GEN4Z World Travel Guide

Accompany us on this journey where we examine different architectural structures from past to present.

World Travel Guıdewith Z

start

INDEX

General information

Architectural structures of the past

Today's architectural structures

All Places on The Map

Team Students

Quiz

team Students

General information

About the activity

In these activities of our project, we set goals such as raising awareness among our students about world architecture, enabling our students to discover the areas of use of geometry, and enabling them to see structures that have changed or remained the same in architecture from past to present. Our students researched their chosen locations and prepared this wonderful presentation.

continue

Architectural structures of the past

Today's architectural structures

Architectural structures of the past

Pyramid of Cheops Egypt

The Pyramid of Cheops, the Pyramid of Khufu or the Great Pyramid; It is the oldest and largest of the three monumental pyramids found in the ancient “Tomb City of Giza” surrounding Giza, which is now part of Egypt's capital, Cairo.

The cultural center takes its name from the legendary leader of Azerbaijanis Heydar Aliyev. Its architecture reflects the rise of the Caspian Sea in Azerbaijani mythology.

LThe Parthenon Temple is one of the most important landmarks of world architectural history and Greek culture. It was built in Athens between 447-432 BC.This structure is one of the first works of art where the golden ratio was used by people.

Architectural structures of the past

Dilan-Sema Karakelleoğlu-Çağrıbey Anatolian High School

When we divide the base circumference of the Cheops pyramid by 2 times its height, it gives the number pi. The three pyramids at Giza are arranged with a Pythagorean triangle between them. The ratio of the sides of this triangle to each other is 3:4:5. The speed of light is the same as the coordinates of the great pyramid.

This monumental complex, which is thought to have been built around 2551-2560 BC, is one of the seven wonders of the world and is the only work that has survived to the present day.wenty years.

Legends, stories, if any, in the region where it was built or the story of the building The Egyptian Pyramids are structures that were usually built as the tombs of the Pharaohs. The oldest known pyramid is the Step Pyramid, which was built during the 3rd Dynasty and designed by the architect Imhotep. Workers, architects and anyone who knew this secret were killed during the pyramids. One of these mysterious structures, the Pyramid of Cheops is one of the 7 wonders of the world.

It is believed that this pyramid was built as a monumental tomb for the Egyptian pharaoh Khufu, and its construction is thought to have taken about twenty years.

It was built in the ancient Egyptian architectural style.

Leaning Tower of Pisa Italy

The Leaning Tower of Pisa, which is famous all over the world, is located in the Square of Miracles (Piazza dei Miracoli) in Pisa, Italy. It has been on the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1987..

Architectural structures of the past

Ergün.h / Hatice Uysal Çatmakaş / Salihli Şehit Mustafa Serin Aihl

There are many geometric shapes contributing to the leaning tower of Pisa. Each set of columns and arches is a rectangle. There are many rectangles at the bottom of the tower. The top tower is a rectangle, and there are many rectangles in it. It consists of six cylindrical columns. The concept of center of gravity becomes very important when talking about the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Any standing object (typically on its base) will continue to stand (or fall back to its base) until the line drawn from its center of gravity falls to its base. The reason why the tower of Pisa has still not collapsed is that the projection of the center of gravity remains within its foundation circle.

It was started in 1173, but was interrupted due to wars and was finished only 198 years later

After the Leaning Tower of Pisa was built, it was able to stand upright until the third floor. After the third floor was completed, it started to topple but no solution was found at that time. The tower of Pisa began to lean one to two millimeters each year. The first structural problems arose due to the instability of the soil under the building. The tower continued to lean because its foundation was not strong. For this reason, it was decided to stop the construction for a long time and many architects and engineers tried to stabilize the tower. A fourth floor was added to the tower by the Architect Giovanni di Simone in 1272, during which some work was done to stop the tipping and it was thought that the situation could become a little more salvageable. These efforts did not help much, the tower inclined a little more. This is due to roadworks near the foundation of the tower. In 1319, the construction of the tower was resumed and the seventh floor was completed, and in 1372 the eighth floor with the bell was added. Between 1990-2001, work was started to save the tower and it was closed for about ten years due to restoration. A weight of 599 tons was placed on the north side of the tower to stop the tower from tipping over. It is known that Galileo used the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which is considered a symbol of national pride, to prove the laws of falling. Galileo claimed that gravity attracts all objects in the same way, regardless of their weight. To prove this, he dropped two weights, one half a kilo and the other 5 kilos, from the Leaning Tower of Pisa, and they both fell at the same time.

It is not known who designed the Leaning Tower of Pisa, one of the most famous architectural structures in the world. The tower was conceived as the bell tower of the city cathedral. The tower was built as a symbol of Pisa's power and wealth as a rival to Genoa and Venice. A large number of tourists visit this structure every year, as it is one of the very important symbols of Italy.

The Leaning Tower of Pisa, built in Romanesque style, represents the advanced design understanding of Italian architects, even if it is tilted. White marble was used as the material in the cylindrical structure consisting of seven floors and a bell tower. Arched columns dominate the entire tower. There are fifteen arched columns on the ground floor, thirty on the other six floors, and sixteen arched columns on the bell tower. There are seven bells in the bell room on the top floor of the tower and each bell represents a different note. The gothic decorations of the bells were designed by Tommaso di Andrea Pisano. The bells have been added to this tower in different years, and each has a different weight. The largest, the "Assunta" bell, was made by Giovanni Pietro Orlandi and founded in 1654; its weight is 3,620 kilograms. The bells are forbidden from ringing, as the engineers thought that the bell movements would weaken the tower.

Architectural structures of the past

CollosseumRoma, Italy

The Colosseum is a building from the Roman style. The construction of the Colosseum began at the age of 72, during the reign of Vespasian, and was completed ten years later, by his son Titus. Ruined because of earthquakes and stone-robbers, the Colosseum is still an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome and was listed as one of the New 7 Wonders of the World.

Ivona.PTS/Marina NikolicThe First Technical School, Serbia

Architectural structures of the past

Mathematical and geometric information and elements used in building construction Math and geometrical facts The Colosseum, like other Roman amphitheatres, was shaped like an elliptical oval. This shape functioned as a way to allow the editor of the games to see everything and be seen by everyone in attendance, giving him a place of importance and public recognition. The word 'arena' comes from a Latin word for sand. The arena was covered with sand for two purposes: to soak up the blood from the fights and to give the gladiators good footing. The area of the Colosseum was a massive 620 feet by 510 feet with walls that rose 157 feet. The floor level consisted of 80 archways with numbered entrances. The Colosseum is generally supposed to be elliptical, but the curve of the arena and of the remaining facade, which has now been measured to a high degree of accuracy, does not coincide exactly with a perfect ellipse. It is in fact an ovoid (a polycentric curve, i.e. a curve with more than one centre), but very approximate to an ellipse. According to the famous Colosseum expert, Ingegner Giuseppe Cozzo, the hypothesis is that the curve of the arena is a polycentric one, i.e. a curve composed of many different curves, whose centres are found by means of a geometric system. Ivona PTS, The First Technical School, Serbia

Year of construction The Colosseum is a building from the Roman style. The construction of the Colosseum began at the age of 72, during the reign of Vespasian, and was completed ten years later, by his son Titus. Ruined because of earthquakes and stone-robbers, the Colosseum is still an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome and was listed as one of the New 7 Wonders of the World. Ivona PTS,The First Technical School, Serbia

Legends, stories, if any, in the region where it was built or the story of the building

The Seventh Door to Hell

In Medieval times it was thought that this was one of the seven doors leading to hell, probably a legacy from the gladiator fights. Indeed at the end of each bout a strange figure appeared dressed as Charon, the ferryman for the souls of the deceased to the world of the dead. He would use a red hot iron to check if the victim was dead and if so, he would carry him through one of the doors of the Colosseum, Libitina’s Door. Hence the legend.

A Ghost infested place

It was once thought that the paining souls of the deceased gladiators wondered inside the building. Every now and again someone says he has seen a ghost walking around in the cellars, even dragging heavy and noisy chains. Sara PTS, The First Technical School, Serbia

Purpose of construction - Intended use The Colosseum is the largest amphitheater in the world and according to certain estimates, it could accommodate between 50 and 80 thousand people. The building was used in ancient Rome as a public place spectacles. These spectacles varied from a duel of gladiators, gladiators and animals (bears, crocodiles, lions, etc.) to simulate historical battles and execution. The gladiators were slaves trained for combat, and their final the reward would be freedom. Whether the gladiator's life will be spared in the arena depended on audience (thumb down death, thumb up life). The rich sat in the first rows closer to the arena, and the poor in more distant places. This was the place where it was shown what social status you belong to.

