL OF DRAMA /GREECE

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Wadi Abdoun Bridge

Wadi Abdoun Bridge is a bridge in Amman, Jordan. The only cable-stayed bridge in the country, it crosses the Wadi Abdoun. The building of the bridge commenced on 14 December 2002 and it was opened on 14 December 2006 and was built by Larsen & Toubro Limited, an Indian multinational company. It is part of Amman's Beltway project and links South Amman to the 4th Circle and Zahran Street.

The bridge has three Y-shaped towers to make two equal main spans of 134 meters in length. The bridge deck is shaped like an S-curve to aid in connecting to the adjoining roadways and the stays form a harp arrangement. The project was delayed by one year due to its technical complication and few incidents during construction. The structural designer, Dar Al-Handasah, won a commendation award in 2007 from the Institution of Structural Engineers for this bridge.

Andreas.as/Anastasios Salis/1st EPAL of Drama Greece

Puente de la mujer-womans bridge

El Puente de la Mujer (Women's Bridge) is one of the most famous landmarks in the neighbourhood of Puerto Madero. The rotating footbridge was the first work from Valencian architect Santiago Calatrava in Latin America and demonstrates Buenos Aires' constant effort to position itself at the vanguard of art and architecture in the region.

Donated by Alberto L. Gonzales and his family to this city of Buenos Aires, Santiago Calatrava's Puente De La Mujer (Bridge Of The Woman) is the architect's only work in South America.

The bridge represents a couple dancing tango, with the white mast symbolising the man and the curve of the bridge, the woman. It has a large turning mechanism, allowing it to swing open to allow sailing ships to pass. The bridge was constructed in Spain and donated to Buenos Aires through a private donation.

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Most of the bridge's weight rests upon its central support, in which motors are located allowing the bridge to rotate. The bridge was primarily built in Victoria, Spain and taken to Buenos Aires in parts over five months. In its design, Puente De La Mujer is somewhat related to the Alamillo Bridge in Seville in its radical asymmetry and expressive tension, though its scale and angles are admittedly less grandiose and its asymmetry is reversed from the Seville bridge.

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The 335-foot-long suspension pedestrian bridge is broken up into three sections, two static and one mobile. The central portion of the bridge was designed to rotate 90 degrees to allow water traffic to pass, with the two static portions connecting to pedestrian streets on either side of the dam.

Burak/Burcu Sönmez/Borsa İstanbul VTAHS

Golden Gate Bridge

Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge across the place the where San Francisco Bay opens into the Pacific Ocean, so-called Golden Gate (hence the name). It connects San Francisco with Marin County and it is 2737 meters long and 227 meters high. Some 45 million of vehicles cross Golden Gate Bridge in a year. Golden Gate Bridge is one of the landmarks of San Francisco and, until 1964, it was a bridge with longest suspension bridge main span in the world.

Before Golden Gate Bridge was built, the shortest route between San Francisco and the Marin County was by ship. First ferry service was established in 1820. In time automobile ferries, which were once used only by costumers of the railroad, became very profitable and San Francisco became largest city in United States largely supplied by ferries. Because the ferries didn’t provide constant connection with the nearby regions, the city’s growth began to drop.

Local authorities agreed to expand on the idea but only if design is changed to suspension bridge and if Strauss cooperates with other designers and engineers because of his low experience with jobs of such type and magnitude. Designer Leon Moisseiff and Senior engineer Charles Alton Ellis were joined to the project on the general engineering while Irving Morrow designed look of towers, lightning and Art Deco details of the bridge. Construction of the bridge started in 1933 and ended in 1937. It is not known how many workers worked on the bridge but it was built by some 10 prime contractors, it cost some $35 million, it was finished before the schedule and $1.3 million under budget. Deck has a weight of 1500.000 tonnes and cables that hold it are 90cm thick and made from 130.000 kilometers of wire.

Then appeared the idea of the bridge that would span the Golden Gate and give San Francisco much-needed link. In 1916, James Wilkins wrote an article in San Francisco Bulletin that estimated cost of building a bridge across Golden Gate is $100 million and asked a question whether it could be done for less. One Joseph Strauss responded with the idea that cantilever bridge could be made for $17 million.

