The Carbon Cycle and Climate Change
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This content was based on the booklet developed for the Drive it Down project - GNS Science.The aim is to disseminate science and facilitate the learning of the Carbon Cycle and Climate Change. For a better visualization of the online content: use a desktop screen in full view mode Some pages present clickable items, and you can visualize them by clicking the icon on the top right corner of the page. Enjoy the journey!
intro
START
GreenhouseGases
Climate Change
Sinks and Sources
Urban Carbon Cycle
Global Carbon Cycle
content
Measuring CO2
Climate Action
Kuputaka
Authors
Activities
climate change
What is Climate Change?
How does climate change affect the planet?
Test your knowledge
What is Climate Change?
Climate change refers to long-term changes in the Earth's climate, especially the increase in the average temperature of the planet.
climate change
How does climate change affect the planet?
Climate change affects the planet in many ways. Due to changes in global temperature, extreme events are more likely to happen. Such events can also affect food and water supplies. People can get sick with more diseases and have heat-related illnesses.
climate change
Info
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Climate ChangeQuiz
Climate Change Bonus Quiz
climate change
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greenhouse gases
What is the difference between air pollutants and greenhouse gases?
What is Carbon?
What are greenhouse gases?
What is Carbon Footprint?
Why is the Earth warming?
Test your knowledge
The atmosphere
The atmosphere is a jacket of gases that surround our planet. It is made of:Nitrogen (N2) - 78.1 % Oxygen (O2) - 20.9 % Argon (Ar) - 0.9 % Carbon dioxide (CO2) - 0.04 % And the rest is made of very small amounts of other gases including water vapor.
greenhouse gas
What are Greenhouse Gases?
Greenhouse gases (GHG) are gases in the Earth’s atmosphere that trap heat reflected from the Earth's surface. (like how heat is trapped in a greenhouse) We need some greenhouse gases to survive, without them the earth would be -19°C, which is about the same temperature as your freezer!
greenhouse gas
Why are they important?
Why is the Earth warming?
In recent years, the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased so much that more heat is being trapped, causing the increase in the average temperature of the Earth (planet becoming warmer) and global climate to change. The increase in the amount of greenhouse gases is caused by people and their actions.
greenhouse gas
Info
Why is the Earth warming?
There are a number of gases that contribute to global warming, some of these are:
greenhouse gas
methane carbon dioxide water vapour nitrous oxide fluorinated gases
click on the molecules for more info
What is the difference between air pollutants and greenhouse gases?
Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, which causes the planet to warm up over time.
Air pollutants can harm our health and the environment.
greenhouse gas
Info
Info
What is the difference between air pollutants and greenhouse gases?
Air pollutants are tracked for their immediate harm to health, while greenhouse gases are measured to account for their potential to change the Earth’s climate over time.
The way we look at air pollutants and greenhouse gases is different because they affect the Earth in different ways.
greenhouse gas
Info
What is Carbon?
Carbon is a chemical element and is found in many forms, as an energy source for building things:
· Our bodies (18% of a person) – in our DNA, muscles, bones and more
· Rocks, soils and the earth’s crust
· Fuel (e.g. petrol and diesel)
· Oceans
· Animals
· Plants
· Buildings
· The atmosphere
greenhouse gas
In the atmosphere, carbon can be found as: CO2 (carbon dioxide) CO (carbon monoxide) CH4 (methane)
What is CO2?
Carbon dioxide, also called CO2 (pronounced see-oh-two), is the most important of the greenhouse gases as it is emitted in large quantities and has a long-lasting influence. CO2 stays in the atmosphere for thousands of years (also known as ‘atmospheric lifetime’). This is one of the reasons why it builds up in the atmosphere and why we need to reduce emissions.
Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is part of the ‘carbon cycle’.
greenhouse gas
Info
Learn more about the carbon cycle in the Global and Urban Carbon Cycle modules.
Global Warming Potential
Global Warming Potential (GWP) is a way to compare how much heat a greenhouse gas can trap in the atmosphere over a certain period of time. It helps us compare the different greenhouse gases.
greenhouse gas
Info
Other greenhouse gases have shorter lifetimes or much smaller concentrations in the atmosphere. For example, 0.04% of the atmosphere is CO2, while methane accounts for 0.00018% and nitrous oxide, 0.00003%. Even such small quantities are enough to trap lots of heat.
What is Carbon Footprint?
A carbon footprint is the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other greenhouse gases that are released into the atmosphere because of human activities. It includes things like the energy we use, the food we eat, the products we buy, and the travel we do. The bigger the carbon footprint, the more it contributes to climate change.
greenhouse gas
Info
Test your knowledge
Click to play:
GHGQuiz
GHG Memory game
greenhouse gas
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carbon sinks and sources
Oceans
Forests
Test your knowledge
Fossil Fuel
Forests
CO2 is removed from the atmosphere by plants during photosynthesis, and returned to the atmosphere by respiration of plants, animals and soil microbes and fires.
sinks and sources
Info
Oceans
Info
sinks and sources
Oceans also exchange carbon with the atmosphere. CO2 from the air dissolves into the ocean’s surface, where it is used by plants and animals. However, too much carbon in the ocean can damage plants and animals as it makes the water more acidic.
Fossil Fuel
Fossil fuels, such as coal, gas and petrol, are made of mostly carbon and formed from the buried remains of ancient organisms (hence the name ‘fossil’ fuels!). These fossil fuels are burnt to produce electricity, power and heat.
sinks and sources
Info
Fossil Fuel
Fossil fuels are a large source of the CO2 in our atmosphere. They are burnt by humans, and unlike the ocean and forest sources, fossil fuels do not have a compensating sink.
sinks and sources
Info
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Click to play:
Carbon Sinks and SourcesQuiz
Sinks and SourcesWord Search
sinks and sources
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global carbon cycle
The Carbon Cycle
Test your knowledge
The Global Carbon Cycle
The carbon cycle contains sources and sinks of carbon.
A carbon sink is a system that takes in more carbon from
the atmosphere than it releases.
global carbon cycle
A carbon source is a system that releases more carbon
than it takes in.
These sources and sinks control the amount of carbon that is in the atmosphere.
The Global Carbon Cycle
Carbon cycle Hurihanga waro
Carbon Waro
Greenhouse gasesHaurehu kati mahana
AtmosphereKōhauhau
Carbon dioxide Hauhā
PhotosynthesisAhotakakame
VolcanoPuia
global carbon cycle
PlantTipu
RockToka
OceanMoana
Fossil fuelKora mātātoka
ForestNgahere
SoilOneone
Test your knowledge
Click to play:
Global Cycle Crossword
Link the Words
Global Cycle
global carbon cycle
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urban carbon cycle
Why study CO2 in cities?
What are Carbon Emissions?
Test your knowledge
Carbon Cycle in cities
What is Carbon Concentration?
Why study CO2 in cities?
Most of the world’s population live in cities. Cities are large contributors of CO2 fossil fuel emissions with 70% of emissions being from cities.
urban carbon cycle
Auckland is the largest city in Aotearoa New Zealand. In Auckland it is estimated that 44% of the total GHG emissions come from transport!
Why study CO2 in cities?
Typically, the concentrations of greenhouse gases are higher in cities than in rural areas, because there are significantly higher emissions in highly urbanised areas.
urban carbon cycle
Although, in rural areas where there is pasture, lots of methane is also emitted!
Info
The Carbon Cycle in Cities
Greenhouse gasesHaurehu kati mahana
Carbon dioxide Hauhā
AviationRererangi
AtmosphereKōhauhau
urban carbon cycle
CommercialArumoni
TransportTūnuku
IndustryAhumahi
ShippingWakatauā
ResidentialKāenga
PlantTipu
What are Carbon Emissions?
Carbon emissions and carbon concentration both talk about quantifying carbon, but they mean different things.
Carbon emissions are the amount of carbon (usually as carbon dioxide, or CO₂) that is being released into the air. It happens when we burn things like coal, oil, or gas, or through activities like cutting down trees. It measures how much carbon is released over time, like tons of CO₂ per year.
urban carbon cycle
Info
What is Carbon Concentration?
Carbon emissions and carbon concentration both talk about quantifying carbon, but they mean different things.
Carbon Concentration is the amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) that is in the air at any given moment. It’s measured by how much CO₂ is in the air, often shown in parts per million (ppm). For example, how many CO₂ molecules are in the air compared to all the other air molecules.
urban carbon cycle
Info
Emission vs. Concentration
Carbon emissions are the amount of carbon we put into the air.
Carbon concentration is the amount of carbon already in the air.
urban carbon cycle
Emissions are like pouring carbon into the atmosphere, and concentration is how much carbon is already there.
Test your knowledge
Click to play:
Urban Carbon CycleQuiz
Urban Cycle Memory game
urban carbon cycle
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measuring CO2
How to monitor CO2?
Atmospheric mixing
How to measure CO2?
Local CO2 measurements
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Atmospheric mixing
Atmospheric conditions play a big role in how carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other gases spread (or disperse) through the air. Different weather patterns and factors in the atmosphere can either help the carbon spread widely or keep it trapped in one place.
measuring CO2
The wind plays a part in atmospheric mixing. When it isn’t very windy emissions will stay around the area where they were emitted, however strong winds will blow away emissions from the source.
Atmospheric mixing
The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is a thin layer of air (which can range from 100 to 3000 meters) closest to the ground.
measuring CO2
Greenhouse gases are mostly emitted close to the Earth’s surface, within the ‘atmospheric boundary layer’. The atmospheric boundary layer changes height throughout the day and year depending on temperature.
Atmospheric boundary layer
Click on the buttons to see what happens with the ABL throught day/night and summer/winter. Before selecting the next button, click again to turn off the current ABL.
NIGHT
WINTER
SUMMER
DAY
When the earth is cold the boundary layer is shallow, meaning that the emissions are going into a smaler volume. This makes the concentration of gases look higher than during the days and hours of warmer temperatures, when the ABL is deep.
During the night the boundary layer is shallow, meaning that the emissions are going into a smaler volume. If we release the same amounts of gases within a shallow ABL, they will be very dense in that air volume (very close to each other), so will have a higher concentration!
During the day the boundary layer is at its deepest, meaning that the emissions are going into a larger volume and are becoming more spread out. This makes the concentration of gases look smaller.
When the earth is warm the boundary layer is at its deepest, meaning that the emissions are going into a larger volume and are becoming more spread out. This makes the concentration of gases look smaller.
During the day the boundary layer is at its deepest, meaning that the emissions are going into a larger volume and are becoming more spread out. This makes the concentration of gases look smaller.
measuring CO2
How to measure CO2?
Measuring a gas in the air involves detecting the amount of a specific gas:
Concentration: number of molecules per unit of volume. Flux: number of molecules passing through a unit of area per unit time.
measuring CO2
Info
How to measure CO2?