Architectural style of the building The Colosseum was built in the Roman style. The shape of the Colosseum is oval: 187m long, 157m wide and 50m high. It is estimated that the Colosseum took 100,000 cubic meters of travertine stone to build, plus a similar measure of Roman cement, bricks, and tuff blocks. In addition to the different types of stone and cement, an estimated 300 tonnes of iron clamps were used to bind the large blocks together. At the time the Colosseum was in the making, the Roman style was influenced by the Greeks. So, on the outside of the Colosseum, there are Greek pillars. Each half-column was the centrepiece of an arch, of which there were a total of 80. These were the biggest on the ground floor, at 4.2 meters wide and 7.05 meters tall. On the upper floors, they were slightly shorter(6.45 meters). The pillars were not load-bearing elements but an ornament between two arches. The first floor columns were done in the Tuscan style, a Roman variation on the austere Greek Doric style. The second floor featured slightly more elaborate Ionic columns. The third floor employed the more intricate and decorated Corinthian pillars. Unlike the rest, the fourth floor was not made of arches and columns but of flat panels, which were decorated with carvings of azurite and bronze. The Colosseum had two main entrances: the northwestern Porta Triumphalis and the southeastern Porta Libitinaria. The interior of the Colosseum consisted of an arena and a staircase with seats. The arena was 83 meters in length and 48 meters in width. It was made of red and black stone bricks, making a strong contrast with the rest of the building. Seating was made from travertine stone, аnd each seat was approximately 40 centimetres wide. The space under consisted of corridors and passages, over which there was a wooden floor with sand. It wasn’t part of the original design. It was added after the building started being used. But, thanks to this space, they had the possibility of elevators in the middle of the arena. Somewhere around 80 vertical shafts connected the hypogeum to the arena above. Gladiators and animals could access the arena through these shafts. Some of these shafts included a system of large moving platforms, called hegmata. These were used to move large beasts such as elephants up and down. The Colosseum had a private access tunnel for the Emperor, so he could enter and exit the building safely, avoiding the large crowds. Nina PTS, The First technical school, Serbia

Architectural structures of the past

Sighisoara Clock Tower

The Clock Tower of Sighișoara is the main entry point to the citadel. It's 64 meters high. Its purpose was to defend the main gate of the citadel . Now It's considered one of the most expressive clock tower in the whole Transylvania.

The cultural center takes its name from the legendary leader of Azerbaijanis Heydar Aliyev. Its architecture reflects the rise of the Caspian Sea in Azerbaijani mythology.

Architectural structures of the past

Liceul Tehnologic Nr.1 Bals , Romania

In every fortification system there is one fortress that dominates the others: the master-tower. The Clock Tower of Sighișoara is the main entry point to the citadel, opposite guarded by Tailors' Tower. With its 64 meters of height, the tower is visible from almost every corner of the city from Mures County, its purpose was to defend the main gate of the citadel and also served as the town hall until 1556. Now It's considered one of the most expressive clock tower in the whole Transylvania.

The tower is a rectangular prism with massive walls, with a rectangular base measuring 12x8,66 meters, with four floors and an observation gallery. The current distance between the base of the tower and the base of the roof is 30 meters, and the height of the roof, from the base to the top is 34 meters, so the roof is taller than the tower. The base of the tower is crossed by two vaulted semi cylinder parallel passages dated 13th century, provided in the past with solid oak doors and metal gratings, whose traces can still be partially seen today. Tower carries many signs of local authority: the four turrets placed on the corners of the roof, 12.5 m high, are symbols of autonomy of the State, which can pronounce and execute sentences to capital punishment. Also the clock and some figurines on inside can be considered symbols of public authority, as the 1 meter diameter golden scope on the summit of the roof. The tower keeps two clock mechanism, one in wood and one in metal, correspondingly to the age of the crafts.

Architectural structures of the past

Chicken ItzaMexico

Chichén Itzá, which is on the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage list, is located in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. The city, which belongs to the Maya and Toltec civilizations, is the second most visited archaeological site in Mexico today.

Architectural structures of the past

Rümeysa Ş. /Tayyibe Tezcan/ Şehit Erhan Ar MTAL

A 78-foot tall structure is based on the astrological system with 52 panels on either side of the pyramid representing the number of years in the Mayan Cycle. It also depicts the Mayan Calendar and the Solar year, thus extending the geometric correlation with astrology to architecture. Kukulkan Temple or Kukulkan Pyramid, known as the castle: The Mayans built this pyramid with a certain system as if they wanted to reveal their knowledge of astronomy and mathematics.

Chichen Itza is an Itza Maya city located on Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula, between Valladolid and Mérida. The Mayans, who lost wars in the southern regions in the 10th century, also lost Chichen to the invaders in this period. The new owners of the city were Mayan tribes influenced by the powerful civilization of the time, the Toltecs. The gigantic pyramid, El Castillo, which is identified with the Mayans today, was built in the second period. Although not certain, the 'Itza' tribe named after the city were the founders of this second period, while according to some historians, the Itzas would come to the region 200 years later. Kukulkan Temple or Kukulkan Pyramid (El Castillo), known as the castle, is the most important structure in the city. It was built by the Mayans in 600 AD. However, the Toltecs built a pyramid outside of this original structure in 1200 A.D. The height of the pyramid from the ground was 24 m, the square width was 55.3 m, and the height of the temple at the top of the pyramid was calculated as 6 m from the ground.

The Mayans believed that their gods were in the stars and in the sky. For this reason, they thought that working from a high hill was more beneficial for getting closer to God. They prepared their pyramids like an astronomical calendar to serve this purpose. The 4 surfaces of the building symbolize the 4 seasons. There are 91 steps on each surface and an altar at the top of the pyramid. So when you say 4X91+1 in total, there are 365 digits corresponding to the number of days in the year. Another interesting aspect of the pyramid is the shadow of the two-headed snake, which only occurs in spring and autumn. In spring and autumn, the lights from the sun and the stairs of the pyramid draw the letter S to each other and form the two-headed snake (Kukulkan feathered snake). The peculiarity of this snake is that its body can take the shape of the orbits of celestial bodies. Chicken Itza, also known as the Kukulkan Pyramid, is an artifact made by the Mayan civilization. It is known that the Mayans were a very advanced civilization in astronomy. Today, it is revealed that scientists also benefit from the science of astronomy in the works they produce. The pyramid, built in the form of 9 floors, represents nine planets. There are 364 prints in total around the building.

Chichen Itza is an Itza Maya city located on Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula, between Valladolid and Mérida. In the 10th century, the southern pre-Hispanic city of Chichén Itzá was the most exclusive capital of the Maya region at the end of the Classical period and the beginning of the Postclassic. With the arrival of the Spanish, it became the most revered center of worship and pilgrimage in the Yucatan Peninsula. Today it is the Sacred Center for the Mayans. The Chichén Itzá archaeological site in Yucatán is a Cultural Heritage of Mexico and was recognized internationally for its importance when it was declared and inscribed on the list of World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 1988. Today it is the second most visited archaeological site in Mexico. It is one of the new seven wonders of the world, selected on July 7, 2007.

Chichen Itza was one of the largest Maya cities and was probably one of the legendary major cities referred to in later Mesoamerican literature. The city may have the most diverse population in the Mayan world, a factor that may contribute to the diversity of architectural styles in the region. Archaeologists argue that the Mayans were under the influence of the Toltec culture, as there are many connections between the Toltec architecture and the architecture of the Citadel.

Architectural structures of the past

Florence CathedralItaly

The Metropolitan Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, commonly known as the Duomo of Florence, is the main Florentine church, symbol of the city and one of the most famous in Italy.

Architectural structures of the past

federica /Cecilia Motta/ ipsseoa Potenza

Mathematical and geometric information and elements used in building construction In the Brunelleschi's Dome there is a lot of "hidden" mathematics, in fact Brunelleschi was an excellent mathematician, the measures of the elements that make up the Dome determine some golden proportions. In fact, the Dome starts from a height of 55 meters, it rests on a drum of 13 meters, is 34 meters high on average and is surmounted by the 21 meter lantern. Yes they can recognize some numbers of the Fibonacci sequence, which, as is known, are linked to the section aura. The dome of Santa Maria del Fiore has an octagonal base in fact Brunelleschi knew that the rotation domes are easier to build than those with a polygonal base, and have fewer problems from a static point of view because the forces are distributed evenly. For this reason he proposed, with a wall connection, to make its base circular; however, the Florentines objected because they wanted the Dome of the Cathedral to have the same octagonal shape as that (smaller) of the Baptistery of San Giovanni. For the rotation domes, the construction technique is quite simple: it is enough, for example, to arrange the bricks according to overlapping circular rings (the parallels), whose diameter narrows as you go up towards the top so that the structure becomes selfsupporting, that is it supports itself during its construction. We note that the parallels of the rotating domes are always perpendicular to the meridian lines, just like the meridians and the parallels of the earth's surface. This technique is not possible in a structure with an octagonal base due to the discontinuity that would occur in the vertices of the octagon: in fact, in this way, the laying beds of the bricks, belonging to two adjacent sails, would form an angle right at the point in where the voltages are greater . Brunelleschi's idea was to start by continuously arranging the bricks in the corner corners, as if the dome were rotating (and, therefore, self-supporting in the construction phase). To do this, he placed the bricks always perpendicular to the meridian lines (as in the rotating domes); in this way the bricks are arranged according to those lines, which we can observe on the Dome

Legends, stories On the left side of the cathedral there is a large ox head complete with horns. The legend tells that around 1400, when the construction of the Cathedral had reached that height, in a house opposite the building lived a very jealous tailor of his wife who, according to many, had a relationship with a master builder of the Opera del Duomo. Discovering the adultery, the tailor denounced both his wife and her lover to the Ecclesiastical Court. Legend has it that it was the master builder who placed the head of the bovine facing the windows of the jealous tailor to remind him every day of his condition as a betrayed husband

Purpose of construction - Intended use Santa Maria del Fiore was built at the expense of the Municipality, as a "state church". It stands on the foundations of the ancient cathedral of Florence, the church of Santa Reparata, in a point of the city that has hosted religious buildings since Roman times. It was named after Santa Maria del Fiore with a clear allusion to the lily, the symbol of the city.