When it was opened on May 27, 1937, opening celebrations lasted a week. The day before bridge was opened for vehicles some 200.000 pedestrian crossed it by foot. For a 50th anniversary, bridge was close again and pedestrians were allowed on it. But this time some 1.000.000 people gathered and caused the middle of the bridge to flatten out. Because of that pedestrian walk was not allowed for a 75th anniversary. Golden Gate Bridge is considered one of the most beautiful bridges in the world and is a true feat of engineering of its time. It was built on a fault line that presents constant danger of earthquakes. Strong winds from Pacific can sway the bridge but it is built so it can swing sideways 8 meters and withstand blows of wind that are up to 160 km/h.

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Adem&Eyüpcan /Burcu Sönmez/Borsa İstanbul VTAHS

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Ponte Vecchio

Built in strong stone in Roman times, the Ponte Vecchio was for a long time the only bridge that crossed the Arno in Florence. Originally it was surrounded by four towers and incorporated three round spans. The current version dates back to 1345 when a violent flood destroyed the previous bridge. According to Vasari, the project was followed by Taddeo Gaddi. From 1442, the city authorities required butchers and fish sellers to gather in the shops of Ponte Vecchio to move away from the houses in the center and thus to eliminate the smell of waste that was transported along the roads to the Arno. Ponte Vecchio thus became the place for the meat and fish market.

It was the architect Giorgio Vasari who built the so-called Vasari Corridor for Cosimo I de 'Medici in 1565 to connect Palazzo Vecchio, an administrative and political center with Palazzo Pitti, the private residence of the Medici. The works lasted just 5 months and ended with the construction of an elevated corridor about one kilometer long. A walk over the city and the river, which enters the buildings, surrounds the Torre de 'Mannelli, peeps into the Church of Santa Felicita and arrives at Pitti and Boboli. The butchers' shops were soon moved to the advantage of the goldsmiths and jewelers at the behest of Ferdinand I who did not like a trade that was not particularly noble and with unpleasant smells.

For the first time the Roman concept was overcome, which provided for round-arch crossings, by building a bridge with three large low-arched crossings. This procedure made it possible to require fewer arches and to create safer conditions in the event of a flood. This "architectural revolution" was also copied from the Rialto Bridge in Venice. The passage is then flanked by rows of artisan shops, which have been obtained from arcades, subsequently closed. In the central part of the bridge the shops end up leaving space for two panoramic terraces, one of which houses the monument dedicated to Benvenuto Cellini, a Florentine sculptor and goldsmith.

Fabiana Gruosso/Cecilia Motta/IPSSEOA Di Pasca/Potenza/Italia

Mostar Bridge

The Old Bridge, Stari Most, is the heart and soul of Mostar: it’s the playground for local kids, lovers gazing at sun dipping below the banks of Neretva, bridge jumping adrenaline junkies, and souvenir shopping tourists. Even the best ice cream in town is served right beside Stari Most – and best enjoyed on the bridge. The Old Bridge of Mostar has been an essential part of Mostar’s history right from the beginning. Mostar was even named after the bridge keepers (mostari).

For hundreds of years, the Mostar bridge has stood as an icon of multicultural coexistence, connecting the east bank’s Muslim and west bank’s Catholic communities. Ironically, it was a war that finally destroyed this symbol of peace. But let’s dig deeper into the history and tragic legends of Stari Most!

The Birth of Mostar Old Bridge

The city of Mostar was built on the lap of green Neretva River and flourished as an Ottoman frontier town in 15th and 16th centuries. Mostar was developed further during the Austro-Hungarian period in the 19th and 20th centuries. The first bridge in Mostar was built by the Turks, under the command of Suleyman the Magnificent, already in the 16th century. After nine years of labor, the Old Bridge of Mostar was finally completed in 1566. The bridge was drawn by a famous architect, Mimar Sinan, and constructed by his student Mimar Hajruddin. Sinan was the chief Ottoman architect of Suleyman the Magnificent. His students later designed the Blue Mosque in Istanbul and helped to create Taj Mahal.