CO2 is measured all around the world for climate change research. When we measure CO2 we are measuring the concentration, not the emissions. The concentration is the amount of CO2 in proportion of the total volume of the air. The emissions are how much CO2 is being put into the atmosphere.
CO2 is measured in the unit ‘parts per million’ (ppm).
measuring CO2
Info
How to measure CO2?
If the concentration is 415 ppm, this means that for every million molecules of air, 415 of them are CO2 (415 / 1,000,000).
Because of the changing atmospheric mixing, figuring out emissions from measurements of CO2 concentration can be complicated. For example, emissions in the morning are into a smaller volume of air than emissions in the afternoon, as the boundary layer is lower in the sky, so the concentration of CO2 measured by the analyser will be larger.
measuring CO2
How to measure CO2?
Measuring gases in the air is done using several methods and tools that help scientists determine the concentration of different gases.
For example, scientists can measure atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂), by using:
measuring CO2
Remote sensing
Gas collection flasks
Gas analysers
Info
How to measure CO2?
Long-term monitoring
At Baring Head, near Wellington, the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) has been measuring CO2 since 1972.
measuring CO2
In the Northern Hemisphere there is Mauna Loa (Hawaii), since 1958.
Info
At both of these measurement sites we can see an increase in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere over time.
Info
Local CO2 measurements
This paragraph is ready to be filled with incredible creativity, experiences, and stories.
In Auckland, scientists from GNS Science and NIWA are measuring CO2 concentrations around the city as part of the CarbonWatch-NZ and CarbonWatch-Urban research projects to understand the carbon balance in the country and in the cities.
CarbonWatch-NZ
measuring CO2
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Local CO2 measurements
Schools
The project to support teaching of carbon cycle and climate change, resulted in effective initiatives from the students to reduce CO2 emissions.
measuring CO2
The project to support teaching of carbon cycle and climate change, resulted in effective initiatives from the students to reduce CO2 emissions.
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Measuring CO2Quiz
Measuring CO2 Memory game
measuring CO2
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climate action
What can we do?
Why take action?
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Sustainable Development Goals
How to reduce my carbon footprint?
Why take action?
Reducing carbon emissions is essential for protecting the environment, improving health, supporting a sustainable economy, and securing a better future for everyone.
climate action
Taking action to reduce carbon emissions is important because it helps protect the planet and our future.
Sustainable Development Goals
The global goals to achieve sustainable development, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), are closely connected to carbon emissions because tackling emissions is essential for achieving many of these goals.
climate action
What can we do?
Everyone can have an impact in reducing CO2 emissions! For example, instead of driving to work or school, you could walk or scooter, whenever this is possible. Some other ways to reduce emissions are:
climate action
Reducing your impact begins with understanding it. Once you know where your emissions are coming from, you can find opportunities to cut down. You can calculate your carbon footprint online to see where most of your emissions are coming from!
How to reduce my carbon footprint?
A carbon footprint is the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other greenhouse gases that are released into the air because of our activities.
Info
Even though we can’t control everything that affects the carbon footprint, there are many ways they can help reduce it and make the world a cleaner place. Here are some ideas:
climate action
By making small changes in everyday life, everyone can help reduce their carbon footprint and contribute to a healthier planet!
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Discussion Cards:Professions
Discussion Cards:Environmental Issues
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kuputaka
Test your knowledge
Words in Te Reo Māori
Words in Te Reo Māori
This is not meant to be used as a dictionary, it only brings a few words in Te Reo Māori that were used along this material.
Reference: Te Papakupu o Te Marautanga o Aotearoa, available online (https://paekupu.co.nz)
climate change
nitrogen
industry
gas
kuputaka
greenhouse gas
biosphere
carbon cycle
oxygen
wind
scientist
air
atmosphere
carbon dioxide
fossil fuel
Words in Te Reo Māori
This is not meant to be used as a dictionary, it only brings a few words in Te Reo Māori that were used along this material.
Reference: Te Papakupu o Te Marautanga o Aotearoa, available online (https://paekupu.co.nz)
methane
source
ocean
carbon sink
kuputaka
city
forest
carbon footprint
soil
temperature
rock
volcano
transport
carbon
science
-Authors-Based on the booklet designed by Michelle Cosnett Written by Leigh Fleming, edited by Jocelyn Turnbull, Vanessa Monteiro, Erin Edmonds and Cybelli Barbosa Illustrations by Michelle Cosnett (Buravleva Stock, Envato), and by Cybelli Barbosa (Pexels, Canva, Genially) Graphics by Donna Hiraina and Vanessa Monteiro Layout and edition by Cybelli Barbosa -Image credits- CO2 record figure provided by NIWA Stock Imagery by Envato, Pexels, and iStock Getty images -Acknowledgements- Based on the booklet created as part of "Drive it down! Measuring and mitigating school-gate emissions". This project, including the educational resources, was possible thanks to:
- Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment - Unlocking Curious Minds Fund (2024)
- Wellington Doctoral Scholarship from Te Herenga Waka Victoria University of Wellington (Vanessa Monteiro)
- University of California Berkeley (low-cost sensors)
- MBIE - Endeavor Research Programme CarbonWatch-Urban (2023)
- Royal Society Catalyst Fund (2021)
CONTACTcwu@gns.cri.nz driveitdown@gns.cri.nz
authors
CONTACTcwu@gns.cri.nz driveitdown@gns.cri.nz
Welcome to the Activities menu:
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Climate ChangeQuiz
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Carbon Sinks and SourcesQuiz
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Sinks and SourcesWord Search
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Global Cycle
Urban Carbon CycleQuiz
Global Cycle Crossword
Measuring CO2 Memory game
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Climate Change Quiz
Test your knowledge about Climate Change and how it can affect the planet.
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Human activity is one of the causes of climate change. Extreme weather patterns and animal migration are some of the consequences of climate change.
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Due to climate change, weather patterns might become more extreme and less predictable.
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The increase in the average temperature can produce more heatwaves.
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Climate change refers to long-term changes in the Earth's climate, especially the increase in the average temperature of the planet.
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Climate Change Bonus Quiz
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The bonus quiz offers an exciting opportunity to explore additional aspects of Climate Change that weren't covered here. Use this as a chance to expand your knowledge by consulting other research sources to find the answers!
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Human activities, such as burning fossil fuel, have a major impact on climate change.
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TRUE. The burning of fossil fuels, like coal and fuel, releases carbon dioxide, which contributes to global warming.
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Carbon Dioxide (CO2). CO2 is a greenhouse gas, i.e., responsible for trapping heat in the atmosphere.
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Increased global temperatures and rising sea levels are major consequences of global warming.
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Climate change is caused by natural factors AND human activities.
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It is very important to study carbon, to know more about: the amount of carbon stored in forests, the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted by human activities, and the presence of carbon molecules in the atmosphere.
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Greenhouse gases MEMORY GAME
Start
Start
Memorise the positions
We are a group called FLUORINATED GASES We are powerful greenhouse gases, but usually not released as much as other GHG.
I am called WATER I am made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxigen atom. Water vapor is a greenhouse gas!
I am called METHANE I am made of 1 carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms.
I am called CARBON DIOXIDE I am made of 1 carbon atom and 2 oxigen atoms.
I am called OZONE I am made of 3 oxigen atoms. I protect the Earth against UV radiation (in the stratosphere).
I am called NITROUS OXIDE I am made of 2 nitrogen atoms and 1 oxigen atom.
HH:MM:SS
Back
Where is the couple?
HH:MM:SS
Back
I am called CARBON DIOXIDE I am made of 1 carbon atom and 2 oxigen atoms.
HH:MM:SS
Back
Where is the couple?
I am called CARBON DIOXIDE I am made of 1 carbon atom and 2 oxigen atoms.
I am called NITROUS OXIDE I am made of 2 nitrogen atoms and 1 oxigen atom.
HH:MM:SS
Back
Where is the couple?
I am called CARBON DIOXIDE I am made of 1 carbon atom and 2 oxigen atoms.
I am called METHANE I am made of 1 carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms.
I am called NITROUS OXIDE I am made of 2 nitrogen atoms and 1 oxigen atom.
HH:MM:SS
Back
Where is the couple?
I am called WATER I am made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxigen atom. Water vapor is a greenhouse gas!
I am called CARBON DIOXIDE I am made of 1 carbon atom and 2 oxigen atoms.
I am called METHANE I am made of 1 carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms.
I am called NITROUS OXIDE I am made of 2 nitrogen atoms and 1 oxigen atom.
HH:MM:SS
Back
Where is the couple?
I am called WATER I am made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxigen atom. Water vapor is a greenhouse gas!
I am called METHANE I am made of 1 carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms.
I am called NITROUS OXIDE I am made of 2 nitrogen atoms and 1 oxigen atom.
I am called CARBON DIOXIDE I am made of 1 carbon atom and 2 oxigen atoms.
I am called OZONE I am made of 3 oxigen atoms. I protect the Earth against UV radiation (in the stratosphere).
HH:MM:SS
Back
Where is the couple?
FINISH
We are a group called FLUORINATED GASES We are powerful greenhouse gases, but usually not released as much as other GHG.
I am called WATER I am made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxigen atom. Water vapor is a greenhouse gas!
I am called METHANE I am made of 1 carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms.
I am called CARBON DIOXIDE I am made of 1 carbon atom and 2 oxigen atoms.
I am called OZONE I am made of 3 oxigen atoms. I protect the Earth against UV radiation (in the stratosphere).
I am called NITROUS OXIDE I am made of 2 nitrogen atoms and 1 oxigen atom.
Congratulations!
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Greenhouse Gases Quiz
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Test your knowledge about Greenhouse Gases
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Question 1/8
Which gases contribute to the greenhouse effect?
Methane, carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrous oxide, fluorinated gases. Non-greenhouse gases do
not have their molecular structure affected by infrared radiation.
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Greenhouse gases are invisible gases that act like a blanket in the sky. They keep Earth from cooling down.
True. Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere.
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Which one is NOT a greenhouse gas?
O2 (Oxygen) Oxygen molecule is not affected by infrared radiation, while carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor are.
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Global warming potential (GWP) is a measure of how much a greenhouse gas can trap heat in the atmosphere.
True. Using the GWP, one can convert emissions of a gas to CO2-equivalent emissions.
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Which greenhouse gas has the longest lifetime (lives longer) in the atmosphere?
Carbon dioxide. CO2 has a lifetime of thousands of years, and this is one of the reasons why it builds up in the atmosphere and why we need to reduce its emissions. Other gases have shorter lifetimes (e.g., CH4, N2O, H2O) or have much smaller concentrations (e.g., F-gases, N2O).