Architectural style of the building The Florence Cathedral was begun with the project of Arnolfo di Cambio, a famous architect and sculptor who loved the Gothic style. The cathedral has a main nave and two aisles plus a rear apse. The construction of the cathedral was postponed and was resumed in 1334 by Giotto who designed the bell tower. However, construction was halted again in 1337 with his death. The construction of this magnificent project continues with Andrea Pisano and Francesco Talenti completing its construction in 1359. Giotto's Bell Tower is 85 meters high and it is possible to climb to the top through its 414 steps from which it is possible to appreciate a splendid view of Florence . In the mid-fourteenth century, Florentine artists left the Gothic style aside and incorporated the Roman style. The gothic air of the cathedral was hidden behind the red marble of Siena, the white of Carrara and the green of Prato. The goldsmith Lorenzo Ghiberti and the sculptor Filippo Brunelleschi had the privilege of finishing the Cathedral of Florence.

Year of Construction The construction of the Cathedral, began in 1296 and ended from a structural point of view only in 1436. The initial works were entrusted to the architect Arnolfo di Cambio and then interrupted and resumed numerous times over the decades (by Giotto , Francesco Talenti and Giovanni di Lapo Ghini). After the completion of Brunelleschi's dome, the dedication by Pope Eugene IV followed on 24 March 1436. The dedication to Santa Maria del Fiore took place during construction, in 1412.

Architectural structures of the past

Voronet Monastery

The Voroneț Monastery is a medieval monastery in the Romanian village of Voroneț.The monastery was constructed by Stephen the Great in 1488 over a period of 3 months and 3 weeks to commemorate the victory at Battle of Vaslui.The church of Voronet Monastery is one of the best examples of the Moldavian style. It's a small edifice, with well-balanced proportions and Gothic and Byzantine-inspired elements.

Architectural structures of the past

gabriel.br/Daniela Guicin / Liceul Tehnologic Nr.1 Bals/Romania

Location6km from Voroneț, Suceava County, RomaniaCoordinates47°31′1.56″N 25°51′51.3″ECoordinates: 47°31′1.56″N 25°51′51.3″EVisible remainsChurchPublic accessYes

The age of the monastic site is not known. A legend tells us that Stephen the Great, in a moment of crisis during a war against the Ottoman Turks, came to Daniel the Hermit at his skete in Voroneț and asked for advice. Daniel told him not to surrender the fight. Then, after victory, he must build a monastery dedicated to Saint George.[3] The original entrance above the Church of Saint George, now in the exonarthex, bears the inscription. The church was built on a triconch plan (with three apses), with a chancel, a naos with its tower, and a pronaos. In 1547, the Metropolitan Bishop of Moldavia Grigorie Roșca added the exonarthex to the west end of the church and had the exterior walls painted. His contribution is recorded on the left of the entrance door:[4]

Architectural structures of the past

Machu Picchu, Peru

More than 7,000 feet above sea level in the Andes Mountains, Machu Picchu is the most visited tourist destination in Peru. A symbol of the Incan Empire and built around 1450AD, Machu Picchu was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983 and was named one of the New Seven Wonders of the World in 2007.

Architectural structures of the past

Spiros/Anastasios Salis/1St epal of Drama, Greece

https://www.google.com/maps/place/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%A0%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85/@-13.2088354,-72.6319809,11z/data=!4m9!1m2!2m1!1smachu+picchu!3m5!1s0x916d9a5f89555555:0x3a10370ea4a01a27!8m2!3d-13.1631412!4d-72.5449629!15sCgxtYWNodSBwaWNjaHVaDiIMbWFjaHUgcGljY2h1kgENaGlzdG9yaWNfc2l0ZQ

The Incas had developed a method of recording numerical information which did not require writing. It involved knots in strings called quipu. ... The quipu consists of strings which were knotted to represent numbers. A number was represented by knots in the string, using a positional base 10 representation.

A symbol of the Incan Empire and built around 1450AD, Machu Picchu was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983

Legend 01: Pachacuteq and the god IntyIt is a legend of the origins of Machu Picchu that tells the story that the Inca Pachacutec defeated his enemies Chancas with the help of God Inti (the Sun), who made the stones surrounding the imperial city of Cusco, become soldiers of the Inca to then defeat their enemies, the chancas. After defeating the Chancas Pachacuteq he ordered to build the citadel of Machu Picchu, but Pachacutec began to boast greatly and his ambition infuriated the God Inti. Later Pachacutec realized why the god Inti had bothered, he apologized, but went to the goddess Quilla (Luna) who advised him to prepare a very nice drink and invite the god Inti to eat on the top of a nearby mountain to Machu Picchu, which would be the fearsome Huayna Picchu, this to appease the wrath of the god and thus be able to continue with the construction of his residence: the citadel of Machu Picchu. Legend 02: The Virgins of the SunThe city of Machu Picchu was closely linked to the cults of the Sun, and in this lived mainly women, considered sacred as the virgins of the Sun (acllas), these were responsible for maintaining the power of the sacred fire, and for this in some Evenings with the use of emerald stones captured the glimmering power of the stars and for that reason some of them also possessed the gift of clairvoyance. Only the Inca could take as wives as many as he wished of them.

The most common conclusion from experts on Inca history and archaeologists is that it was built first and foremost as a retreat for the Inca and his family to worship natural resources, deities and specially the Sun, Inti.

The Inca were expert architects and engineers even without the use of wheels, draft animals, or iron tools. In a short period of time, the Inca created a sophisticated network of roads and structures. Many of these structures are still perfectly intact today. Ancient Inca construction was so precise that stone buildings were built without the use of mortar. It is said that their stones fit together so perfectly that a knife blade could not fit between them. This expert interlocking arrangement provided enough flexibility that during earthquakes the walls were able to wobble. Once the tremors ended, the stones settled back into place.

Architectural structures of the past

Stonehenge ObelisksEngland

The giant, standing stone structure known as Stonehenge was built more than 5,000 years ago. How the large stones were placed and the purpose behind Stonehenge have puzzled historians for centuries, as the people who built and used it left no written records.

Architectural structures of the past

Arda&Göktuğ/Burcu Sönmez/Salihli Borsa İstanbul VTAHS

More Interesting Facts

There is a small structure about 2 miles away from Stonehenge called Woodhenge
It is estimated that Stonehenge took over 30,000,000 hours of labor
It took 1,600 years to build
Nearly 1,000,000 people visit Stonehenge every year
Cremated human remains have been found in Stonehenge
The Heel Stone stands next to the entrance and is the largest of all the stones

Geometric facts

1. The Heel Stone is 6.7 meters or 22 feet tall
2. The Avenue covers 530 meters or 3 kilometers of land heading from the Avon River towards the Bottom or northeastern opening of Stonehenge
3. The Avenue has a pair of channels about 12 meters away from each other. It is believed to be as old as the circle of stones in the center
4. The Heel Stone's thinnest areas it measures 2.4 meters thick and is about 4.7 meters tall.
5. 2 meters of the Heel Stone lie underground for added support
6. Beyond Heel Stone is a formation made up of an inner bank and ditch. It is about 1.8 meters tall
7. The outer circle of Sarsen stones originally had 30 stones
8. Each Sarsen stone was about 4.1 meters tall
9. Each Sarsen stone was about 1.1 meters thick
10. Each Sarsen stone was about 2.1 meters wide
11. Each Sarsen stone weighs about 25 tons
12. The structures formed a circle measuring 33 meters in diameter
13. 74 Sarsens stones would have formed a full circle
14. The lantels on top measure 3.2 meters long
15. The lantels on top measure 8 meters thick
16. The lantels on top measure 1 meter wide
- 17. The overall radius is 16.5 m.
- 18. The overall area is 855.23 m.
- 19. The volume if a Saren stone is 9.47 m.
- 20. The Saren stones are 20.5 degrees apart
- 21. The creators of Stonehenge accurately created polygons which included hexagons pentagons decagons; the classic 30 sided figure which determined the positions of the Sarsen Circle (a 'triacontagon') is itself a product of these fundamental shapes
- 22. Some believe that the surveyors started by using a rope to create a circle, then laid out the four corners of a square on its circumference, before laying out a second similar square, thus creating an inner octagon. The points of the octagon were then utilised as anchors for a surveyor's rope which was used to "draw" arcs which intersected the circumference so as to progressively create the sides of a vast polygon.
- 23. Stonhenge derived its design from geometrical knowledge and features no less than six concentric polygons -56 sided outer one built around 2950BC; a regular octagon built around 2500BC. inside that twon concentric (through partly inaccurate) 30-sided polygons built around 1650BC, which were based on a seriesof hexagons a 30 sided inner polygon (the sarsen stone ring which was built around 2500BC) also based on hexagonal geometry and two probable 40-sided concentric polygons (probable former blurs stone positions built around 2600BC that were later modified to 30-sided ones. They also Created the famous central stone "horseshoe" utilsing the survey makers used to created the thirty-sided sarsen polygon.
- 24. It is accepted that the bluestone horseshoe of 19 stones may record the 19 solar years of the Metonic cycle or the 19 eclipse years of the Saros cycle
- 25. The side length proportions are 12:5
- 26. The Audrey circle has a 369 ft. diameter
- 27. The Slaughter stone is 432.216 cubic feet
- 28. The Sarsen stones are 2.5 megalithic yards wide
- 29. Stonehenge is thought to show "sacred geometry" which is believed to be found throughout ancient structures
- 30. It is also thought that it was based off mirror symmetry

Archaeologists believe this structure was built between 3000 BC and 2000 BC. The circular embankment and ditch, which form the earliest phase of the monument, were shaped in 3100 BC, according to estimates. Radiocarbon dating shows that the first Bluestones were found between 2400 BC and 2200 BC. However, it is possible that they may have been found as early as 3000 BC.