Legends tell that the architect, Mimar Hajruddin, had to make it or break it. The Ottoman sultan was so tired of unsuccessful bridge building attempts that he threatened to execute every failing architect. Before the wooden supports of Old Bridge were removed, Mimar Hajruddin had already started digging his own grave. Luckily, his work was celebrated as the widest man-made arch in the world!

With the help of UNESCO, Mostar Bridge was rebuilt in 2004, stone by stone and according to the original architecture. Even the initial flaws were honored. Some of the original limestones were rescued from the bottom of the Neretva River to celebrate the resurrection of Stari Most. So technically, the current bridge is not “old”, but it’s still a replica of the old bridge. Still, it’s a stunning landmark and icon of peace known all over the world.

Destruction and Resurrection of Stari Most – From War Relict to UNESCO World Heritage Site

The original Stari Most managed to stand for staggering 427 years, through two world wars. As a part of 1990 Croat-Bosniak conflict, the Old Bridge of Mostar was bombed down by the Croat troops in 1993.

The Old Bridge of Mostar is among the most important Islamic architectural structures in the Balkans. The surrounding Stari Grad, the Old City of Mostar, is a perfect example of a historically important multicultural town with pre-Ottoman, eastern Ottoman, and Mediterranean architecture.

Desirè/ Cecilia Motta / IPSSEOA Di Pasca/ Potenza/Italia

Melkweg bridge

This bridge in Purmerend, the Netherlands, has a steeply arching upper level for pedestrians and a zig-zagging lower level for cyclists and wheelchairs. The bridge was opened in the year 2012 and was designed by Dutch studios NEXT Architects and Rietveld Landscape.

laur.il/Daniela Guicin/Liceul Tehnologic Nr.1 Bals / Romania

"The aim of the design team was to create a new area with a specific identity, which could work as a connector between the old and the new centre," said NEXT Architects' Marijn Schenk.At 12 metres, this arch is high enough to allow boats to pass beneath and the lower deck splits into two parts that revolve open when boats are approaching.

Melkweg bridge

laur.il/Daniela Guicin/Liceul Tehnologic Nr.1 Bals / Romania

Millau Viaduct

The Millau Viaduct is a cable-stayed bridge that spans the valley of the River Tarn near Millau in southern France . Designed by the French structural engineer Michel Virlogeux and British architect Norman Foster, it is the tallest bridge in the world with one mast's summit at 343 metres (1,125 ft) above the base of the structure. It is the 17th highest bridge deck in the world, being 270 metres (890 ft) between the road deck and the ground below. The Millau Viaduct is part of the A75-A71 autoroute axis from Paris to Béziers and Montpellier. The cost of construction was approximately €400 million . It was formally inaugurated on 14 December 2004, and opened to traffic on 16 December.

Crosses: Valley of the River Tarn Locale: Millau-Creissels, France Official name: Le Viaduc de Millau

Design: Cable-stayed bridge Total length: 2460 m Width: 32.05 m Height: 343 m (max pylon above ground) Longest span: 342 m Number of spans: 204 m, 6×342 m, 204 m Clearance below: 270 m (890 ft)

Construction records

• The bridge’s construction broke several records
• The highest bridge tower in the world
• The highest road bridge deck in Europe