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Which greenhouse gas (gases) has (have) the largest Global Warming Potential (traps more heat over time)?
Fluorinated gases. Fluorinated gases can have a warming potential up to 23500 times the warming potential of CO2, but they are less abundant in the atmosphere..
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Question 7/8
What does GWP stand for?
Global warming potential. GWP is a measure of how much a greenhouse gas can trap heat in the atmosphere over a period of time.
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We need greenhouse gases to survive but if we have too much it hurts our planet.
True. We need GHG's to keep our planet warm enough for us to survive, but the excess of GHG's can substantially increase the planet's temperature.
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Carbon QUIZ
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Sinks and Sources
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QUESTION 1/7
True. Typically, urban areas have higher emissions of fossil fuels than rural areas. However,
some rural areas can have significant methane emissions.
QUESTION 2/7
True. Plants absorb CO2 and release oxygen during photosynthesis. But, during day and night, theyalso respire, releasing CO2.
QUESTION 3/7
True. Oceans absorb about 25% of carbon dioxide emissions.
QUESTION 4/7
Acidic. CO2 is building up in the surface of oceans, and when oceans become more acidic it is dangerous to shellfish, corals and crustaceans.
QUESTION 5/7
True. Some examples are plants, the ocean, and the soil. Carbon sources are the opposite; they emit more than absorb carbon.
QUESTION 6/7
Cars and trucks. Volcanic eruptions, respiration of living organisms, and ocean's exchanges cannot be controlled by humans; however, cars and trucks' emissions can!
QUESTION 7/7
All options. Some of the consequences of high concentrations of GHGs are the warming of the seas,
warming of the air, and the increasing chances of disasters.
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Link the words
Global Carbon Cycle
Start
Click on the button (pen) on the side to draw >
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Link the words
Global Carbon Cycle
Link the correspondent words
The solution will appear in 30 seconds
Instructions
Atmosphere
Hurihanga waro
Haurehu kati mahana
Carbon dioxide
Greenhouse gas
Hauhā
Carbon cycle
Kōhauhau
Got it right?
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YES
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Urban Carbon Cycle Quiz
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Question 1/8
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False. Cities are large contributors of CO2 fossil fuel emissions, from several economic sectors such as
transportation, commercial and residential, and electricity.
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Walking to school. Burning fossil fuels emit CO2 (carbon dioxide), making rubbish and burps emit CH4 (methane). Did you know when we walk, we also produce CO2? By respiration!
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Bicycle. Cycling requires our human energy, but all other options (car, bus, train) require use of electric energy (if they are electric vehicles), or fossil fuels.
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All options! Trees absorb carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. Walking, cycling, riding scooters and
using electric vehicles prevent emissions from fossil fuel vehicles.
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Transportation. In Auckland, it is estimated that 44% of total emissions are from the transport sector.
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True. It is estimated that 70% of fossil fuel greenhouse gas emissions are from cities.
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Carbon dioxide. Fossil fuel vehicles emit carbon dioxide as a result from the combustion (gasoline and
diesel fuel, in internal combustion engines).
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Methane. When organic waste is sent to landfills it emits CH4.
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Carbon QUIZ
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Measuring
Measuring CO2
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QUESTION 1/6
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Carbon dioxide. For example, 0.04% of the atmosphere is CO2, while methane accounts for 0.00018% and nitrous oxide, 0.00003%. Even such small quantities are enough to trap lots of heat.
QUESTION 2/6
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Parts per million. Atmospheric concentrations of GHGs are expressed as "moles of analysed gas divided by moles of total air". Carbon dioxide is in ppm, while methane and nitrous oxide are measured in ppb (parts per billion).
QUESTION 3/6
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419. According to Stats NZ, "In December 2022, carbon dioxide concentrations were 415 parts per million, up 6 percent since 2012".
QUESTION 4/6
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Atmospheric boundary layer. Also known by Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL).
QUESTION 5/6
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False. All of these variables will change how deep the atmospheric boundary layer is. High temperatures will generate a deep boundary layer. For example, temperature is typically higher in the afternoon, the ABL will be deeper than during the nighttime.
QUESTION 6/6
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True. Because most of air pollutants and greenhouse gases are emitted close to the Earth's surface, they are often trapped within this layer. However, they can also be emitted above the ABL (e.g., airplane emissions).
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URBAN CARBON CYCLE
MEMORY GAME
START
I AM READY
Memorise the positions
Plants take in carbon dioxide through
Fossil fuel vehicles and landfill release greenhouse gases
EMISSIONS are
One source of greenhouse gases is
We are called
“EVs” stand for
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
during the day. Both during day and night they also respire, releasing carbon dioxide!
EMISSIONS,
which contribute to global warming.
THINGS THAT GO INTO THE AIR, like smoke or gases, often coming from cars, factories, or other sources.
ELECTRIC VEHICLES.
They emit much fewer greenhouse gases than petrol vehicles.
GREENHOUSE GASES, or GHGs. We absorb radiation and this helps to trap heat in the atmosphere.
A FOSSIL FUEL VEHICLE.
It releases carbon dioxide and other air pollutants.
HH:MM:SS
Memorise the positions
We are called
HH:MM:SS
Memorise the positions
We are called
“EVs” stand for
GREENHOUSE GASES, or GHGs. We absorb radiation and this helps to trap heat in the atmosphere.
HH:MM:SS
Memorise the positions
One source of greenhouse gases is
“EVs” stand for
ELECTRIC VEHICLES.
They emit much fewer greenhouse gases than petrol vehicles.
HH:MM:SS
Memorise the positions
Plants take in carbon dioxide through
One source of greenhouse gases is
A FOSSIL FUEL VEHICLE.
It releases carbon dioxide and other air pollutants.
HH:MM:SS
Memorise the positions
Plants take in carbon dioxide through
Fossil fuel vehicles and landfill release greenhouse gases
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
during the day. Both during day and night they also respire, releasing carbon dioxide!
HH:MM:SS
Memorise the positions
Fossil fuel vehicles and landfill release greenhouse gases
EMISSIONS are
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
during the day. Both during day and night they also respire, releasing carbon dioxide!
EMISSIONS,
which contribute to global warming.
HH:MM:SS
Memorise the positions
EMISSIONS are
FINISH
THINGS THAT GO INTO THE AIR, like smoke or gases, often coming from cars, factories, or other sources.
your time
HH:MM:SS
Congratulations!
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MEMORY GAME
ACTIVITIES MENU
Measuring CO2
START
I AM READY
Memorise the positions
Scientists use instruments to measure
When the wind is calm
Atmospheric CONCENTRATION is
Low temperatures can
When the wind is strong
High air temperature
how much gases, like carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, are in the air. This is called the
ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATION.
molecules are spread out far from each other, temporarily lowering the atmospheric CONCENTRATION.
molecules can keep close together, temporarily increasing the atmospheric CONCENTRATION
how CLOSE TOGETHER or how SPREAD OUT molecules (gases) are in the air.
keep molecules close to each other, temporarily increasing the atmospheric CONCENTRATION.
keep molecules far from each other, temporarily lowering the atmospheric CONCENTRATION.
HH:MM:SS
Where is the couple?
When the wind is calm
HH:MM:SS
Where is the couple?
When the wind is calm
Low temperatures can
molecules can keep close together, temporarily increasing the atmospheric CONCENTRATION
HH:MM:SS
Where is the couple?
Low temperatures can
When the wind is strong
keep molecules close to each other, temporarily increasing the atmospheric CONCENTRATION.
HH:MM:SS
Where is the couple?
When the wind is strong
High air temperature
molecules are spread out far from each other, temporarily lowering the atmospheric CONCENTRATION.
HH:MM:SS
Where is the couple?
High air temperature
Scientists use instruments to measure
Scientists use instruments to measure
High air temperature
keep molecules far from each other, temporarily lowering the atmospheric CONCENTRATION.
keep molecules far from each other, temporarily lowering the atmospheric CONCENTRATION.
HH:MM:SS
Where is the couple?
Scientists use instruments to measure
Atmospheric CONCENTRATION is
how much gases, like carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, are in the air. This is called the
ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATION.
HH:MM:SS
Where is the couple?
Atmospheric CONCENTRATION is
FINISH
how CLOSE TOGETHER or how SPREAD OUT molecules (gases) are in the air.
your time
HH:MM:SS
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ACTIVITIES MENU
Sinks and Sources Word Search
Start
Find the words
Find the listed words in the grid by looking Horizontal, Vertical, Forward, and Backward:
air animals atmosphere carbon energy fires forest fossil fuel ocean photosynthesis plants power respiration sink source water
Use the drawing pen on the top right of the page or paper and pencil
Once you're done, click below for the answers:
Answer
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Global Carbon Cycle Crossword
ACTIVITIES MENU
Start
Use the drawing pen on the top right of the page or paper and pencil
Crossword
Solve the crossword by placing the correspondent words:
Once you're done, click for the answers:
Answer
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Climate Action
ACTIVITIES MENU
DISCUSSION CARDS:Enviromental Issues
START
Discussion Cards
Goal
Instructions
Raise awareness and discussion about the complexity of climate change issues, some solutions and the
connections with our places and professions. Cards are intended to be used as an "open-safe space"
for ākonga to propose different ideas, fostering a relationship with places/habitats, issues, and exploring solutions.
- Different cards will be presented: Issue, place/habitat, solution.
- For each Enviromental issue, a place/habitat card and a solution card should be combined.
- Look for alike words to help matching issues with
solutions.
- During the discussion, other solutions that are not included in the cards can be proposed to the issue.
- Ākonga might find there may be overlaps i.e. there is more than one solution to an issue. This is expected.
- It is intended for them to gain a
broader understanding about the complexity of environmental problems and how everything is part of
interrelated systems and communities.
- The glossary should be made available during the activity (scientific literacy development).
Info
NEXT
Discussion Cards
On the next pages you will find ISSUE cards.And the goal is to match PLACES/HABITATS cards and SOLUTION cards with the presented ISSUE card. The GLOSSARY information will be available for support.