This structure is associated with astronomy, astrology, geometry, meteorology and paganism. On Salisbury Plain in England is a circle of large stones formerly used for religious ceremonies and attributed to the Druids, a class of Celtic priests. While it is possible that the Druids may have used this stone circle, its beginnings date back to the Neolithic people of the British Isles. It is the only stone circle consisting of thirty stones in upright position, which were chiseled, smoothed and transported from the outside to the local area, containing the lintel stones placed on the upright stones by being curved, thus forming circular doorways. It is noteworthy that the axis of Stonehenge, which divides the circle and passes through the entrance of the structure, is orientated towards the solstice sunrise, while the Newgrange monument, built at about the same time in nearby Ireland, is oriented towards the solstice sunrise.

Stonehenge is often referenced in Alien conspiracy theories
Stonehenge is the most famous prehistoric monument in Europe
The Bluestones formed in pillars so instead of having to quarry the stones into a specific shape, they could just carry the wanted stones away.

Theories Why Stonehenge Was Built

As a place of worship for son and moon worshipers
As a place of worship for the Druids
As a cemetery
As a place of healing
As a supernatural place of miracles

Stonehenge is noted to come from the origins of stān "stone" + hengan "hang" in Old English. It was added to UNESCO's World Heritage List in 1986. Stonehenge is owned by the Crown and managed by English Heritage; the surrounding land is owned by the National Trust The Stones are amid the densest complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England. Although it is still not known exactly why the monument was built, it was determined that there were religious structures around it in the past. One of the most popular buildings in the UK, Stonehenge is considered a British cultural icon. It has been a legally protected Ancient Monument since 1882, when the Historic Monuments Act was first successfully enacted in England. Also, It has hosted many movies such as TRANSFORMERS,THOR,KING ARTHUR.

Architectural structures of the past

Parthenon Temple Greece

The purpose of the Parthenon has changed over its 2,500-year history, which began as a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena Parthenos ("Athena the Virgin"). it was used as a treasure in the early Parthenon. In the following centuries the building was converted into a Byzantine church, a Roman Catholic cathedral and later a mosque.

Architectural structures of the past

Süleyman-Seçil BİLGİN-Salihli NFKSBL

In ancient Greece, the golden rectangle was used in many branches of art. One of them is the Parthenon in Athens. The Parthenon was built around 430 or 440 BC for the goddess Athena. Although we do not have the original plans of the temple, it seems that the temple was built on a rectangle whose length is 5 times the root of its width. Also, as you can see in the pictures below, there are other golden rectangles in the temple. (Golden rectangles are rectangles whose sides are the golden ratio.)

The Parthenon (Ancient Greek: Παρθενώνας) is the temple of Athena, BC. It was built in the 5th century on the Acropolis of Athens.

The structure was built on the tip of the famous Acropolis Hill so that it can be easily seen from the whole city. . The metopes of the Parthenon Temple, on the other hand, witnessed the most magnificent sculpture work of the period. Wars between Greeks and Amazons in these metopes; The relentless struggles between the Trojans, gods and giants are described. The person who brought these sculptures to the history of art was Fidias, the famous sculptor of the period.

The purpose of the Parthenon has changed over its 2,500-year history, which began as a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena Parthenos ("Athena the Virgin"). However, some scholars partially BC. They question the building's religious function, as it lacks a 5th-century altar. All experts agree that it was used as a treasure in the early Parthenon. In the following centuries the building was converted into a Byzantine church, a Roman Catholic cathedral and later a mosque. The temple was later used to store Ottoman ammunition during a war with the Venetians, which in 1687 caused an explosion to destroy the building. After serving as an army barracks at the end of Greece's war of independence (1821-32) the Parthenon assumed its role as a tourist destination in the late 19th century, just as restoration work began.

The architects of the building are Kallikrates and Iknitos. Its dimensions are around 30.9 meters by 69.5 meters. The ratio between the width and height of the Parthenon temple is very close to the golden ratio. So much so that this structure is one of the first works in which the golden ratio was used by people. Limestone was used in the foundation part of the temple as a material, and the material of all the remaining elements is pantelicon marble. The Parthenon was designed in the Doric style and is one of the first structures that come to mind when it comes to the Doric order. In fact, the building is the pinnacle of the Doric order, according to many architectural historians. Triglyphs are fluted tablets on the frieze. There are spaces called metopes between the triglyphs that look like protrusions on the forehead. When viewed from the front of the temple, the outer columns are positioned closer to each other. In addition, as in many Doric temples, the middle parts of the columns are more swollen. As it is known, the Doric columns get narrower and narrower upwards and appear taller than they are thanks to this optical illusion. The pillars of the Parthenon Temple are so high that towards the top they become as thin as an ion column.

Architectural structures of the past

La Sagrada Familia /Spain

La Sagrada Familia (Holy Family) is a basilica in Barcelona, Spain, which was taken over by Antoni Gaudi, who is considered one of the pioneers of modern architecture, in 1883, but was left unfinished as a result of his death in 1926 by being under a tram. Its construction is still ongoing. It is also known as the never-ending church among the people.

Architectural structures of the past

AhmetK /Selin Altınkaya/ Beyceli Anadolu Lisesi

Gaudi brought the use of geometry, which he had never used before in his designs through experimentation. This is perhaps the turning point in the use of hyperbolic paraboloids to this scale. The use of the hyperbolic paraboloids and hyperboloids has not only created an aesthetic look but has also created an efficient structural system, which provides stability through its rigidity and a greater capacity to allow loads to be transferred to the edges through the double curve created.Hyperboloids are created by turning a hyperbola around its axis. Two kinds of hyperboloids can be created; the elliptical and the revolution. Hyperboloids can be seen to allow light into the nave in the Sagrada Familia and at the top of the columns. The hyperboloids that are used at the top of the columns are used to collect the loads transmitted from the roof. It is used as the hyperboloid is an extension of the circular features of the roof and this idea is taken from features that occur in nature. Gaudi used hyperbolic paraboloid more in the Sagrada Familia. He often used it in the form of a twisted quadrilateral with its four sides not all in the same plane. It was ideally used for making the transition from two surfaces that were not on parallel planes and is used in this structure for the basic geometric base. The roofs of the side nave and the central nave are formed using this geometric structure. The following diagram explains how the weights of the each part of the building were calculated by locating the centres of the gravity of each part of the structure and therefore positioning the columns so that loads can be transferred to the ground. As you can see in this case, symmetry has been used. Subirachs created a magic square where the rows and columns add up to 33, the age of Jesus at the time of his death. Two numbers are repeated: 10 and 14. If we add these numbers we get 48. The number 48 is the same number one obtains if the letter of INRI (Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudeourum) are assigned a number according to their order in the Latin Alphabet. A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 So that 9 + 13 + 17 + 9 = 48 In the photo below you can see an example of the helicoid used on the stairs of La Sagrada Familia.

The Spanish cathedral was designed by Antonio Gaudi during the late 19th century. Before his death in 1926, Gaudi completed the design of the cathedral even though only a quarter of the structure had been completed. The cathedral still remains under construction to this day but has undergone periods when construction was halted due to the Spanish civil war and both world war one and two. The church, which still employs 600 people a day, is expected to be completed between 2026 and 2028. All the expenses of the building are still covered by donations. La Sagrada Familia, whose construction has not been completed for 100 years, was built on 7 November 2010 by Pope Benedict XVI. It was blessed by Benedict and a part of it was opened for worship. The church is also on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Gaudi was able to finish the construction of La Sagrada Familia, which he started in 1883, until his death in 1926, but only one tower and the entrance consisting of apse walls. It is known that the church, where Gaudi's complex architectural style wanted to convey all his architectural experience, contains many symbols. The Sagrada Família is a one-of-a-kind temple, for its origins, foundation and purpose. Fruit of the work of genius architect Antoni Gaudí, The project was promoted by the people for the people. Five generations now have watched the Temple progress in Barcelona. Today, more than 135 years after the laying of the cornerstone, Construction continues on the Basilica. Organized to host more than 10 thousand visitors, the cathedral has rounded lines unique to Gaudi. So much so that in La Sagrada Familia, no wall is straight and no column is straight.