ergün.h/Hatice Uysal ÇAtmakaş/Salihli Şehit Mustafa Serin Aihl

𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝘼𝙠𝙖𝙨𝙝𝙞-𝙆𝙖𝙞𝙠𝙮𝙤 𝘽𝙧𝙞𝙙𝙜𝙚, 𝙨𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙣𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙆𝙤𝙗𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝘼𝙬𝙖𝙟𝙞 𝙄𝙨𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙙, 𝙞𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙬𝙤𝙧𝙡𝙙’𝙨 𝙡𝙖𝙧𝙜𝙚𝙨𝙩 𝙨𝙪𝙨𝙥𝙚𝙣𝙨𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙗𝙧𝙞𝙙𝙜𝙚. 𝙄𝙩 𝙝𝙖𝙨 𝙖 𝙩𝙤𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙡𝙚𝙣𝙜𝙩𝙝 𝙤𝙛 3,911 𝙢𝙚𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝙖 𝙨𝙪𝙨𝙥𝙚𝙣𝙨𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙤𝙛 1,991 𝙢𝙚𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙨, 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙨𝙞𝙩𝙨 297 𝙢𝙚𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙫𝙚 𝙨𝙚𝙖 𝙡𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙡. 𝘽𝙚𝙡𝙞𝙚𝙫𝙚 𝙞𝙩 𝙤𝙧 𝙣𝙤𝙩, 𝙮𝙤𝙪 𝙘𝙖𝙣 𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙪𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙮 𝙩𝙖𝙠𝙚 𝙖 𝙩𝙤𝙪𝙧 𝙩𝙤 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙩𝙤𝙥 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙪𝙨𝙥𝙚𝙣𝙨𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙩𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙧𝙨.

𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝘼𝙠𝙖𝙨𝙝𝙞-𝙆𝙖𝙞𝙠𝙮𝙤 𝘽𝙧𝙞𝙙𝙜𝙚

🇸​​​​​🇹​​​​​🇪​​​​​🇱​​​​​🇮​​​​​🇴​​​​​🇸​​​​​.🇰​​​​​🇫​​​​​/🇸​​​​​🇹​​​​​🇦​​​​​🇻​​​​​🇷​​​​​🇴​​​​​🇸​​​​​.🇰​​​​​🇫​​​​​/🇰​​​​​🇾​​​​​🇷​​​​​🇮​​​​​🇦​​​​​🇰​​​​​🇮​​​​​ 🇫​​​​​🇴​​​​​🇹​​​​​🇮​​​​​🇦​​​​​🇩​​​​​🇴​​​​​🇺​​​​​/1🇸​​​​​🇹​​​​​ 🇪​​​​​🇵​​​​​🇦​​​​​🇱​​​​​ 🇴​​​​​🇫​​​​​ 🇩​​​​​🇷​​​​​🇦​​​​​🇲​​​​​🇦​​​​​ 🇬​​​​​🇷​​​​​🇪​​​​​🇪​​​​​🇨​​​​​🇪​​​​​

𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙩𝙤𝙪𝙧 𝙜𝙪𝙞𝙙𝙚𝙨 𝙬𝙚𝙧𝙚 𝙙𝙞𝙧𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙡𝙮 𝙞𝙣𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙫𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙗𝙧𝙞𝙙𝙜𝙚’𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙡𝙚𝙖𝙙 𝙫𝙞𝙨𝙞𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙧𝙤𝙪𝙜𝙝 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙣𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙮 𝙞𝙣𝙖𝙘𝙘𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙞𝙗𝙡𝙚 𝙢𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙣𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚 𝙖𝙘𝙘𝙚𝙨𝙨 𝙬𝙖𝙮𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙚𝙡𝙚𝙫𝙖𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙨 𝙩𝙤 𝙩𝙝𝙚 98𝙩𝙝 𝙛𝙡𝙤𝙤𝙧 (300 𝙢𝙚𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙫𝙚 𝙨𝙚𝙖 𝙡𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙡). 𝙃𝙚𝙧𝙚, 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙫𝙞𝙚𝙬 𝙖𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙩𝙤𝙥 𝙞𝙨 𝙗𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙩𝙝𝙩𝙖𝙠𝙞𝙣𝙜.

The 360° panorama encapsulates both the sea of buildings on the Kobe side and the rich green of Awaji Island on the other. Normally places only used for bridge inspection and maintenance, the proximity to the huge suspension cables holding everything up gives you a true feel for scale. If you join one, you’ll understand why the tour is quite popular and bookings fill up early.

Completed in 1998, Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge was originally an architectural dream that would combine a wealth of engineering technology with Japanese technical capability. It was built to withstand the 4.5 meter-per-second tidal flows in the channel below, wind speeds of 80m/s, and large earthquakes. There was not a single fatality in its 10-year construction period, even though the Great Hanshin Earthquake struck when it was half-built in 1995.