Title 2
Title 2
Title 2
Title 2
NEXT
Discussion Cards
Choose the card or click next to pass by all cards in the same order they are presented here:
NEXT
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE (click to zoom in) and move a PLACE/HABITAT card and a SOLUTION card that represents the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
ISSUE
PLACE/HABITAT
SOLUTION
Move a PLACE/HABITAT card here
Move a SOLUTION card here
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
RETURN TO CARDS MENU
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE (click to zoom in) and move a PLACE/HABITAT card and a SOLUTION card that represents the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PLACE/HABITAT
SOLUTION
ISSUE
Move a PLACE/HABITAT card here
Move a SOLUTION card here
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
RETURN TO CARDS MENU
RETURN TO CARDS MENU
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE (click to zoom in) and move a PLACE/HABITAT card and a SOLUTION card that represents the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PLACE/HABITAT
SOLUTION
ISSUE
Move a PLACE/HABITAT card here
Move a SOLUTION card here
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
RETURN TO CARDS MENU
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE (click to zoom in) and move a PLACE/HABITAT card and a SOLUTION card that represents the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PLACE/HABITAT
SOLUTION
ISSUE
Move a PLACE/HABITAT card here
Move a SOLUTION card here
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
RETURN TO CARDS MENU
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE (click to zoom in) and move a PLACE/HABITAT card and a SOLUTION card that represents the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PLACE/HABITAT
SOLUTION
ISSUE
Move a PLACE/HABITAT card here
Move a SOLUTION card here
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
RETURN TO CARDS MENU
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE (click to zoom in) and move a PLACE/HABITAT card and a SOLUTION card that represents the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PLACE/HABITAT
SOLUTION
ISSUE
Move a PLACE/HABITAT card here
Move a SOLUTION card here
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
RETURN TO CARDS MENU
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE (click to zoom in) and move a PLACE/HABITAT card and a SOLUTION card that represents the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PLACE/HABITAT
SOLUTION
ISSUE
Move a PLACE/HABITAT card here
Move a SOLUTION card here
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
RETURN TO CARDS MENU
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE (click to zoom in) and move a PLACE/HABITAT card and a SOLUTION card that represents the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PLACE/HABITAT
SOLUTION
ISSUE
Move a PLACE/HABITAT card here
Move a SOLUTION card here
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
RETURN TO CARDS MENU
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE (click to zoom in) and move a PLACE/HABITAT card and a SOLUTION card that represents the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PLACE/HABITAT
SOLUTION
ISSUE
Move a PLACE/HABITAT card here
Move a SOLUTION card here
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
RETURN TO CARDS MENU
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE (click to zoom in) and move a PLACE/HABITAT card and a SOLUTION card that represents the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PLACE/HABITAT
SOLUTION
ISSUE
Move a PLACE/HABITAT card here
Move a SOLUTION card here
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
RETURN TO CARDS MENU
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE (click to zoom in) and move a PLACE/HABITAT card and a SOLUTION card that represents the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PLACE/HABITAT
SOLUTION
ISSUE
Move a PLACE/HABITAT card here
Move a SOLUTION card here
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
RETURN TO CARDS MENU
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE (click to zoom in) and move a PLACE/HABITAT card and a SOLUTION card that represents the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PLACE/HABITAT
SOLUTION
ISSUE
Move a PLACE/HABITAT card here
Move a SOLUTION card here
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
RETURN TO CARDS MENU
Congratulations!
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Climate Action
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ACTIVITIES MENU
DISCUSSION CARDS:Professions
START
Discussion Cards
Goal
Instructions
Raise awareness and discussion about the complexity of climate change issues, some solutions and the
connections with our places and professions. Cards are intended to be used as an "open-safe space"
for ākonga to propose different ideas, fostering a relationship with places/habitats, issues, and possible careers in this field.
- Ideally played after a previous contact with the Discussion Cards: Environmental Issues
- Different cards will be presented: Issue, place/habitat, solution.
- For each pair of Enviromental Issue and Solution, one or more Profession card(s) should be combined.
- Check the profession description to help matching with issues and solutions.
- During the discussion, other options that are not included in the cards can be proposed to the issue.
- Ākonga might find there may be overlaps i.e. there is more than one profession to an issue. This is expected.
- It is intended for them to gain a
broader understanding about the complexity of environmental issues and related professions, and how everything is part of
interrelated systems and communities.
Info
NEXT
Discussion Cards
On the next pages you will find ISSUE cards and SOLUTION cards.And the goal is to match PROFESSION cards with the presented ISSUE/SOLUTION cards. The GLOSSARY information will be available for support.
Title 2
Title 2
Title 2
Title 2
Title 2
NEXT
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE and SOLUTION presented (click to zoom in) and move a PROFESSION card that provides the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PROFESSION
Move a PROFESSION card here
PROFESSION cards: Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE and SOLUTION presented (click to zoom in) and move a PROFESSION card that provides the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PROFESSION
Move a PROFESSION card here
PROFESSION cards: Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE and SOLUTION presented (click to zoom in) and move a PROFESSION card that provides the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PROFESSION
Move a PROFESSION card here
PROFESSION cards: Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE and SOLUTION presented (click to zoom in) and move a PROFESSION card that provides the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PROFESSION
Move a PROFESSION card here
PROFESSION cards: Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE and SOLUTION presented (click to zoom in) and move a PROFESSION card that provides the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PROFESSION
Move a PROFESSION card here
PROFESSION cards: Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE and SOLUTION presented (click to zoom in) and move a PROFESSION card that provides the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PROFESSION
Move a PROFESSION card here
PROFESSION cards: Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE and SOLUTION presented (click to zoom in) and move a PROFESSION card that provides the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PROFESSION
Move a PROFESSION card here
PROFESSION cards: Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE and SOLUTION presented (click to zoom in) and move a PROFESSION card that provides the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PROFESSION
Move a PROFESSION card here
PROFESSION cards: Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE and SOLUTION presented (click to zoom in) and move a PROFESSION card that provides the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PROFESSION
Move a PROFESSION card here
PROFESSION cards: Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE and SOLUTION presented (click to zoom in) and move a PROFESSION card that provides the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PROFESSION
Move a PROFESSION card here
PROFESSION cards: Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE and SOLUTION presented (click to zoom in) and move a PROFESSION card that provides the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PROFESSION
Move a PROFESSION card here
PROFESSION cards: Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE and SOLUTION presented (click to zoom in) and move a PROFESSION card that provides the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PROFESSION
Move a PROFESSION card here
PROFESSION cards: Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
Congratulations!
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CO2 is also released from the ocean’s surface.
Methane is another very important greenhouse gas. It only makes up 0.00018% of the atmosphere but it is a very strong greenhouse gas. Methane is produced naturally by wetlands and by humans from landfills, agriculture, and fossil fuels. The largest sink for methane is reaction with other gases in the atmosphere.
We measure greenhouse gases by counting how much of these gases are in the air, and assess how much heat they can hold and what their long-term effect on the climate is.
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Subtitle
Subtitle
Some other small natural sources of CO2 into the atmosphere are volcanoes and weathering of rocks.
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Climate change is also causing the ocean to get warmer meaning it can store less CO2.
The longest running CO2 record in the world began in 1958. It was started by Charles Keeling of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent and long-lived greenhouse gas. In New Zealand, most nitrous oxide is produced by micro-organisms acting on nitrogen introduced to the soil via livestock urine or synthetic fertilisers.
https://www.nzagrc.org.nz/domestic/nitrous-oxide-research-programme/the-science-of-nitrous-oxide/
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Reducing carbon footprint means making choices that are less harmful for the planet.
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We measure air pollutants based on how much of these harmful substances are in the air and how they affect us in the short term, like causing breathing problems or making the air look dirty.
The questions presented in this quiz are also part of a Kahoot quiz available online. Access to online quiz (Kahoot) using the link:
https://tinyurl.com/CarbonCycleUCM
• Open your Kahoot! and duplicate the "Carbon cycle – UCM: Drive it down!" Kahoot!. • Feel free to adapt questions as it suits.
• Remember: Kahoot! account is free for teachers and students!
kahoot link
Water vapor is another greenhouse gas and plays a key role in climate feedbacks because of its heat-trapping ability.
https://www.epa.gov/climatechange-science/basics-climate-change
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PPM stands for "parts per million", and it's a unit used to measure very small concentrations of something in a solution or mixture, such as gases in the air.
Cambio a largo plazo de las temperaturas y los patrones del clima de la Tierra.
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Carbon emissions are what cause more carbon to build up in the atmosphere, which leads to global warming and climate change.
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Cambio a largo plazo de las temperaturas y los patrones del clima de la Tierra.
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Cambio a largo plazo de las temperaturas y los patrones del clima de la Tierra.
People are adding carbon into the atmosphere faster than it can be removed.
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Different greenhouse gases (GHGs) are measured in CO2e: equivalent amount of CO2 calculated on the basis of the global warming potential index (GWP).
Forests and soils have a role in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.
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Human activities, like burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas), deforestation, and industrial processes, release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (blue line) has increased along with human emissions (gray line) since the start of the Industrial Revolution in 1750. NOAA Climate.gov graph, adapted from original by Dr. Howard Diamond (NOAA ARL). Atmospheric CO2 data from NOAA and ETHZ. CO2 emissions data from Our World in Data and the Global Carbon Project.
Reference
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The questions presented in this quiz are also part of a Kahoot quiz available online. Access to online quiz (Kahoot) using the link:
https://tinyurl.com/CarbonCycleUCM
• Open your Kahoot! and duplicate the "Carbon cycle – UCM: Drive it down!" Kahoot!. • Feel free to adapt questions as it suits.
• Remember: Kahoot! account is free for teachers and students!
kahoot link
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INSTRUCTIONS
Use the interactive pen on the right side of the screen (top), or use regular paper, pen/pencil. The interactive pen will leave a temporary mark on your screen. To turn it on/off, just click on the pen. The idea is only to link the correspondent words. You have 30 seconds to match the words. After that, the solution will automatically appear on the screen. This is a simple word matching, repeat it to learn the words.
Carbon moves around the Earth between these different forms through the ‘carbon cycle’. The carbon cycle contains movement of carbon, in the form of CO2, into and out of the atmosphere.
Check the Carbon Cycle module for more info.
Air pollutants are measured to account for their direct harm to health and the environment, while greenhouse gases are measured to account for their long-term effect on the planet's climate.
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Methane is a potent but relatively short-lived greenhouse gas. In New Zealand, most methane is emitted from the digestive systems of ruminant livestock such as cattle and sheep.
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Cambio a largo plazo de las temperaturas y los patrones del clima de la Tierra.
All discussion cards activities are also available in a pdf format (printable).In case this is easier to facilitate the discussion, check the link below, with instructions and all cards:
Subtitle
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Climate change will cause more wildfires, floods, droughts, and landslides due to heavy rain.
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The questions presented in this quiz are also part of a Kahoot quiz available online. Access to online quiz (Kahoot) using the link:
https://tinyurl.com/CarbonCycleUCM
• Open your Kahoot! and duplicate the "Carbon cycle – UCM: Drive it down!" Kahoot!. • Feel free to adapt questions as it suits.
• Remember: Kahoot! account is free for teachers and students!
kahoot link
Carbon dioxide is also the reference for the global warming potential (GWP).
Greenhouse gases are important for supporting life on Earth, but it is crucial that the sources and sinks are in balance.
Check the Sinks and Sources module for more information.