La Sagrada Familia was designed as a temple. La Sagrada Familia, the replica of a supersized sandcastle is one of the most striking works of Architect Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona, Spain. The idea in Gaudi’s mind was that the buildings can be constructed like sculptures. This very idea resulted in the design of this beautiful Basilica.

Original design for the project for the Sagrada Família by diocesan architect Francisco de Paula del Villar following the prevailing guidelines of the time, with neo-Gothic elements: ogival windows, buttresses, flying buttresses and a pointed bell tower. Technical differences, about the cost of materials, led this architect to be replaced with another who was starting to stand out in the field, Antoni Gaudí, who took the project in a different direction, transforming it into an ambitious proposal for the church of the future. The building is designed using elements from both the gothic and an art noveau achitectural style.

https://www.google.com/maps/place/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF/@41.8900104,3.5266113,5z/data=!4m9!1m2!2m1!1scolosseum!3m5!1s0x132f61b6532013ad:0x28f1c82e908503c4!8m2!3d41.8902102!4d12.4922309!15sCgljb2xvc3NldW1aCyIJY29sb3NzZXVtkgETaGlzdG9yaWNhbF9sYW5kbWFya5oBJENoZERTVWhOTUc5blMwVkpRMEZuU1VSeE4yODJOWGwzUlJBQg?hl=el

Architectural structures of the past

Pompeii

Largely preserved under the ash, the excavated city offered a unique snapshot of Roman life, frozen at the moment it was buried, although much of the detailed evidence of the everyday life of its inhabitants was lost in the excavations.It was a wealthy town, enjoying many fine public buildings and luxurious private houses with lavish decorations, furnishings and works of art which were the main attractions for the early excavators.

Architectural structures of the past

Haris.tk/Theodora ketsetsidou/1st VocationalSchool of Drama,Greece

Pompeii covered a total of 64 to 67 hectares (160 to 170 acres) — or about ¼ mile² — and was home to 11,000 to 11,500 people, based on household counts.

With the arrival of the Greeks in Campania from around 740 BC,Pompeii entered the orbit of the Hellenic people and the most important building of this period is the Doric Temple,built away from the centre in what would later become the Triangular Forum. At the same time the cult of Apollo was introduced.Greek and Phoenician sailors used the location as a safe port.

Pompeii was an ancient city located in what is now the comune of Pompei near Naples in the Campania region of Italy. Pompeii, along with Herculaneum and many villas in the surrounding area, was buried under 4 to 6 m of volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79.

Pompeii was built about 40 m (130 ft) above sea level on a coastal lava plateau created by earlier eruptions of Mount Vesuvius, (8 km)

Although best known for its Roman remains visible today, dating from AD 79, it was built upon a substantial city dating from much earlier times.

Architectural structures of the past

Temple of Poseidon

The Temple of Poseidon is an ancient Greek temple on Cape Sounion, Greece. The Temple of Poseidon, is however not believed to has been built until 700 B.C. The temple was built to glorify the god of sea Poseidon

Architectural structures of the past

alexadros.kf & konstantinos.kf/ Kyriaki Fotiadou/ 1st VocationalSchool of Drama,Greece

https://www.google.com/maps/place/Temple+of+Poseidon/@37.6557902,24.0208212,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x14a1f120668baa9b:0x5839a21df11384de!8m2!3d37.6501925!4d24. 024587

There is evidence of the establishment of sanctuaries on the cape from as early as the 11th century B.C. Sounion’s most prominent temples, the Temple of Athena and the Temple of Poseidon, are however not believed to have been built until about 700 B.C.

It was built to honour Poseidon, God of the sea.

As with many other monuments and sanctuaries around Greece, historical facts about the Temple of Poseidon in Sounion are intertwined with bits of legend. It is thought to be the spot where Athenian King Aegeus killed himself by jumping off the cliff. Aegeus, who had positioned himself at Sounion to look out for the return of his son Theseus from Crete, saw the black sails on the ship and mistakenly thought Theseus had been killed by the Minotaur, a creature with the head of a bull and the body of a man. In fact, young Theseus was victorious but had forgotten to replace the black sails on his ship with white ones upon returning, which ultimately led to his father’s death. And so, in commemoration, Aegeus’ name was given to the Aegean Sea. And in the Odyssey, Homer wrote that Sounion was the place where King Menelaus of Sparta buried his helmsman, who died at his post while rounding the cape.

Built between 444 and 440 BC, the temple was constructed of marble from the valley of Agrilesa, about four kilometers north of the Sounio Cape. The architect is thought to be Ictinus (or Iktinos), who built the Temple of Hephaestus in the Ancient agora in Athens. He built the 16 columns at the Temple of Poseidon in a way that ensured they would stand the test of time and resist the harshness of the environment, and made the Doric columns more slender at the top so they would look taller.

The relationship that the temple of Poseidon has with mathematics is that there is 20 Doric columns that are about 20 feet long and 3 feet in diameter with the unusual number of 16 flutes instead of the usual 20.The temple's stylobate is 31.1 x 13.4 meters. The pediments' raking cornice had a pitch of 12.5° (instead of the usual 15°) and were decorate with sculptures, of which only one fragmented seated female figure has survived.

Architectural structures of the past

Notre Dame Cathedral

Strasbourg Notre Dame Cathedral (French: Cathédrale Notre-Dame-de-Strasbourg) is a catholic cathedral located in Strasbourg, France. Although many parts are in Romanesque architecture, it is considered one of the most beautiful works of late gothic architecture. Its construction, which began in 1015, was completed in 1439. Erwin von Steinbach made important contributions to this structure from 1277 until his death in 1318.

Architectural structures of the past

merve / Rabiye Gökoğlan/NFKSBL

Notre-Dame was built on a small island called Ille de la Cite, on the banks of the Seine River in Paris. The construction of the cathedral, which is considered a unique example of medieval Gothic architecture, was completed in 1163 by King VII. Louis and completed in 1345.

Cathedral (French: Cathédrale Notre Dame de Paris) is a world-famous cathedral located in Paris, France. It is named after the Virgin Mary. The Gothic building is located on the eastern part of the Île de la Cité, on the banks of the Seine, like all other important buildings of Paris.

Known as the most outstanding example of French gothic architecture, Notre Dame is also one of the first gothic cathedrals and its construction continued throughout the gothic period. It is thought that a Jupiter temple belonging to Gallo-Roman culture was located in the same location before Christianity reached the region.

“Mathematics is the art of problem solving.” The definition reveals the close relationship between art and mathematics. Polya here considers mathematics to be an art. In fact, problem solving is a mathematician's revealing his thoughts, just as an artist who performs his art reveals his work. The relationship between mathematics and art is seen quite clearly in old gothic works. The aim of this study is to analyze the triple clover motif found in Gothic artifacts in the analytical plane. In previous studies, triple, quadruple, quintuple, and clover-shaped windows in Gothic artifacts were examined, but their equations were not created by analyzing them on an analytical plane. Analytical analysis of the three-leaf clover is a first. Therefore, in this study, clover motifs in gothic architecture were examined and the equation of the triple clover motif was tried to be created on the analytical plane.

Today's architectural structures

Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center Azebaycan

The cultural center takes its name from the legendary leader of Azerbaijanis Heydar Aliyev. Its architecture reflects the rise of the Caspian Sea in Azerbaijani mythology.

Nilay-Sema Karakelleoğlu-Çağrıbey Anatolian High School

mathematical and geometric information and elements used in building construction Mathematical, geometric and topological parameters are used in the building. Geometric parameters include points, lines, surfaces, and solids. Mathematical parameters are represented using numbers, logical values, and even strings (internally numbers). Topological Parameters describe how two or more entities are interrelated: interconnected, above, below, close to each other, facing each other, inside, outside, etc. Most modern parametric systems excel at precisely this type of parameter.

year of construction The construction of the Aliyev Cultural Center in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, started in 2007 and finished on May 10, 2012.

. Its architecture tells about the rise of the Caspian Sea, which takes place in Azerbaijani mythology.

Purpose of construction - Intended use This building, named after Aliyev, who was the leader of Azerbaijan between 1969 and 2003, contains a concert hall, conference hall, library, museum and art galleries. Its architecture tells about the rise of the Caspian Sea, which takes place in Azerbaijani mythology.

Architectural style of the building Futuristic style; rather blunt lines instead of a plain, square, rectangular building form; it reveals a building form with unique angles, ovality and dynamic appearance.

Today's architectural structures

Cube Houses Netherlands

Cube Houses, one of the most important touristic structures of Rotterdam in the Netherlands, was designed by architect Piet Blom in 1984. Standing at a 45-degree angle in the city center, the interesting hexagonal cubic houses each represent a tree and together represent the forest.

Mrasit.h / Hatice Uysal Çatmakaş / Salihli Şehit Mustafa Serin Aihl

Piet Blom preferred to use contemporary materials and geometric shapes in his works. Cube houses standing at an angle of 45 degrees in the city center are positioned in the shape of a honeycomb (hexagon).