🇸​​​​​🇹​​​​​🇪​​​​​🇱​​​​​🇮​​​​​🇴​​​​​🇸​​​​​.🇰​​​​​🇫​​​​​/🇸​​​​​🇹​​​​​🇦​​​​​🇻​​​​​🇷​​​​​🇴​​​​​🇸​​​​​.🇰​​​​​🇫​​​​​/🇰​​​​​🇾​​​​​🇷​​​​​🇮​​​​​🇦​​​​​🇰​​​​​🇮​​​​​ 🇫​​​​​🇴​​​​​🇹​​​​​🇮​​​​​🇦​​​​​🇩​​​​​🇴​​​​​🇺​​​​​/1🇸​​​​​🇹​​​​​ 🇪​​​​​🇵​​​​​🇦​​​​​🇱​​​​​ 🇴​​​​​🇫​​​​​ 🇩​​​​​🇷​​​​​🇦​​​​​🇲​​​​​🇦​​​​​ 🇬​​​​​🇷​​​​​🇪​​​​​🇪​​​​​🇨​​​​​🇪​​​​​

Stone Bridge - Adana

Adana Stone Bridge is on the Seyhan River. IV. It was built by the Roman Emperor Hadrianus in the (385) century. It has been an important bridge between Europe and Asia for centuries. Harun Reşit (766-809) joined the bridge to Adana Castle with some additions. IX. It was repaired by the 7th Abbasid Caliph Memun (786-833), the son of Harun Reşit, at the beginning of the century. III. It was repaired at different times by Ahmet (1713), Kel Hasan Pasha (1847) and Adana Governor Ziya Pasha (1789). There are inscriptions of these three repairs. The last repair was made in 1949.

Stone Bridge is 319 meters long and 13 meters high. Of the 21 arches, 14 are standing. Two lion reliefs can be seen on the large arch in the middle. It is known as one of the oldest bridges still in use in the world.

Kadir.rg &Velihan.rg/Rabia Gökoğlan/Necip Fazıl Social Sciences High School

Ada Bridge

The bridge on Ada was built on July 10, 2009. It is the most modern and most beautiful bridge in Belgrade. What makes this bridge unique, not only in Serbia but also in the world, is that it is the largest suspension bridge in the world, when it comes to bridges with one pillar. The bridge on Ada carries only one pillar, which is not in the middle of the river. Therefore, the construction may look unstable. It is a symbol of Belgrade.

In 1923, architect Đorđe Kovaljevski created the first urbanization plan of the area that envisaged a bridge over Ada Ciganlija. The initial idea of what is today known as the Belgrade Inner City Semi-Ring Road, to which the bridge is an important part, were created at that time. Ada bridge over river Sava shortens the average time needed to travel, and the routes near the Fair and near Ada have been relieved, where a traffic jam was created earlier, especially in the rush hour.

Ognjen PTS/The First Technical School/Serbia

Ada Bridge

The designers of the bridge are the designer Viktor Markelj and the architect Peter Gabrijelcic. The construction of the bridge and its design as well as the construction of the pylon originate from engineering and architectural aesthetics. The emphasis is on the top of the pylon, which encircles the ideal geometric line of the thin cone, thus gaining the emphasized symbolic power and identity of the bridge.

At the cape of Ada Ciganlija, a 207-meter pylon was erected, which enables the crossing of two asymmetrical spans across the river, thanks to the use of 80 steel cables. The new bridge is 920 meters long, with a span of 375 meters.The pylon's superstructure was implemented in the form of a light metal structure which when illuminated is a significant landmark in the city's night life.The pylon on Ada divides the bridge into two spatial sequences, in ‘here and there,which physically and symbolically connects the new and the old Belgrade.

Martina PTS/The First Technical School/Serbia

Ada Bridge

It is also interesting to note that this is the third bridge in the world in terms of the length of cables on which the bridge is hung. Namely, the length of all cables hung on the pylon is about 1,000 kilometers, which is approximately the same distance between Belgrade and Ankara.