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Carbon dioxide from urban fossil fuel burning is responsible for 40% of Aotearoa’s gross carbon emissions.
https://www.gns.cri.nz/research-projects/carbonwatch-urban/
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Check for more info: https://niwa.co.nz/atmosphere/carbon-dioxide
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CarbonWatch NZ is an internationally-recognised research programme that will enable New Zealand to make the right decisions for a zero carbon future. CarbonWatch NZ combines measurements of greenhouse gases in the air above New Zealand with models that tell where those gases have come from.
Visit the website
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Each method has its own advantages and is chosen based on where it's being measured and how accurate the results need to be.
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As climate change makes the earth warmer there are more forest fires which releases carbon back into the atmosphere as CO2.
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These gases come from things like driving cars, using electricity, buying goods, and even eating certain foods. The more we do things that release these gases, the bigger our carbon footprint.
As humans have burnt fossil fuels, more and more carbon has been added to the atmosphere and oceans, instead of being stored deep underground.
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The higher the concentration of carbon in the air, the more heat it traps, which makes the planet warmer.
F-gases are man-made gases often used in coolants, foaming agents, fire extinguishers, solvents, pesticides, and aerosol propellants. They are powerful greenhouse gases.
https://www.epa.gov/climatechange-science/basics-climate-change
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Spanish version - Carbon cycle interactive
Carbon GNS
Created on June 9, 2026
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Transcript
The Carbon Cycle and Climate Change
START
This content was based on the booklet developed for the Drive it Down project - GNS Science.The aim is to disseminate science and facilitate the learning of the Carbon Cycle and Climate Change. For a better visualization of the online content: use a desktop screen in full view mode Some pages present clickable items, and you can visualize them by clicking the icon on the top right corner of the page. Enjoy the journey!
intro
START
GreenhouseGases
Climate Change
Sinks and Sources
Urban Carbon Cycle
Global Carbon Cycle
content
Measuring CO2
Climate Action
Kuputaka
Authors
Activities
climate change
What is Climate Change?
How does climate change affect the planet?
Test your knowledge
What is Climate Change?
Climate change refers to long-term changes in the Earth's climate, especially the increase in the average temperature of the planet.
climate change
How does climate change affect the planet?
Climate change affects the planet in many ways. Due to changes in global temperature, extreme events are more likely to happen. Such events can also affect food and water supplies. People can get sick with more diseases and have heat-related illnesses.
climate change
Info
Test your knowledge
Click to play:
Climate ChangeQuiz
Climate Change Bonus Quiz
climate change
After the activities, click home to choose your next topic
greenhouse gases
What is the difference between air pollutants and greenhouse gases?
What is Carbon?
What are greenhouse gases?
What is Carbon Footprint?
Why is the Earth warming?
Test your knowledge
The atmosphere
The atmosphere is a jacket of gases that surround our planet. It is made of:Nitrogen (N2) - 78.1 % Oxygen (O2) - 20.9 % Argon (Ar) - 0.9 % Carbon dioxide (CO2) - 0.04 % And the rest is made of very small amounts of other gases including water vapor.
greenhouse gas
What are Greenhouse Gases?
Greenhouse gases (GHG) are gases in the Earth’s atmosphere that trap heat reflected from the Earth's surface. (like how heat is trapped in a greenhouse) We need some greenhouse gases to survive, without them the earth would be -19°C, which is about the same temperature as your freezer!
greenhouse gas
Why are they important?
Why is the Earth warming?
In recent years, the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased so much that more heat is being trapped, causing the increase in the average temperature of the Earth (planet becoming warmer) and global climate to change. The increase in the amount of greenhouse gases is caused by people and their actions.
greenhouse gas
Info
Why is the Earth warming?
There are a number of gases that contribute to global warming, some of these are:
greenhouse gas
methane carbon dioxide water vapour nitrous oxide fluorinated gases
click on the molecules for more info
What is the difference between air pollutants and greenhouse gases?
Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, which causes the planet to warm up over time.
Air pollutants can harm our health and the environment.
greenhouse gas
Info
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What is the difference between air pollutants and greenhouse gases?
Air pollutants are tracked for their immediate harm to health, while greenhouse gases are measured to account for their potential to change the Earth’s climate over time. The way we look at air pollutants and greenhouse gases is different because they affect the Earth in different ways.
greenhouse gas
Info
What is Carbon?
Carbon is a chemical element and is found in many forms, as an energy source for building things: · Our bodies (18% of a person) – in our DNA, muscles, bones and more · Rocks, soils and the earth’s crust · Fuel (e.g. petrol and diesel) · Oceans · Animals · Plants · Buildings · The atmosphere
greenhouse gas
In the atmosphere, carbon can be found as: CO2 (carbon dioxide) CO (carbon monoxide) CH4 (methane)
What is CO2?
Carbon dioxide, also called CO2 (pronounced see-oh-two), is the most important of the greenhouse gases as it is emitted in large quantities and has a long-lasting influence. CO2 stays in the atmosphere for thousands of years (also known as ‘atmospheric lifetime’). This is one of the reasons why it builds up in the atmosphere and why we need to reduce emissions. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is part of the ‘carbon cycle’.
greenhouse gas
Info
Learn more about the carbon cycle in the Global and Urban Carbon Cycle modules.
Global Warming Potential
Global Warming Potential (GWP) is a way to compare how much heat a greenhouse gas can trap in the atmosphere over a certain period of time. It helps us compare the different greenhouse gases.
greenhouse gas
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Other greenhouse gases have shorter lifetimes or much smaller concentrations in the atmosphere. For example, 0.04% of the atmosphere is CO2, while methane accounts for 0.00018% and nitrous oxide, 0.00003%. Even such small quantities are enough to trap lots of heat.
What is Carbon Footprint?
A carbon footprint is the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other greenhouse gases that are released into the atmosphere because of human activities. It includes things like the energy we use, the food we eat, the products we buy, and the travel we do. The bigger the carbon footprint, the more it contributes to climate change.
greenhouse gas
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greenhouse gas
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carbon sinks and sources
Oceans
Forests
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Fossil Fuel
Forests
CO2 is removed from the atmosphere by plants during photosynthesis, and returned to the atmosphere by respiration of plants, animals and soil microbes and fires.
sinks and sources
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Oceans
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sinks and sources
Oceans also exchange carbon with the atmosphere. CO2 from the air dissolves into the ocean’s surface, where it is used by plants and animals. However, too much carbon in the ocean can damage plants and animals as it makes the water more acidic.
Fossil Fuel
Fossil fuels, such as coal, gas and petrol, are made of mostly carbon and formed from the buried remains of ancient organisms (hence the name ‘fossil’ fuels!). These fossil fuels are burnt to produce electricity, power and heat.
sinks and sources
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Fossil Fuel
Fossil fuels are a large source of the CO2 in our atmosphere. They are burnt by humans, and unlike the ocean and forest sources, fossil fuels do not have a compensating sink.
sinks and sources
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global carbon cycle
The Carbon Cycle
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The Global Carbon Cycle
The carbon cycle contains sources and sinks of carbon.
A carbon sink is a system that takes in more carbon from the atmosphere than it releases.
global carbon cycle
A carbon source is a system that releases more carbon than it takes in.
These sources and sinks control the amount of carbon that is in the atmosphere.
The Global Carbon Cycle
Carbon cycle Hurihanga waro
Carbon Waro
Greenhouse gasesHaurehu kati mahana
AtmosphereKōhauhau
Carbon dioxide Hauhā
PhotosynthesisAhotakakame
VolcanoPuia
global carbon cycle
PlantTipu
RockToka
OceanMoana
Fossil fuelKora mātātoka
ForestNgahere
SoilOneone
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Global Cycle
global carbon cycle
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urban carbon cycle
Why study CO2 in cities?
What are Carbon Emissions?
Test your knowledge
Carbon Cycle in cities
What is Carbon Concentration?
Why study CO2 in cities?
Most of the world’s population live in cities. Cities are large contributors of CO2 fossil fuel emissions with 70% of emissions being from cities.
urban carbon cycle
Auckland is the largest city in Aotearoa New Zealand. In Auckland it is estimated that 44% of the total GHG emissions come from transport!
Why study CO2 in cities?
Typically, the concentrations of greenhouse gases are higher in cities than in rural areas, because there are significantly higher emissions in highly urbanised areas.
urban carbon cycle
Although, in rural areas where there is pasture, lots of methane is also emitted!
Info
The Carbon Cycle in Cities
Greenhouse gasesHaurehu kati mahana
Carbon dioxide Hauhā
AviationRererangi
AtmosphereKōhauhau
urban carbon cycle
CommercialArumoni
TransportTūnuku
IndustryAhumahi
ShippingWakatauā
ResidentialKāenga
PlantTipu
What are Carbon Emissions?
Carbon emissions and carbon concentration both talk about quantifying carbon, but they mean different things.
Carbon emissions are the amount of carbon (usually as carbon dioxide, or CO₂) that is being released into the air. It happens when we burn things like coal, oil, or gas, or through activities like cutting down trees. It measures how much carbon is released over time, like tons of CO₂ per year.
urban carbon cycle
Info
What is Carbon Concentration?
Carbon emissions and carbon concentration both talk about quantifying carbon, but they mean different things.
Carbon Concentration is the amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) that is in the air at any given moment. It’s measured by how much CO₂ is in the air, often shown in parts per million (ppm). For example, how many CO₂ molecules are in the air compared to all the other air molecules.
urban carbon cycle
Info
Emission vs. Concentration
Carbon emissions are the amount of carbon we put into the air. Carbon concentration is the amount of carbon already in the air.
urban carbon cycle
Emissions are like pouring carbon into the atmosphere, and concentration is how much carbon is already there.
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measuring CO2
How to monitor CO2?
Atmospheric mixing
How to measure CO2?
Local CO2 measurements
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Atmospheric mixing
Atmospheric conditions play a big role in how carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other gases spread (or disperse) through the air. Different weather patterns and factors in the atmosphere can either help the carbon spread widely or keep it trapped in one place.
measuring CO2
The wind plays a part in atmospheric mixing. When it isn’t very windy emissions will stay around the area where they were emitted, however strong winds will blow away emissions from the source.
Atmospheric mixing
The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is a thin layer of air (which can range from 100 to 3000 meters) closest to the ground.
measuring CO2
Greenhouse gases are mostly emitted close to the Earth’s surface, within the ‘atmospheric boundary layer’. The atmospheric boundary layer changes height throughout the day and year depending on temperature.
Atmospheric boundary layer
Click on the buttons to see what happens with the ABL throught day/night and summer/winter. Before selecting the next button, click again to turn off the current ABL.