Year of construction : 1984

Piet Blom was a Dutch architect who created some of his most iconic works in the 1970s and 80s. His designs explored structures he observed in nature, as well as contemporary materials and geometric shapes that were considered cutting-edge at the time. Cube Houses was commissioned as a high-density residential development that runs along a bridge (a large road runs under it). The area had been largely destroyed during the Second World War, and the city was eager to think of a new thought. Blom wanted to expand on an idea he had tried a few years ago in Helmond, the Netherlands. Each of the houses would be based on a cubic structure, but would then tilt 45 degrees. These cubes would then intertwine like honeycombs, creating small courtyards and common spaces between them. It was completed in 1984 with a total of 40 cubes, 38 small cubes and 2 super cubes.

II. After the Second World War, after the buildings in the Oude Haven area of Rotterdam were demolished, Piet Blom was appointed to give this area an architectural identity again. Cube Houses were built for the post-war urban transformation of Rotterdam.

It was built in a modern architectural style. Born in France, Cubism has been one of the most impressive art movements of the 20th century. The reflections of the cubism movement in architecture led to the birth of mostly right-angled, prism-shaped structures. Cubic houses, the plain representatives of modern architecture, really added a different dimension to architectural design by breaking apart or intertwining cube-shaped modules.

Today's architectural structures

The London Eye

The London Eye, or the Millennium Wheel, is a cantilevered observation wheel on the South Bank of the River Thames in London. It is Europe's tallest cantilevered observation wheel and is the most popular paid tourist attraction in the United Kingdom with over 3 million visitors annually. It has made many appearances in popular culture.

Sofia&Christina/ Theodora ketsetsidou/1st VocationalSchool of Drama,Greece

The London Eye, formally known as the Millennium Wheel, was built between 1998 to 1999. Is a cantilevered observation wheel on the South Bank of the River Thames in London.

Purpose of construction - Intended use

The idea was chosen from a host of entries into a competition held in 1993 to suggest a new landmark to signify the new millennium.

The London Eye was designed by the husband-and-wife team of Julia Barfield and David Marks of Marks Barfield Architects. Mace was responsible for construction management, with Hollandia as the main steelwork contractor and Tilbury Douglas as the civil contractor. Consulting engineers Tony Gee & Partners designed the foundation works while Beckett Rankine designed the marine works. The London Eye is an excellent example of a grame structure. Its steel design forms an "A" shape, with two large tapered legs at the base

The wheel is made up of three parts: the hub, the rim, and the spokes. Each part is actually two separate discs joined by rods. The rod ends are covered by spherical caps called "naves." The capsules are numbered from 1 to 33, excluding number 13 for superstitious reasons. Each of the 10-tonne (11-short-ton)[36] capsules represents one of the London Boroughs, and holds up to 25 people, who are free to walk around inside the capsule, though seating is provided.

Mathematical and geometric information The London Eye is a giant Ferris wheel that stands 88 feet (27 m) high and features an inner diameter of 110 feet (33 m). Passeger captules

Today's architectural structures

Tokyo Skytree is a broadcasting and observation tower in Sumida, Tokyo.The tower is the primary television and radio broadcast site for the Kantō region; the older Tokyo Tower no longer gives complete digital terrestrial television broadcasting coverage because it is surrounded by high-rise buildings.

Tokyo Skytree

Liceul Tehnologic Nr.1 Bals, Romania

The tower's design was published on 24 November 2006,[8] based on the following three concepts:

Fusion of neofuturistic[9][10] design and the traditional beauty of Japan
Catalyst for revitalization of the city
Contribution to disaster prevention – "Safety and Security"

The base of the tower has a structure similar to a tripod; from a height of about 350 m (1,150 ft) and above, the tower's structure is cylindrical to offer panoramic views of the river and the city.[11] There are observatories at 350 m (1,150 ft), with a capacity of up to 2,000 people, and 450 m (1,480 ft), with a capacity of 900 people.[12] The upper observatory features a spiral, glass-covered skywalk in which visitors ascend the last 5 meters to the highest point at the upper platform. A section of glass flooring gives visitors a direct downward view of the streets below.[13]

Tokyo Skytree is a broadcasting and observation tower in Sumida, Tokyo. It became the tallest structure in Japan in 2010 and reached its full height of 634 meters (2,080 ft) in March 2011, making it the tallest tower in the world, displacing the Canton Tower and the third tallest structure in the world after the Merdeka 118 .

Today's architectural structures

Burj KhalifaDubai

The building was built in the United Arab Emirates to be the tallest building in the world in 2004 and with the exterior completed five years later in 2009. The building was opened in 2010 as part of a new development called Downtown Dubai. This building is 828 meters high.The building is named in honour of the ruler of Abu Dhabi and president of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan.

Ivona PTS- Nina Pts- Andjela PTS/ Marina Nikolic / The First Technical School

The Burj Khalifa's form has a triaxial geometry. The Y-shaped building's three wings are connected to a central core. The Y-shaped plan plays a central role in the reduction of wind forces on the tower. A hexagonal central core is buttressed by a series of wings, each with its own concrete core . As the tower increases in height, the wings step back in a spiral configuration, changing the building’s shape at each tier and so reducing the effect of the wind on the building. The central core emerges at the tower’s top and is finished with a spire, which reaches more than 700 feet (200 metres) . https://www.britannica.com/topic/Burj-Khalifa Burj Khalifa | Height, Architect, Top Floor, & FactsBurj Khalifa, mixed-use skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, that is the world's tallest building, according to all three of the main criteria...Encyclopedia Britannica

This tower was designed using the geometries of the desert flower in Dubai, Hymenocallisam which has petals that extend from its central part. It can be seen in tropical places around the world. This flower in translation means "beautiful membrane". The Burj Khalifa is associated with this flower through the wings of a building that is arranged around a central point just like the petals of Hymonallisam.

The Burj Khalifa was built to house a variety of commercial, residential, and hospitality ventures.The purpose of the Burj Khalifa is to serve as a multi-functional building. There are shopping venues, restaurants, offices, residential, hotel and a tourist attraction on the top deck. These include a hotel and luxury residences designed by Italian fashion designer Giorgio Armani, in addition to office space, observation decks, restaurants, and health facilities.

Architectural style of the building Burj Khalifa as the tallest building in the world, as high as 3 Eiffel Towers, is a great attraction for photographers and visitors. The building is extremely photogenic, thus attracting the attention of photographers during dynamic lightning strike scenes. This happens because of the material from which it is built, ie aluminum and stainless iron.

Today's architectural structures

Sydney Opera House Australia

Sydney Opera House, one of the symbols of Australia, is located at the Bennelong point, close to the Sydney harbor bridge, as a gala, art and performance building.

Aliye Nur M. /Tayyibe Tezcan/ Şehit Erhan Ar MTAL

Parabolas (or rather paraboloids, given the three-dimensional aspect of the vaults) were Utzon's first choice for vault profiles. Ellipses (or rather ellipsoids) were considered at a later point. For reasons we'll explain in a moment, none of these geometries offered a buildable option. The constraint on the shape came from the ribs that supported the shells. The large size of the shells meant they had to be built in sections or components. The demands of economy and time meant that these components had to be produced earlier. A parabolic or elliptical shell won't work because then each rib is curved differently. Utzon's flash was his realization that an unlimited variety of curved triangles could be drawn on a sphere. Thus, all shells of roofs can be designed as curved triangles from the same sphere! Exactly five years after the official announcement that he had won the competition, it was the idea that saved the project. Sydney Opera House is appealing for its repetitive geometry and simplicity. Roof designs evolve from parabolic, ellipsoid to finally spherical geometry for the final shape of the building envelopes.

Sydney Opera House, one of the symbols of Australia, is located at the Bennelong point, close to the Sydney harbor bridge, as a gala, art and performance building.

The building was designed by Danish architect Joern Utzon, who won the competition to build an opera house in Sydney in 1957. inspired by temples.

Sydney Opera House (Sydney Opera House), while the roof structure was called 'shells', the most difficult part of the building was the shells. Inspired by the peeling of an orange, Joern Utzon thought that when the 14 separate roofs of the shells come together, they will form a sphere. The Sydney Opera House, which is open 363 days a year and visited by 200,000 tourists throughout the year, is closed only during the holidays and Easter periods. The staff works 24/7 every day of the year. Sydney Opera House, one of the symbols of Australia, is located at the Bennelong point, close to the Sydney harbor bridge, as a gala, art and performance building. The building was designed by Danish architect Joern Utzon, who won the competition to build an opera house in Sydney in 1957. Each year, 3,000 performances reach 2 million spectators at the Sydney Opera House. Built by 10,000 workers and opened by Queen Elizabeth II on October 20, 1973, the Sydney Opera House is Australia's world-renowned symbol structure, as well as recognized as the country's creative and technical achievement. Hall, Opera Theatre, Drama Theatre, Playhouse, Studio, Forecourt and Utzon Room. In addition to the main hall with a capacity of 2,800 people, opera and ballet performances are exhibited in the hall known as the second hall in the building. While the Concert Hall is the largest in the building, the Utzon Room is the smallest with 210 seats.

In 1957 a competition was started for the design of the opera house. Out of 250 designs, Utzon won this competition. Although the design is a simple drawing, his creativity was admired and Utzon won the competition. The design has been called 'ingenious'. In designing the building, he was inspired by the Mayan and Aztec temples in Mexico, the bird's wing, the shape of the clouds, seashells, walnuts and palm trees. The building is architectural expressionist style. It has a modern and innovative form.