The most noticeable part of the bridge is it’s pylon. The pylon rises in the form of a slim, pointed cone anchoring the backstays. The accent is on the pylon's peak, which completes the ideal geometrical line of a slim cone, thus conferring on the bridge an accentuated symbolic power and identity. The wires that are connected to the pylon on either side together with the bridge plate create a isosceles triangle while the pylon and the bridge plate make a 90 degree angle on either side of the pylon.

Nina PTS/The First Technical School/Serbia

Kristina PTS/The First Technical School/Serbia

The Bosphorus Bridge

The Bosphorus Bridge ,known officially as the 15 July Martyrs Bridge is one of the three suspension bridges spanning the Bosphorus strait in Istanbul, Turkey, thus connecting Europe and Asia.The decision to build a bridge across the Bosphorus was taken in 1957

The bridge has a lenght of 1560m and a width of 33.40m.The clearance of the bridge from sea level is 64 m.Upon its completion in 1973, the Bosphorus Bridge had the fourth-longest suspension bridge span in the world.

ada.mih/Manuela Stroie/Liceul Tehnologic Nr.1 Bals

HELIX BRIDGE

Footbridge over Marina Bay. Singapore does not cease to amaze with its architectural masterpieces, scale and love of feng shui. The Helix Bridge is a pedestrian bridge in the Marina Bay area, officially known as the Helix and formerly the Double Helix Bridge. Architects unanimously recognize it as one of the most beautiful in the world. The length of the bridge is 280 meters. Originally, the main Helix Bridge was designed to fit perfectly into the architectural style of the adjacent buildings.

The bridge was opened in 2010 and is now considered one of the main attractions of the country. In Singapore, they can surprise not only with its futuristic buildings, but also with the implementation of very clever tasks. The task in design was very difficult. Experts needed to develop a design that would meet all the requirements of the Feng Shui Committee. The bridge should be visually light, beautiful and protected from wind and rain. In addition, of course, the bridge must also be strong and withstand a wide human cross. The unusual design of the bridge in the form of a spiral DNA molecule attracts tourists here. In the evening, the lighting is also turned on throughout the bridge design, which gives it uniqueness.

Along the bridge there are 4 observation platforms (100 people capacity each), a good place to just sit on the river (you have to sit on the ground), small boats floating and view of the city. You can see the Latin letters on the asphalt - they are there for a reason. In the evening, they are highlighted, like the entire bridge. The letters C, G, T, A remind us of the main substances of the DNA molecule: cytosine, guanine, thymine and adenine. Oh how! As planned, the bridge must be associated with life, for it is also in the form of a DNA helix.

onur.sb/Seçil Bilgin/Salihli Necip Fazıl Kısakürek Social Scienes Hıgh School/Manisa

VARDA BRIDGE

Varda Bridge, located in the Karaisalı district of Adana, was built by the German Philipp Holzman company between 1907-1912 within the scope of the Baghdad Railway, one of the most important projects of the last period of the Ottoman Empire. The bridge, which is 99 meters high and 172 meters long, is located on 4 main pillars. One of the interesting features of the Varda Bridge is that one of the pillars is 1 meter ahead of the others. The bridge, which has been standing for more than 100 years, is described as an engineering marvel. Two of the 13 most important bridges in Turkey, determined by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism in 2019, are the Varda Bridge and Taşköprü in Adana.

THE STORY OF THE VARDA BRIDGE

There is also a very interesting story where the name of the Varda Bridge, known as the "German Bridge" and "Big Bridge" by the local people, came from. While the bridge is being built, the workers above throw stones to measure the distance, while the workers below shout, "There is more, there is more". ( Var daha in TurkisH) Over time, this phrase shortened to become Varda. The name of the bridge is mentioned as “Gavurdere Viaduct” in the records of the German company.

In order to prevent the French, who occupied Adana, from sending supplies and soldiers to Central Anatolia right after the Armistice of Mudros, Varda Bridge was wanted to be blown up with dynamite by the Karaisali Militia Forces command, but N. Mavrogordaton's assistant, Engineer, who was left on duty upon the agreement during the occupation. Monsieur Deduval begged Emin Polat Ağa for hours to prevent such a work of art from being destroyed. The Yaramış Bridge, located further south instead of the Varda Bridge, was dynamited and the supply of the French was prevented.