NIGHT
WINTER
SUMMER
DAY
When the earth is cold the boundary layer is shallow, meaning that the emissions are going into a smaler volume. This makes the concentration of gases look higher than during the days and hours of warmer temperatures, when the ABL is deep.
During the night the boundary layer is shallow, meaning that the emissions are going into a smaler volume. If we release the same amounts of gases within a shallow ABL, they will be very dense in that air volume (very close to each other), so will have a higher concentration!
During the day the boundary layer is at its deepest, meaning that the emissions are going into a larger volume and are becoming more spread out. This makes the concentration of gases look smaller.
When the earth is warm the boundary layer is at its deepest, meaning that the emissions are going into a larger volume and are becoming more spread out. This makes the concentration of gases look smaller.
During the day the boundary layer is at its deepest, meaning that the emissions are going into a larger volume and are becoming more spread out. This makes the concentration of gases look smaller.
measuring CO2
How to measure CO2?
Measuring a gas in the air involves detecting the amount of a specific gas:
Concentration: number of molecules per unit of volume. Flux: number of molecules passing through a unit of area per unit time.
measuring CO2
Info
How to measure CO2?
CO2 is measured all around the world for climate change research. When we measure CO2 we are measuring the concentration, not the emissions. The concentration is the amount of CO2 in proportion of the total volume of the air. The emissions are how much CO2 is being put into the atmosphere. CO2 is measured in the unit ‘parts per million’ (ppm).
measuring CO2
Info
How to measure CO2?
If the concentration is 415 ppm, this means that for every million molecules of air, 415 of them are CO2 (415 / 1,000,000).
Because of the changing atmospheric mixing, figuring out emissions from measurements of CO2 concentration can be complicated. For example, emissions in the morning are into a smaller volume of air than emissions in the afternoon, as the boundary layer is lower in the sky, so the concentration of CO2 measured by the analyser will be larger.
measuring CO2
How to measure CO2?
Measuring gases in the air is done using several methods and tools that help scientists determine the concentration of different gases.
For example, scientists can measure atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂), by using:
measuring CO2
Remote sensing
Gas collection flasks
Gas analysers
Info
How to measure CO2?
Long-term monitoring
At Baring Head, near Wellington, the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) has been measuring CO2 since 1972.
measuring CO2
In the Northern Hemisphere there is Mauna Loa (Hawaii), since 1958.
Info
At both of these measurement sites we can see an increase in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere over time.
Info
Local CO2 measurements
This paragraph is ready to be filled with incredible creativity, experiences, and stories.
In Auckland, scientists from GNS Science and NIWA are measuring CO2 concentrations around the city as part of the CarbonWatch-NZ and CarbonWatch-Urban research projects to understand the carbon balance in the country and in the cities.
CarbonWatch-NZ
measuring CO2
Title 2
Title 2
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Local CO2 measurements
Schools
The project to support teaching of carbon cycle and climate change, resulted in effective initiatives from the students to reduce CO2 emissions.
measuring CO2
The project to support teaching of carbon cycle and climate change, resulted in effective initiatives from the students to reduce CO2 emissions.
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climate action
What can we do?
Why take action?
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Sustainable Development Goals
How to reduce my carbon footprint?
Why take action?
Reducing carbon emissions is essential for protecting the environment, improving health, supporting a sustainable economy, and securing a better future for everyone.
climate action
Taking action to reduce carbon emissions is important because it helps protect the planet and our future.
Sustainable Development Goals
The global goals to achieve sustainable development, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), are closely connected to carbon emissions because tackling emissions is essential for achieving many of these goals.
climate action
What can we do?
Everyone can have an impact in reducing CO2 emissions! For example, instead of driving to work or school, you could walk or scooter, whenever this is possible. Some other ways to reduce emissions are:
climate action
Reducing your impact begins with understanding it. Once you know where your emissions are coming from, you can find opportunities to cut down. You can calculate your carbon footprint online to see where most of your emissions are coming from!
How to reduce my carbon footprint?
A carbon footprint is the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other greenhouse gases that are released into the air because of our activities.
Info
Even though we can’t control everything that affects the carbon footprint, there are many ways they can help reduce it and make the world a cleaner place. Here are some ideas:
climate action
By making small changes in everyday life, everyone can help reduce their carbon footprint and contribute to a healthier planet!
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kuputaka
Test your knowledge
Words in Te Reo Māori
Words in Te Reo Māori
This is not meant to be used as a dictionary, it only brings a few words in Te Reo Māori that were used along this material.
Reference: Te Papakupu o Te Marautanga o Aotearoa, available online (https://paekupu.co.nz)
climate change
nitrogen
industry
gas
kuputaka
greenhouse gas
biosphere
carbon cycle
oxygen
wind
scientist
air
atmosphere
carbon dioxide
fossil fuel
Words in Te Reo Māori
This is not meant to be used as a dictionary, it only brings a few words in Te Reo Māori that were used along this material.
Reference: Te Papakupu o Te Marautanga o Aotearoa, available online (https://paekupu.co.nz)
methane
source
ocean
carbon sink
kuputaka
city
forest
carbon footprint
soil
temperature
rock
volcano
transport
carbon
science
-Authors-Based on the booklet designed by Michelle Cosnett Written by Leigh Fleming, edited by Jocelyn Turnbull, Vanessa Monteiro, Erin Edmonds and Cybelli Barbosa Illustrations by Michelle Cosnett (Buravleva Stock, Envato), and by Cybelli Barbosa (Pexels, Canva, Genially) Graphics by Donna Hiraina and Vanessa Monteiro Layout and edition by Cybelli Barbosa -Image credits- CO2 record figure provided by NIWA Stock Imagery by Envato, Pexels, and iStock Getty images -Acknowledgements- Based on the booklet created as part of "Drive it down! Measuring and mitigating school-gate emissions". This project, including the educational resources, was possible thanks to:
CONTACTcwu@gns.cri.nz driveitdown@gns.cri.nz
authors
CONTACTcwu@gns.cri.nz driveitdown@gns.cri.nz
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Climate Change Quiz
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Human activity is one of the causes of climate change. Extreme weather patterns and animal migration are some of the consequences of climate change.
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Due to climate change, weather patterns might become more extreme and less predictable.
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The increase in the average temperature can produce more heatwaves.
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Climate change refers to long-term changes in the Earth's climate, especially the increase in the average temperature of the planet.
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The bonus quiz offers an exciting opportunity to explore additional aspects of Climate Change that weren't covered here. Use this as a chance to expand your knowledge by consulting other research sources to find the answers!
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Human activities, such as burning fossil fuel, have a major impact on climate change.
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TRUE. The burning of fossil fuels, like coal and fuel, releases carbon dioxide, which contributes to global warming.
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Carbon Dioxide (CO2). CO2 is a greenhouse gas, i.e., responsible for trapping heat in the atmosphere.
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Increased global temperatures and rising sea levels are major consequences of global warming.
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Climate change is caused by natural factors AND human activities.
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It is very important to study carbon, to know more about: the amount of carbon stored in forests, the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted by human activities, and the presence of carbon molecules in the atmosphere.
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Greenhouse gases MEMORY GAME
Start
Start
Memorise the positions
We are a group called FLUORINATED GASES We are powerful greenhouse gases, but usually not released as much as other GHG.
I am called WATER I am made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxigen atom. Water vapor is a greenhouse gas!
I am called METHANE I am made of 1 carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms.
I am called CARBON DIOXIDE I am made of 1 carbon atom and 2 oxigen atoms.
I am called OZONE I am made of 3 oxigen atoms. I protect the Earth against UV radiation (in the stratosphere).
I am called NITROUS OXIDE I am made of 2 nitrogen atoms and 1 oxigen atom.
HH:MM:SS
Back
Where is the couple?
HH:MM:SS
Back
I am called CARBON DIOXIDE I am made of 1 carbon atom and 2 oxigen atoms.
HH:MM:SS
Back
Where is the couple?
I am called CARBON DIOXIDE I am made of 1 carbon atom and 2 oxigen atoms.
I am called NITROUS OXIDE I am made of 2 nitrogen atoms and 1 oxigen atom.
HH:MM:SS
Back
Where is the couple?
I am called CARBON DIOXIDE I am made of 1 carbon atom and 2 oxigen atoms.
I am called METHANE I am made of 1 carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms.
I am called NITROUS OXIDE I am made of 2 nitrogen atoms and 1 oxigen atom.
HH:MM:SS
Back
Where is the couple?
I am called WATER I am made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxigen atom. Water vapor is a greenhouse gas!
I am called CARBON DIOXIDE I am made of 1 carbon atom and 2 oxigen atoms.
I am called METHANE I am made of 1 carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms.
I am called NITROUS OXIDE I am made of 2 nitrogen atoms and 1 oxigen atom.
HH:MM:SS
Back
Where is the couple?
I am called WATER I am made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxigen atom. Water vapor is a greenhouse gas!
I am called METHANE I am made of 1 carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms.
I am called NITROUS OXIDE I am made of 2 nitrogen atoms and 1 oxigen atom.
I am called CARBON DIOXIDE I am made of 1 carbon atom and 2 oxigen atoms.
I am called OZONE I am made of 3 oxigen atoms. I protect the Earth against UV radiation (in the stratosphere).
HH:MM:SS
Back
Where is the couple?
FINISH
We are a group called FLUORINATED GASES We are powerful greenhouse gases, but usually not released as much as other GHG.
I am called WATER I am made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxigen atom. Water vapor is a greenhouse gas!
I am called METHANE I am made of 1 carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms.
I am called CARBON DIOXIDE I am made of 1 carbon atom and 2 oxigen atoms.
I am called OZONE I am made of 3 oxigen atoms. I protect the Earth against UV radiation (in the stratosphere).
I am called NITROUS OXIDE I am made of 2 nitrogen atoms and 1 oxigen atom.
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Greenhouse Gases Quiz
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Which gases contribute to the greenhouse effect?
Methane, carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrous oxide, fluorinated gases. Non-greenhouse gases do not have their molecular structure affected by infrared radiation.
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Greenhouse gases are invisible gases that act like a blanket in the sky. They keep Earth from cooling down.
True. Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere.
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Which one is NOT a greenhouse gas?
O2 (Oxygen) Oxygen molecule is not affected by infrared radiation, while carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor are.
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Global warming potential (GWP) is a measure of how much a greenhouse gas can trap heat in the atmosphere.
True. Using the GWP, one can convert emissions of a gas to CO2-equivalent emissions.
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Which greenhouse gas has the longest lifetime (lives longer) in the atmosphere?
Carbon dioxide. CO2 has a lifetime of thousands of years, and this is one of the reasons why it builds up in the atmosphere and why we need to reduce its emissions. Other gases have shorter lifetimes (e.g., CH4, N2O, H2O) or have much smaller concentrations (e.g., F-gases, N2O).