Today's architectural structures

Cadet ChapelAmerica

The United States Air Force Academy Cadet Chapel, is the distinguishing feature of the Cadet Area at the United States Air Force Academy north of Colorado Springs.

Federica - Miriam // Cecilia Motta // IPSSEOA Umberto Di Pasca

mathematical and geometric information and elements used in building construction The building has a surprising succession of 17 needles of glass and aluminum, each composed of 100 tetrahedra, involving the whole deck. continuous panels of bright colored glass tubular dress tetrahedra, allowing diffused light into the building

year of construction The United States Air Force Academy Cadet Chapel, completed in 1962, It was designed by Walter Netsch[2] of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill of Chicago. Construction was accomplished by Robert E. McKee, Inc., of Santa Fe, New Mexico

Legends, stories, if any, in the region where it was built or the story of the building The fact that the structure is somehow related to aeronautics, it is still possible to guess, having a developed imagination. The outlines of this structure, directed upwards and converging at an acute angle, evoke associations with both a rocket and an airplane in flight

Purpose of construction - Intended use Futuristic architecture does not always allow you to guess the real purpose of a building. The US Air Force Academy Cadet Chapel near Colorado Springs is just that. Yet this is indeed a religious building. More precisely, a chapel. Although the interior is as futuristic as the exterior: upon entering you feel like a member of the crew of a spaceship. But isn't that what is needed in the temple - the feeling that you are taking off from the ground? The vaults, in aluminum, give an almost otherworldly color to the light that penetrates through the windows. This chapel is multi-confessional. To get closer to heaven (in a slightly different sense than on training flights) Catholic cadets, Protestants of various denominations, Jews and Buddhists come here. For believers of all kinds there is a special space on the two floors of the chapel, equipped according to their beliefs. There are also rooms where there is nothing religious at all: more often than others, they Muslim cadets are praying. Each of the rooms has a separate entrance so that no one interferes with the prayer of others.

Architectural style of the building The most striking aspect of the Chapel is its row of seventeen spires. The original design called for twenty-one spires, but this number was reduced due to budget issues.[4] The structure is a tubular steel frame of 100 identical tetrahedrons, each 75 feet (23 m) long, weighing five tons, and enclosed with aluminum panels. The panels were fabricated in Missouri and shipped by rail to the site. The tetrahedrons are spaced a foot apart, creating gaps in the framework that are filled with 1-inch-thick (25 mm) colored glass. The tetrahedrons comprising the spires are filled by triangular aluminum panels, while the tetrahedrons between the spires are filled with a mosaic of colored glass in aluminum frame. The Cadet Chapel itself is 150 feet (46 m) high, 280 feet (85 m) long, and 84 feet (26 m) wide. The front façade, on the south, has a wide granite stairway with steel railings capped by aluminum handrails leading up one story to a landing. At the landing is a band of gold anodized aluminum doors, flanked by gold anodized aluminum panels, designed and detailed to match the doors

Today's architectural structures

Archery Hall & Boxing Club

The project consists of two buildings, an archery hall and a boxing club, standing a few hundred meters apart on the grounds of Kogakuin University in west Tokyo , build comparable to the sacred hall in a traditional Japanese temple.

gabriel.br/Daniela Guicin / Liceul Tehnologic Nr.1 Bals/Romania

The Archery Hall and Boxing Club is owned by the Kogakui University West and https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kogakuin+University+Shinjuku+Campus/@35.6909821,139.6948032,17.75z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x60188cd411321f97:0x4799331255aa4c4a!8m2!3d35.6906588!4d139.695428

The two structures have been constructed employing a simple, low-tech method of bolt-and-nut assembly. However, due to the scale of the space and simplicity of construction, the execution had to be meticulous, in order to produce spaces that are out of the ordinary. Save this picture!© Shigeo OgawaFor each building, the main subject is the 7.2m x 10.8m space and the timber structure, merely its backdrop. The powerful presence of the timber structure emphasises the stark transparency of the void below. The whole is only achieved by the juxtaposition of these two contrasting and complementing qualities. Departing from the same starting point, the two buildings have arrived at a shared architectural theme via two different structural and spatial solutions.

The project consists of two buildings, an archery hall and a boxing club, standing a few hundred meters apart on the grounds of Kogakuin University in west Tokyo. The formal rituals of Kyudo (Japanese archery) and the aggressive nature of boxing may appear worlds apart. However, the two built facilities surprisingly share a number of commonalities. Save this picture!© Shigeo OgawaThe University’s brief was for low-cost structures made of locally sourced timber to provide accessible and inspiring spaces for the students. Coincidently, both facilities called for a column-free space of 7.2m by 10.8m, a size comparable to the sacred hall in a traditional Japanese temple.

Today's architectural structures

Empire State Building

The Empire State Building is a skyscraper in New York. The building is located between 33rd and 34th streets on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan. Its exact address is 350 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. It is in the form of 10118. On May 1, 1931, it took this title from the Chrysler Building, which was the tallest building in the world until then.

Merve //Rabiye Gökoğlan // NFKSBL

The building has 102 floors and has 1576 stair steps. Its height is 381 m, and 443.2 m with the antenna. It remained the tallest building in the world until the opening of the World Trade Center building in 1972.

Its construction started in 1931 and finished in 1932. Built in 1931, the offices of the building remained empty during the Great Depression; The building was able to meet its tax expenses from those who came to watch the scenery.

The Empire State Building is a skyscraper in New York. The building is located between 33rd and 34th streets on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan.

Today's architectural structures

Museo Soumaya

The Museo Soumaya is a private museum in Mexico city and a non-profit cultural institution with two museum buildings in Mexico City — Plaza Carso and Plaza Loreto.

panagiotis.as-spiros.as //Anastasios Salis //1St epal of drama Greece

The building covered by 16,000 hexagonal aluminum tiles. Geometrica used its own custom software to design the 10,000 m2 façade. To adapt the secondary structure to the real form of the primary one, Geometrica used laser topography to feed the real shape to the reticular structural model, enabling its engineers to modify the GT geometry only in the required locations.

The original building of the Museo Soumaya, opened in 1994, is in the Plaza Loreto of San Ángel in the southern part of Mexico City. The new building in Plaza Carso in the Nuevo Polanco district was designed by the Mexican architect Fernando Romero and opened in 2011.

The museum is named after Soumaya Domit, who died in 1999, and was the wife of the founder of the museum Carlos Sim. The museum received an attendance of 1,095,000 in 2013, making it the most visited art museum in Mexico and the 56th in the world that year. In October 2015, the museum welcomed its five millionth visitor. The museum was designed by Fernando Romero's practice, free.

The Museo Soumaya was designed as both: a sculptural building that is unique and contemporary, yet one able to house a collection of international paintings, sculptures, and decorative objects dating from the fourteenth century to the present.

Free-style structure, invisible now, made its unique façade a reality The new Museo Soumaya in Mexico City has been described as “dazzling,” “a trapezoid in motion,” “a shiny silver cloud-like structure reminiscent of a Rodin sculpture,” and “the world’s flashiest museum.” Designed by maverick young architect Fernando Romero, it also was called “impossible to build.” The façade, in particular, presented huge challenges. If anyone could make it happen, it was owner Carlos Slim Helú, the world’s wealthiest man. Slim constructed the museum in 2008-2011 as part of the Plaza Carso, his distinctive multi-use development in Mexico City's Polanco. Slim has noted that, since many Mexicans cannot afford to travel overseas to view art collections, he believed it was important to house a prestigious collection of international art in Mexico.

Today's architectural structures

Montreal BiosphereCanada

The Biosphere (French: La Biosphère), also known as the Montreal Biosphere (French: La Biosphère de Montréal), is a museum dedicated to the environment in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is housed in the former United States pavilion constructed for Expo 67 located within the grounds of Parc Jean-Drapeau on Saint Helen's Island. The museum's geodesic dome was designed by Buckminster Fuller.

Muhammet- Cemal- Burcu Sönmez/Borsa İstanbul VTHAS

MONTREAL BIOSPHERE Built by Buckminster Fuller for the 1967 World Expo Fair in Montreal, Canada, Biosphere Montreal (Biosphere) is one of the most important of the geodesic domes considered Buckminster Fuller's signature. The Biosphere, which is considered as one of the most important structures of the city of Montreal at the moment, was gifted to Canada by the United States government after the end of the Expo fair, and thus the USA pavilion remained in Canada even though the fair was over

As a result of a fire in 1976, most of the acrylic panels covering the building were burned and deformed. After this fire, the dome was left bare without being covered. Although this was not the original decision of the architect, the transparent image he created gave the work a different meaning.

Inside the volume formed by this large geodesic dome, there is a 7-storey exhibition building. This exhibition building consists of platforms at different levels, and each platform is accessed via escalators. This huge building, which was purchased by the Canadian Government in 1990, continued its life as an ecological museum

The spherical structure, which has a diameter of 76 meters, contains a very large volume. Geometrically, it is formed by assembling twenty-sided equilateral triangle-shaped steel units. By covering these steel elements with acrylic panels, the amount of light coming into the dome and the temperature inside the dome were tried to be controlled. The combination of hexagonal and pentagonal units results in a 20-sided shape called the icosahedron. Thanks to this form, which consists of the repetition of equilateral triangles, the structure; looks more complex and remarkable from the outside

Today's architectural structures

30 St Mary AxEngland

It is a skyscraper located in London, the capital of the United Kingdom. The building is located in the City of London It is 180 meters high and has 41 floors. Completed in December 2003 and April 2004 opened on.