Ahmet/Selin Altınkaya/Beyceli Anatolian High School

This bridge, built by Mimar Sinan, consists of 4 large bridges that end at one end. While there is no inscription in all Sinan bridges, there are two inscriptions facing each other on the 4th bridge in the westernmost part of this bridge.

In the foundations of buildings built on river beds such as bridges and aqueducts, and on lakes, piles are driven into the ground, and the footings are placed on piles. Sinan, who started the construction of the Büyük Çekmece Bridge upon the order of Kanuni, first examined the ground and left the swampy side of the lake, choosing the shallow and solid side close to the sea. The places where the feet will be built were surrounded by a cofferdam, after the water inside them was drained, stakes were driven with a hammer; Stone feet were built on the piles. The large stone blocks forming the feet were connected to each other with iron clamps and were fixed by pouring lead between them.

As it is known, the most important issue in bridge construction is the construction of the foundations of the bridge piers. Sinan built four different bridges to cross the part of Büyükçekmece Lake connected to the sea.

Suleiman the Magnificent Bridge İstanbul/Turkey

It formed 3 islands in the middle of hexagonal shape. The interior of these islands up to a certain level is surrounded by mortared walls and the parts in contact with water are surrounded by thick cut quay stones. By making hexagonal islands between the bridges, it has been ensured to be built more easily and cheaply.

The Büyükçekmece Bridge, one of the works of Mimar Sinan during the Ottoman period in Istanbul, and its original facing stone pavement are shown.

Mimar Sinan reinterpreted and applied his centuries-old knowledge of materials and construction techniques to create permanent and strong structures. The fact that it works in a strong economic environment that allows the use of durable and valuable materials such as stone and lead has greatly affected its ability to produce a large number of high quality products. The results and traces of the efforts of an army of artists and workers integrated with Sinan's genius became a source of teaching that guided later architects.

zhrnz.skko/sema karakelleoğlu/çağrıbey anatolian high school/turkey

The Slauerhoffbrug (or Slauerhoff Bridge) is a fully automatic bascule bridge in the city of Leeuwarden in the Netherlands, sometimes called a “tail bridge”. Also affectionately called the “Flying Drawbridge”, it uses two arms to swing a section of road in and out of place within the road, in order to allow water traffic to quickly pass, while stalling the road and bike traffic briefly.

Named after the writer and poet J. Slauerhoff, the underside of the Flying Drawbridge is painted in the colors of the coat of arms and flag of Leeuwarden: blue and yellow. The Netherlands have loads of canals, which of course means loads of bridges. Each location has a different situation about it, which requires an innovative design to be implemented. Drawbridges have always been interesting to designers and they always look for new ways to get the bikes, cars and boats to cross safely, without interfering with each other.

Slauerhoff bridge Netherlands

The Slauerhoff Bridge was designed and built by a company called Van Driel Mechatronica in 2000 over the Harlinger Vaart River. Seeing how the Netherlands have very frequent traffic on the water, the bridge is raised and lowered around 10 times a day. There has to be some serious engineering going on, to have that huge piece of road to hang about the ground like that, but we have to admit, it still looks brilliant!

nsnr.skko/sema karakelleoğlu/çağrıbey anatolian high school/Turkey

RAKOTZ BRIDGE

It is believed that the bridge was built in the year 1860, and was commissioned by a knight named Friedrich Herrmann, who belonged to the local town of Kromlau.Located in Kromlauer Park, Gablenz, Saxony in Germany, the Rakotzbrücke is also known as the ‘Devil’s Bridge’. In medieval Europe, bridges that were built out of stone or masonry were known as ‘devil’s bridges’ as they had an unusual architectural design and incorporated newly developed technologies that fascinated the contemporary populace.