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Which greenhouse gas (gases) has (have) the largest Global Warming Potential (traps more heat over time)?
Fluorinated gases. Fluorinated gases can have a warming potential up to 23500 times the warming potential of CO2, but they are less abundant in the atmosphere..
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What does GWP stand for?
Global warming potential. GWP is a measure of how much a greenhouse gas can trap heat in the atmosphere over a period of time.
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We need greenhouse gases to survive but if we have too much it hurts our planet.
True. We need GHG's to keep our planet warm enough for us to survive, but the excess of GHG's can substantially increase the planet's temperature.
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Carbon QUIZ
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Sinks and Sources
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True. Typically, urban areas have higher emissions of fossil fuels than rural areas. However, some rural areas can have significant methane emissions.
QUESTION 2/7
True. Plants absorb CO2 and release oxygen during photosynthesis. But, during day and night, theyalso respire, releasing CO2.
QUESTION 3/7
True. Oceans absorb about 25% of carbon dioxide emissions.
QUESTION 4/7
Acidic. CO2 is building up in the surface of oceans, and when oceans become more acidic it is dangerous to shellfish, corals and crustaceans.
QUESTION 5/7
True. Some examples are plants, the ocean, and the soil. Carbon sources are the opposite; they emit more than absorb carbon.
QUESTION 6/7
Cars and trucks. Volcanic eruptions, respiration of living organisms, and ocean's exchanges cannot be controlled by humans; however, cars and trucks' emissions can!
QUESTION 7/7
All options. Some of the consequences of high concentrations of GHGs are the warming of the seas, warming of the air, and the increasing chances of disasters.
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Link the words
Global Carbon Cycle
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Link the words
Global Carbon Cycle
Link the correspondent words
The solution will appear in 30 seconds
Instructions
Atmosphere
Hurihanga waro
Haurehu kati mahana
Carbon dioxide
Greenhouse gas
Hauhā
Carbon cycle
Kōhauhau
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YES
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Urban Carbon Cycle Quiz
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False. Cities are large contributors of CO2 fossil fuel emissions, from several economic sectors such as transportation, commercial and residential, and electricity.
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Walking to school. Burning fossil fuels emit CO2 (carbon dioxide), making rubbish and burps emit CH4 (methane). Did you know when we walk, we also produce CO2? By respiration!
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Bicycle. Cycling requires our human energy, but all other options (car, bus, train) require use of electric energy (if they are electric vehicles), or fossil fuels.
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All options! Trees absorb carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. Walking, cycling, riding scooters and using electric vehicles prevent emissions from fossil fuel vehicles.
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Transportation. In Auckland, it is estimated that 44% of total emissions are from the transport sector.
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True. It is estimated that 70% of fossil fuel greenhouse gas emissions are from cities.
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Carbon dioxide. Fossil fuel vehicles emit carbon dioxide as a result from the combustion (gasoline and diesel fuel, in internal combustion engines).
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Methane. When organic waste is sent to landfills it emits CH4.
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Measuring
Measuring CO2
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Carbon dioxide. For example, 0.04% of the atmosphere is CO2, while methane accounts for 0.00018% and nitrous oxide, 0.00003%. Even such small quantities are enough to trap lots of heat.
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Parts per million. Atmospheric concentrations of GHGs are expressed as "moles of analysed gas divided by moles of total air". Carbon dioxide is in ppm, while methane and nitrous oxide are measured in ppb (parts per billion).
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419. According to Stats NZ, "In December 2022, carbon dioxide concentrations were 415 parts per million, up 6 percent since 2012".
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Atmospheric boundary layer. Also known by Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL).
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False. All of these variables will change how deep the atmospheric boundary layer is. High temperatures will generate a deep boundary layer. For example, temperature is typically higher in the afternoon, the ABL will be deeper than during the nighttime.
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True. Because most of air pollutants and greenhouse gases are emitted close to the Earth's surface, they are often trapped within this layer. However, they can also be emitted above the ABL (e.g., airplane emissions).
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URBAN CARBON CYCLE
MEMORY GAME
START
I AM READY
Memorise the positions
Plants take in carbon dioxide through
Fossil fuel vehicles and landfill release greenhouse gases
EMISSIONS are
One source of greenhouse gases is
We are called
“EVs” stand for
PHOTOSYNTHESIS during the day. Both during day and night they also respire, releasing carbon dioxide!
EMISSIONS, which contribute to global warming.
THINGS THAT GO INTO THE AIR, like smoke or gases, often coming from cars, factories, or other sources.
ELECTRIC VEHICLES. They emit much fewer greenhouse gases than petrol vehicles.
GREENHOUSE GASES, or GHGs. We absorb radiation and this helps to trap heat in the atmosphere.
A FOSSIL FUEL VEHICLE. It releases carbon dioxide and other air pollutants.
HH:MM:SS
Memorise the positions
We are called
HH:MM:SS
Memorise the positions
We are called
“EVs” stand for
GREENHOUSE GASES, or GHGs. We absorb radiation and this helps to trap heat in the atmosphere.
HH:MM:SS
Memorise the positions
One source of greenhouse gases is
“EVs” stand for
ELECTRIC VEHICLES. They emit much fewer greenhouse gases than petrol vehicles.
HH:MM:SS
Memorise the positions
Plants take in carbon dioxide through
One source of greenhouse gases is
A FOSSIL FUEL VEHICLE. It releases carbon dioxide and other air pollutants.
HH:MM:SS
Memorise the positions
Plants take in carbon dioxide through
Fossil fuel vehicles and landfill release greenhouse gases
PHOTOSYNTHESIS during the day. Both during day and night they also respire, releasing carbon dioxide!
HH:MM:SS
Memorise the positions
Fossil fuel vehicles and landfill release greenhouse gases
EMISSIONS are
PHOTOSYNTHESIS during the day. Both during day and night they also respire, releasing carbon dioxide!
EMISSIONS, which contribute to global warming.
HH:MM:SS
Memorise the positions
EMISSIONS are
FINISH
THINGS THAT GO INTO THE AIR, like smoke or gases, often coming from cars, factories, or other sources.
your time
HH:MM:SS
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MEMORY GAME
ACTIVITIES MENU
Measuring CO2
START
I AM READY
Memorise the positions
Scientists use instruments to measure
When the wind is calm
Atmospheric CONCENTRATION is
Low temperatures can
When the wind is strong
High air temperature
how much gases, like carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, are in the air. This is called the ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATION.
molecules are spread out far from each other, temporarily lowering the atmospheric CONCENTRATION.
molecules can keep close together, temporarily increasing the atmospheric CONCENTRATION
how CLOSE TOGETHER or how SPREAD OUT molecules (gases) are in the air.
keep molecules close to each other, temporarily increasing the atmospheric CONCENTRATION.
keep molecules far from each other, temporarily lowering the atmospheric CONCENTRATION.
HH:MM:SS
Where is the couple?
When the wind is calm
HH:MM:SS
Where is the couple?
When the wind is calm
Low temperatures can
molecules can keep close together, temporarily increasing the atmospheric CONCENTRATION
HH:MM:SS
Where is the couple?
Low temperatures can
When the wind is strong
keep molecules close to each other, temporarily increasing the atmospheric CONCENTRATION.
HH:MM:SS
Where is the couple?
When the wind is strong
High air temperature
molecules are spread out far from each other, temporarily lowering the atmospheric CONCENTRATION.
HH:MM:SS
Where is the couple?
High air temperature
Scientists use instruments to measure
Scientists use instruments to measure
High air temperature
keep molecules far from each other, temporarily lowering the atmospheric CONCENTRATION.
keep molecules far from each other, temporarily lowering the atmospheric CONCENTRATION.
HH:MM:SS
Where is the couple?
Scientists use instruments to measure
Atmospheric CONCENTRATION is
how much gases, like carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, are in the air. This is called the ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATION.
HH:MM:SS
Where is the couple?
Atmospheric CONCENTRATION is
FINISH
how CLOSE TOGETHER or how SPREAD OUT molecules (gases) are in the air.
your time
HH:MM:SS
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ACTIVITIES MENU
Sinks and Sources Word Search
Start
Find the words
Find the listed words in the grid by looking Horizontal, Vertical, Forward, and Backward:
air animals atmosphere carbon energy fires forest fossil fuel ocean photosynthesis plants power respiration sink source water
Use the drawing pen on the top right of the page or paper and pencil
Once you're done, click below for the answers:
Answer
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Global Carbon Cycle Crossword
ACTIVITIES MENU
Start
Use the drawing pen on the top right of the page or paper and pencil
Crossword
Solve the crossword by placing the correspondent words:
Once you're done, click for the answers:
Answer
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Climate Action
ACTIVITIES MENU
DISCUSSION CARDS:Enviromental Issues
START
Discussion Cards
Goal
Instructions
Raise awareness and discussion about the complexity of climate change issues, some solutions and the connections with our places and professions. Cards are intended to be used as an "open-safe space" for ākonga to propose different ideas, fostering a relationship with places/habitats, issues, and exploring solutions.
Info
NEXT
Discussion Cards
On the next pages you will find ISSUE cards.And the goal is to match PLACES/HABITATS cards and SOLUTION cards with the presented ISSUE card. The GLOSSARY information will be available for support.