Süleyman-Seçil BİLGİN-Salihli NFKSBL

30 Mary ax is a cone-shaped structure that expands from the lower floors to the upper floors and then narrows again. It is a 180 m high structure planned in a circle with a diameter of 56 meters on the widest floor and 49 meters on the lowest floor.

Construction began in 2001 and the Gherkin was completed in December 2003. It was built in December 2003 and opened in April 2004.

The birth of the Gherkin begins in 1992 with an explosion that shook London's financial district. An explosive device detonated near the Baltic Exchange and badly damaged the building. The building was demolished and city officials decided to build a larger tower instead.The Gherkin started out as a much larger building called the "Millennium Tower" but did not materialise. The building's original design raised fears that it could adversely affect air traffic from Heathrow. There were also concerns that St. Paul's Dome from certain parts of the city might block the line of sight. After the original design was dropped, Norman Foster created the scaled down version that now sits at 30 St Mary's Ax.

The Gherkin is primarily an office building. including some offices of Swiss Re and Sky News It is the headquarters of many large companies. Some very popular television and radio programs today filmed here or near this building.

The Gherkin is essentially a long, curved shaft with a rounded end resembling an elongated egg. glass outside It is neatly covered with panels and has rounded corners. A kind of observation at the top It has a lens-like dome that acts as a deck. Gherkin's design is energy efficient. It is very dense in terms of energy and has a number of building features that increase its efficiency. For building between each floor open chimneys that serve as ventilation and do not require energy for use. type shafts it draws warm air from the building and uses passive heat from the sun to bring heat to the building in winter. It's clear The shafts also allow available sunlight to penetrate deep into the building to reduce light costs. allows it to. 30 St. Mary Ax's energy could only be used by a tower of a similar size. It has been said that half of it is used. https://www.friendz10.com/tasarim---mimari/adi-kornison-mimarisi-benzersiz-the-gherkin-3406

Today's architectural structures

Guggenheim MuseumSpain

Guggenheim Bilbao Museum, one of the pioneering designs of deconstructivist architecture identified with Frank Gehry, is seen as one of the most important designs of modern architecture.

Ahmet /Selin Altınkaya/ Beyceli Anadolu Lisesi

Inclined surfaces produced using titanium, glass and limestone form the architectural identity of the building. Curved titanium surfaces were designed and implemented in a computer environment. These surfaces were produced in line with mathematical calculations by using a 3D design program called CATIA. The walls forming the building and the floor and roof plates inside the building are load-bearing. The gridal system, which consists of triangles forming the walls and floors, ensured that these elements have load-bearing properties.

The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is a museum of modern and contemporary art designed by Canadian-American architect Frank Gehry, and located in Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain. The museum was inaugurated on 18 October 1997 by King Juan Carlos I of Spain, with an exhibition of 250 contemporary works of art. Built alongside the Nervion River, which runs through the city of Bilbao to the Cantabrian Sea, it is one of several museums belonging to the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation and features permanent and visiting exhibits of works by Spanish and international artists. It is one of the largest museums in Spain.

When the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao opened to the public in 1997, it was immediately hailed as one of the world's most spectacular buildings in the style of Deconstructivism (although Gehry does not associate himself with that architectural movement), a masterpiece of the 20th century. Architect Philip Johnson described it as "the greatest building of our time", while critic Calvin Tomkins, in The New Yorker, characterized it as "a fantastic dream ship of undulating form in a cloak of titanium," its brilliantly reflective panels also reminiscent of fish scales. Herbert Muschamp praised its "mercurial brilliance" in The New York Times Magazine. The Independent calls the museum "an astonishing architectural feat". This museum is a colossal construction, which used more than 25,000 tons of concrete, or 10,000 cubic meters, that is why it requires deep and solid foundations. The foundation was laid on reinforced concrete piles driven into the bedrock at an average depth of 14 meters.[20] The building is based in the clay of the bed of the nearby river “Ria de Bilbao”; therefore, it was necessary to implant piles in large numbers, driven into the ground by many boring machines. In total, 665 pilings were driven to anchor the building to the ground.

The museum notably houses "large-scale, site-specific works and installations by contemporary artists", such as Richard Serra's 100-meter-long (340 ft) Snake, and displays the work of Basque artists, "as well as housing a selection of works" from the Foundation's modern art collection. In 1997, the museum opened with "The Guggenheim Museums and the Art of This Century", a 300-piece overview of 20th-century art from Cubism to new media art. Most pieces came from the Guggenheim's permanent collection, but the museum also acquired paintings by Willem de Kooning, Mark Rothko and Clyfford Still and commissioned new works by Francesco Clemente, Anselm Kiefer, Jenny Holzer and Richard Serra. The exhibitions change often; the museum generally hosts thematic exhibitions, centered for example on Chinese or Russian art. Traditional paintings and sculptures are a minority compared to installations and electronic forms. The highlight of the collection, and its only permanent exhibit, is The Matter of Time (incorporating an earlier work, Snake), a series of weathering steel sculptures designed by Serra, which is housed in the 130-meter Arcelor Gallery (formerly known as the Fish Gallery but renamed in 2005 for the steel manufacturer that sponsored the project). The collections usually highlight Avant-garde art, 20th century abstraction, and non-objective art. When the museum announced the 2011 exhibition "The Luminous Interval", a show of artwork belonging to Greek businessman Dimitris Daskalopoulos, who is also a museum trustee, this met with criticism of, among other things, too much curatorial power for a serious benefactor.[27] In 2005, Olivier Berggruen and Ingrid Pfeiffer curated a retrospective of Yves Klein.[28] In 2012 David Hockney's exhibition drew over 290,000 visitors to the museum. Puppy by Jeff Koons in front of the museum Tulips by Jeff Koons

The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation selected Frank Gehry as the architect, and its director, Thomas Krens, encouraged him to design something daring and innovative. The curves on the exterior of the building were intended to appear random; the architect said that "the randomness of the curves are designed to catch the light". The interior "is designed around a large, light-filled atrium with views of Bilbao's estuary and the surrounding hills of the Basque country". The atrium, which Gehry nicknamed The Flower because of its shape, serves as the organizing center of the museum.

Today's architectural structures

Have you ever heard that the future of humanity is on ice? First of all, this monument is a facility in which the basic wealth of the earth is kept in absolute safety: The seeds of all the plants on the planet. This idea begins in 1985 when the Norwegian Gene Bank start storing plant seeds and animal stem tissues in an abandoned mine outside Longyerbienne Norway.

The Treasury of the Future

alexadros.kf konstantinos.kf// Kyriaki Fotiadou // 1St epal of drama Greece

The mathimatics involes a lot in this kind of building. Firstly, the building has a rectangular shape because it helps a lot the storage space.

The treasury of the future started in 1985 and ended up in 2001

The main purpose is to protect future generations from either wars or the collapse of the world.

The architectular style is contemporary with a lot of details. To be specific, this building is apoppriate for Cold and glacier make the spot ideal for seed storage and require less energy to maintain the desired temperature of -18 degrees

Return

ÇAğrıbey Anatolıan hıghschool /sema karakelleogluNLY.SKKO DLN.SKKO

The First Technical School/ MArına nıkolıc

Return

SALİHLİ NECİP FAZIL KISAKÜREK Socıal scıences anatolıan hıgh schoolseçil Bilgin

seçil Bilgin

SALİHLİ NECİP FAZIL KISAKÜREK Socıal scıences anatolıan hıgh school

Return

rabiye gökoğlan

IPSSEOA Umberto Di Pasca / cecılıa motta

backstage photos

Return

sALİHLİ ŞEHİT MUSTAFA SERİN AİHL

backstage photos

Return

BEYCELİ ANAtolıan hıgh school/selin altınkaya

Return

Ahmet & AhmetK /Selin Altınkaya/ Beyceli Anatolian High School

şehit erhan ar m.t.a.l / tayyıbe tezcan

Return

1ST vocational high school of Drama / kyrıakı fotıdou

Return

1St epal of drama greece /Anastasios Salis

Panagiotis.as/Anastasios Salis/1st Epal of Drama/Greece

Return

1ST vocational high school of Drama / Theodora Ketsetsidou

Sofia and Christina.tk/Theodora Ketsetsidou

Haris.tk/TheodoraKetsetsidou

Return

Liceul Tehnologic nr1 bals /danıela guıcın

Return

Liceul Tehnologic nr1 bals /manuela stroıe

Return

borsa istanbul VTAHS/ burcu sönmez

Return

MAP

we will add map here

Return

quiz links will be here

Return

GEN4Z World Travel Guide

More creations to inspire you

THE BEST DESTINATIONS TO SEE ROCKET LAUNCHES

THE 10 MOST EMBLEMATIC JAZZ PIANISTS IN HISTORY

TIPS AND TRICKS TO BE BETTER AT FORTNITE BATTLE ROYALE

DAILY NEWS

DATA MICROSITE - WORLD TRIVIA

THE 5 CONTINENTS - USEFUL INFORMATION

5 TIPS ON NUTRITION

Transcript