Nestled in the forest of Kromlauer Park, the Rakotzbrücke or the ‘Devil’s Bridge’ is believed to be a miraculous and dangerous marvel that was apparently, according to local folktales, built by Satan himself. The reflection of the bridge, thanks to its semi-circular structure, creates a perfect circle image on days when the light is direct and the waters are calm. The Rakotzbrücke can be found within the Azalea and Rhododendron Park, which is approximately 3.73 miles away from Germany – the Poland border and is 35 meters long.At both ends of the bridge are pointed rock towers made using special stones. Although it is called "devil's work" among the people with the optical illusion it provides, the Rakotz Bridge, which is standing thanks to perfect mathematics, unique architecture, and fine craftsmanship, adorns the Rakotz Lake like a thin ring.

Fatmanur G. / Şehit Erhan Ar MTAL/ Yozgat / Türkiye

LANGKAWI SKY BRIDGE

Langkawi Sky Bridge is a 125-metre curved pedestrian cable stayed bridge in Malaysia, completed in 2005 and it costs 1.2million dollars. The bridge deck is 660 metres (2,170 ft) above sea level at the peak of Gunung Mat Cincang on Pulau Langkawi, the main island of the Langkawi archipelago in Kedah. The Langkawi Sky Bridge can be reached by first taking the Langkawi Cable Car to the top station, where an inclined lift called SkyGlide takes visitors from the top station to the bridge .The bridge was closed in July 2012 for maintenance and upgrading. The reopening was put off several times, but it partially reopened in February 2015 The bridge is now fully accessible.

The disagner of the bridge is Peter Wiss who graduated in Oxford. More over engineers from Cepas Plan participated in the creation of this fantastic bridge. Constructed by Alam Langkawi.

It is designed as a curved walkway to maximise the viewing experience, providing shifting perspective as a visitor walks along the bridge. The walkway, formed of steel and concrete panels set on top of an inverted triangular truss, connects two hilltops at Gunung Mat Chinchang. The first 25m of the bridge is straight, followed by 3 curved 25m sections, then a final straight 25m section. At each end of the walkway, the bridge has a 3.6m-wide triangular viewing platform that serves as resting and viewing areas for visitors.

An inclinator called SkyGlide and a new platform were built linking the top station and Sky Bridge, taking passengers down to the Sky Bridge. It opened in December 2015. The SkyGlide cabin can accommodate 12 passengers or 1,050 kg load per trip, and the ride lasts about two minutes.[9] The ticket for the SkyGlide is sold separately at the top station. A cheaper alternative to the SkyGlide is for visitors to walk 10–20 minutes along a steep and less secure mountain track to the Sky Bridge.

STAVROS.TK-STATHIS.TK/THEODORA KETSETSIDOU/1ST EPAL OF DRAMA,GREECE

BACKSTAGE

Ahmet.11ASelin AltınkayaBeyceli Anadolu Lisesi

VARDA BRIDGE

Suleiman the Magnificent Bridge backstage

Cagribey Anatolian High School/Turkey

zhrnz.skko/sema karakelleoğlu/Çağrıbey anatolian high School/Turkey

Cagribey Anatolian High School/Turkey

nsnr.skko/sema karakelleoğlu/Çağrıbey anatolian high School/Turkey

Slauerhoff bridge Netherlands Backstage

Ada Bridge- SerbiaBackstage

Ognjen- Nina -Kristina - Martina-Andjela / Marina Nikolic/ The First Technical School / Serbia

The First Technical School /Serbia

Abdun Bridge

Golden Gate Bridge USA

Puente de la mujer-womans bridge

Ponte Vecchio bridge

Mostar Bridge

Mekweg Bridge

Millau Viaduct

Akashi Kaikyo Bridge

Stelios.kf-Stavros.kf/Kyriaki Fotiadou/1st Epal of Drama,Greece

Stone Bridge

Bosphorus Bridge

Helix Bridge

German(Varda)bridge

RAKOTZ BRIDGEBACK STAGE

Fatmanur G./ Tayyibe Tezcan Şehit Erhan Ar Vocational and Technical Anatolian High School / TURKEY

Langkawi Sky Bridge

Stavros-Stathis.tk/Theodora Ketsetsidou/1st Epal of Drama,Greece