Title 2
Title 2
Title 2
Title 2
NEXT
Discussion Cards
Choose the card or click next to pass by all cards in the same order they are presented here:
NEXT
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE (click to zoom in) and move a PLACE/HABITAT card and a SOLUTION card that represents the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
ISSUE
PLACE/HABITAT
SOLUTION
Move a PLACE/HABITAT card here
Move a SOLUTION card here
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
RETURN TO CARDS MENU
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE (click to zoom in) and move a PLACE/HABITAT card and a SOLUTION card that represents the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PLACE/HABITAT
SOLUTION
ISSUE
Move a PLACE/HABITAT card here
Move a SOLUTION card here
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
RETURN TO CARDS MENU
RETURN TO CARDS MENU
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE (click to zoom in) and move a PLACE/HABITAT card and a SOLUTION card that represents the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PLACE/HABITAT
SOLUTION
ISSUE
Move a PLACE/HABITAT card here
Move a SOLUTION card here
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
RETURN TO CARDS MENU
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE (click to zoom in) and move a PLACE/HABITAT card and a SOLUTION card that represents the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PLACE/HABITAT
SOLUTION
ISSUE
Move a PLACE/HABITAT card here
Move a SOLUTION card here
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
RETURN TO CARDS MENU
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE (click to zoom in) and move a PLACE/HABITAT card and a SOLUTION card that represents the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PLACE/HABITAT
SOLUTION
ISSUE
Move a PLACE/HABITAT card here
Move a SOLUTION card here
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
RETURN TO CARDS MENU
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE (click to zoom in) and move a PLACE/HABITAT card and a SOLUTION card that represents the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PLACE/HABITAT
SOLUTION
ISSUE
Move a PLACE/HABITAT card here
Move a SOLUTION card here
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
RETURN TO CARDS MENU
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE (click to zoom in) and move a PLACE/HABITAT card and a SOLUTION card that represents the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PLACE/HABITAT
SOLUTION
ISSUE
Move a PLACE/HABITAT card here
Move a SOLUTION card here
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
RETURN TO CARDS MENU
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE (click to zoom in) and move a PLACE/HABITAT card and a SOLUTION card that represents the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PLACE/HABITAT
SOLUTION
ISSUE
Move a PLACE/HABITAT card here
Move a SOLUTION card here
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
RETURN TO CARDS MENU
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE (click to zoom in) and move a PLACE/HABITAT card and a SOLUTION card that represents the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PLACE/HABITAT
SOLUTION
ISSUE
Move a PLACE/HABITAT card here
Move a SOLUTION card here
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
RETURN TO CARDS MENU
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE (click to zoom in) and move a PLACE/HABITAT card and a SOLUTION card that represents the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PLACE/HABITAT
SOLUTION
ISSUE
Move a PLACE/HABITAT card here
Move a SOLUTION card here
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
RETURN TO CARDS MENU
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE (click to zoom in) and move a PLACE/HABITAT card and a SOLUTION card that represents the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PLACE/HABITAT
SOLUTION
ISSUE
Move a PLACE/HABITAT card here
Move a SOLUTION card here
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
RETURN TO CARDS MENU
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE (click to zoom in) and move a PLACE/HABITAT card and a SOLUTION card that represents the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PLACE/HABITAT
SOLUTION
ISSUE
Move a PLACE/HABITAT card here
Move a SOLUTION card here
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
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Climate Action
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ACTIVITIES MENU
DISCUSSION CARDS:Professions
START
Discussion Cards
Goal
Instructions
Raise awareness and discussion about the complexity of climate change issues, some solutions and the connections with our places and professions. Cards are intended to be used as an "open-safe space" for ākonga to propose different ideas, fostering a relationship with places/habitats, issues, and possible careers in this field.
Info
NEXT
Discussion Cards
On the next pages you will find ISSUE cards and SOLUTION cards.And the goal is to match PROFESSION cards with the presented ISSUE/SOLUTION cards. The GLOSSARY information will be available for support.
Title 2
Title 2
Title 2
Title 2
Title 2
NEXT
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE and SOLUTION presented (click to zoom in) and move a PROFESSION card that provides the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PROFESSION
Move a PROFESSION card here
PROFESSION cards: Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE and SOLUTION presented (click to zoom in) and move a PROFESSION card that provides the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PROFESSION
Move a PROFESSION card here
PROFESSION cards: Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE and SOLUTION presented (click to zoom in) and move a PROFESSION card that provides the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PROFESSION
Move a PROFESSION card here
PROFESSION cards: Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE and SOLUTION presented (click to zoom in) and move a PROFESSION card that provides the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PROFESSION
Move a PROFESSION card here
PROFESSION cards: Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE and SOLUTION presented (click to zoom in) and move a PROFESSION card that provides the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PROFESSION
Move a PROFESSION card here
PROFESSION cards: Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE and SOLUTION presented (click to zoom in) and move a PROFESSION card that provides the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PROFESSION
Move a PROFESSION card here
PROFESSION cards: Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE and SOLUTION presented (click to zoom in) and move a PROFESSION card that provides the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PROFESSION
Move a PROFESSION card here
PROFESSION cards: Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE and SOLUTION presented (click to zoom in) and move a PROFESSION card that provides the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PROFESSION
Move a PROFESSION card here
PROFESSION cards: Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE and SOLUTION presented (click to zoom in) and move a PROFESSION card that provides the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PROFESSION
Move a PROFESSION card here
PROFESSION cards: Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE and SOLUTION presented (click to zoom in) and move a PROFESSION card that provides the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PROFESSION
Move a PROFESSION card here
PROFESSION cards: Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE and SOLUTION presented (click to zoom in) and move a PROFESSION card that provides the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PROFESSION
Move a PROFESSION card here
PROFESSION cards: Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
Combine the cards
Evaluate the ISSUE and SOLUTION presented (click to zoom in) and move a PROFESSION card that provides the best match:
Best correspondent cards:
PROFESSION
Move a PROFESSION card here
PROFESSION cards: Click to zoom in, select the best match, click and drag to move above:
NEXT
Congratulations!
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CO2 is also released from the ocean’s surface.
Methane is another very important greenhouse gas. It only makes up 0.00018% of the atmosphere but it is a very strong greenhouse gas. Methane is produced naturally by wetlands and by humans from landfills, agriculture, and fossil fuels. The largest sink for methane is reaction with other gases in the atmosphere.
We measure greenhouse gases by counting how much of these gases are in the air, and assess how much heat they can hold and what their long-term effect on the climate is.
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Some other small natural sources of CO2 into the atmosphere are volcanoes and weathering of rocks.
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Climate change is also causing the ocean to get warmer meaning it can store less CO2.
The longest running CO2 record in the world began in 1958. It was started by Charles Keeling of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent and long-lived greenhouse gas. In New Zealand, most nitrous oxide is produced by micro-organisms acting on nitrogen introduced to the soil via livestock urine or synthetic fertilisers.
https://www.nzagrc.org.nz/domestic/nitrous-oxide-research-programme/the-science-of-nitrous-oxide/
Download here
Reducing carbon footprint means making choices that are less harmful for the planet.
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We measure air pollutants based on how much of these harmful substances are in the air and how they affect us in the short term, like causing breathing problems or making the air look dirty.
The questions presented in this quiz are also part of a Kahoot quiz available online. Access to online quiz (Kahoot) using the link: https://tinyurl.com/CarbonCycleUCM • Open your Kahoot! and duplicate the "Carbon cycle – UCM: Drive it down!" Kahoot!. • Feel free to adapt questions as it suits. • Remember: Kahoot! account is free for teachers and students!
kahoot link
Water vapor is another greenhouse gas and plays a key role in climate feedbacks because of its heat-trapping ability.
https://www.epa.gov/climatechange-science/basics-climate-change
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PPM stands for "parts per million", and it's a unit used to measure very small concentrations of something in a solution or mixture, such as gases in the air.
Cambio a largo plazo de las temperaturas y los patrones del clima de la Tierra.
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Carbon emissions are what cause more carbon to build up in the atmosphere, which leads to global warming and climate change.
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Cambio a largo plazo de las temperaturas y los patrones del clima de la Tierra.
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Cambio a largo plazo de las temperaturas y los patrones del clima de la Tierra.
People are adding carbon into the atmosphere faster than it can be removed.
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Different greenhouse gases (GHGs) are measured in CO2e: equivalent amount of CO2 calculated on the basis of the global warming potential index (GWP).
Forests and soils have a role in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.
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Human activities, like burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas), deforestation, and industrial processes, release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (blue line) has increased along with human emissions (gray line) since the start of the Industrial Revolution in 1750. NOAA Climate.gov graph, adapted from original by Dr. Howard Diamond (NOAA ARL). Atmospheric CO2 data from NOAA and ETHZ. CO2 emissions data from Our World in Data and the Global Carbon Project.
Reference
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The questions presented in this quiz are also part of a Kahoot quiz available online. Access to online quiz (Kahoot) using the link: https://tinyurl.com/CarbonCycleUCM • Open your Kahoot! and duplicate the "Carbon cycle – UCM: Drive it down!" Kahoot!. • Feel free to adapt questions as it suits. • Remember: Kahoot! account is free for teachers and students!
kahoot link
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INSTRUCTIONS
Use the interactive pen on the right side of the screen (top), or use regular paper, pen/pencil. The interactive pen will leave a temporary mark on your screen. To turn it on/off, just click on the pen. The idea is only to link the correspondent words. You have 30 seconds to match the words. After that, the solution will automatically appear on the screen. This is a simple word matching, repeat it to learn the words.
Carbon moves around the Earth between these different forms through the ‘carbon cycle’. The carbon cycle contains movement of carbon, in the form of CO2, into and out of the atmosphere.
Check the Carbon Cycle module for more info.
Air pollutants are measured to account for their direct harm to health and the environment, while greenhouse gases are measured to account for their long-term effect on the planet's climate.
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Methane is a potent but relatively short-lived greenhouse gas. In New Zealand, most methane is emitted from the digestive systems of ruminant livestock such as cattle and sheep.
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Cambio a largo plazo de las temperaturas y los patrones del clima de la Tierra.
All discussion cards activities are also available in a pdf format (printable).In case this is easier to facilitate the discussion, check the link below, with instructions and all cards:
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Climate change will cause more wildfires, floods, droughts, and landslides due to heavy rain.
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The questions presented in this quiz are also part of a Kahoot quiz available online. Access to online quiz (Kahoot) using the link: https://tinyurl.com/CarbonCycleUCM • Open your Kahoot! and duplicate the "Carbon cycle – UCM: Drive it down!" Kahoot!. • Feel free to adapt questions as it suits. • Remember: Kahoot! account is free for teachers and students!
kahoot link
Carbon dioxide is also the reference for the global warming potential (GWP).
Greenhouse gases are important for supporting life on Earth, but it is crucial that the sources and sinks are in balance.
Check the Sinks and Sources module for more information.
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Carbon dioxide from urban fossil fuel burning is responsible for 40% of Aotearoa’s gross carbon emissions.
https://www.gns.cri.nz/research-projects/carbonwatch-urban/
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Check for more info: https://niwa.co.nz/atmosphere/carbon-dioxide
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CarbonWatch NZ is an internationally-recognised research programme that will enable New Zealand to make the right decisions for a zero carbon future. CarbonWatch NZ combines measurements of greenhouse gases in the air above New Zealand with models that tell where those gases have come from.
Visit the website
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Each method has its own advantages and is chosen based on where it's being measured and how accurate the results need to be.
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As climate change makes the earth warmer there are more forest fires which releases carbon back into the atmosphere as CO2.
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These gases come from things like driving cars, using electricity, buying goods, and even eating certain foods. The more we do things that release these gases, the bigger our carbon footprint.
As humans have burnt fossil fuels, more and more carbon has been added to the atmosphere and oceans, instead of being stored deep underground.
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Cambio a largo plazo de las temperaturas y los patrones del clima de la Tierra.
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The higher the concentration of carbon in the air, the more heat it traps, which makes the planet warmer.
F-gases are man-made gases often used in coolants, foaming agents, fire extinguishers, solvents, pesticides, and aerosol propellants. They are powerful greenhouse gases.
https://www.epa.gov/climatechange-science/basics-climate-change
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