1st Year 2nd Term unit 9 & 10
Grammar & Vocabulary
Start
PROJECT WORK: Law & Punishment
Index
GRAMMAR: Modal Verbs
Law & Punishment
кража в магазине
cудить / преследовать в судебном порядке
обвинение
признать себя виновным
штраф
тюрьма
приговор
обвиняемый / подсудимый
кража
суд
скамья подсудимых
быть обвиненным в
арестовать по обвинению в
выдвигать обвинение
судья
обвинитель
защитник
вызывать свидетелей
освободить условно-досрочно
общественные работы
смертная казнь
отбывать наказание
подвергнуть перекрестному допросу
вынести вердикт
огласить/вынести приговор
получить приговор
удалиться для вынесения вердикта
вердикт "виновен"/ оправдательный вердикт
признавать себя виновным / не признавать свою виновность
break
enforce
obey
LAW
pass
act within
observe
commit
a serious
CRIME
fight
a petty
appear in court
COURT
take smb to court for
return
reach
VERDICT
of guilty
of not guilty
pass
receive
serve
SENTENCE
severe
light
appropriate
Ability
I can play the violin.
We can come tomorrow if you like.
Betty could already speak fluently when she was two.
Will you be able to come tonight?
Mary has never been able to tell a lie.
I'd like to be able to drive a car.
Phillip enjoys being able to work at home.
The athlete was finally able to set a record.
We can hear the sounds of music.
Even though I was short of time I managed to tidy up my room.
The young author finally succeeded in publishing his first book.
May I please use your cell phone?
Can/ Could/ Will/ Would you please open the window?
He asked if he could use my cell phone.
He was allowed to use the cell phone.
It can be very hot in this room in summer.
Before we had an air conditioner, it could be very hot.
Who knows, I may/might/could be wrong.
Ann cannot be here. She is in Italy now.
He may/might not have the slightest idea.
Can/Could she really be over thirty?
I must call my mother today; it's her birthday
All passengers must remain seated during takeoff
You must try this cake; it is absolutely delicious!
I have to wear a uniform at my new job.
I've got to go to the post office before it closes.
I often have to work late on Tuesdays.
Does she usually have to take the train to school?
We had to cancel our picnic because it started raining.
You had to finish the report yesterday, didn't you?
Agatha has had to work hard since she was a child.
You will have to show your passport at the border tomorrow.
I hate having to wake up early on weekends
You don’t have / need to tell her. She knows the news already
You mustn’t tell her. / You can’t tell her. The news may upset her.
You mustn’t get upset!
We needn’t / don’t need to hurry. We have plenty of time.
You needn’t / don’t need to come if you are busy.
You don’t need to have a visa to go to Israel.
Mr Smith does not need to pay the fare. He is an old age pensioner.
We didn’t need to take a taxi as the hotel was within walking distance of everything.
I didn’t need to cook any food. I was leaving that night.
I needn’t have cooked so much food. My friends called and said they were not coming.
I think you should/ought to get some sleep.
Do you think people should / ought to be allowed to carry guns in public?
The medicine shouldn’t / ought not to be used for more than 3 months.
They should have/ ought to have followed his advice.
You shouldn’t have/ ought not to have told her the sad news.
You’d better hurry up; otherwise you will be late for work.
You’d better not show this letter to anybody.
A seminar is to be held inOctober.
They were to get married inJune.
This form is to be filled in andreturned within 10 days.
My boss says that such people are not to be trusted. (strict prohibition)
I was to destroy the document as soon as I’d read it.
VERB FORMS
If you (to see) Jack, tell him I’m looking for him.
theft
to plead guilty / to plead not guilty
have to to inquire about a regularly occurring necessity. The presence of the adverb usually signals that this is a routine rather than a one-time event.
the accused / defendant
be able to use the Infinitive form to be able to after verbs like would like
be allowed to talk about permission actually given in the past, use was/were allowed (not could)
Can is used for future possibility or arrangement
have to the obligation comes from "outside." It is a rule or requirement created by the employer (an external authority), not a personal choice made by the speaker.
should have/ ought to havecriticism about some pastaction
didn’t need to something was not necessary and usually it was not done
to be accused of to be charged with
be able to used for the Future tense because can has no future form
be toindirect commands
had betterstrong advice (warning) ina particular situation, implies negative consequences if the advice is not followed
will have to must does not have a future tense form. To express a necessity that will occur at a specific time in the future, have to is used as the grammatically flexible substitute.
sentence / verdict
can Can/Could (not be able to) are used with verbs of perception: hear, see, smell, understand, remember
can used for general possibility
be able to is required for Perfect tenses
don't have to/ need to Absence of necessity
judge jury
could when reporting a request in the past, use could (not can or may)
mustn't Emphatic advice
may, might, could used for specific possibility (50% sure)
be able to use the -ing form after verbs like enjoy
to arrest on a charge of
can/ could used in questions to express doubt or disbelief
be toarrangements for thefuture
If you see Jack, tell him I’m looking for
him.
verdict of guilty verdict of not guilty
must a strong recommendation. The speaker is giving emphatic advice because they feel strongly that the listener should experience something.
сharge / accusation
prosecuting counsel / prosecutor
to plead guilty
does not need to used to express a general lack ofnecessity
have to a repeated action When using adverbs of frequency like often, always, or usually, we avoid "have got to" and use the standard "have to."
be able to use was/were able to (not could) when describing a specific success on a particular occasion in the past
needn’t / don’t need used to express the speaker’spersonal opinion that somethingis not necessary
to prosecute
shoplifting
had to indicate a past deadline or requirement. In English, since "must" has no past tense form, had to is required to show that the obligation happened in a previous time period.
may, might for negative possibility, use may not or might not
to return/reach a verdict
should/ought toadvice /opinion
had to expresses an obligation in the past. Note that "must" and "had got to" cannot be used to talk about the past; had to is the only correct form for past necessity.
succeed in is used for achieving a goal Note: It is followed by the -ing form
court trial
should/ought toadvice /opinion
could the past version of an occasional characteristic
be toorders and instructions
must the obligation comes from the speaker personal choice or internal desire to do smth
cannot / can't expresses impossibility (strong deduction that it is NOT true)
to summon witnesses
had betterstrong advice (warning) ina particular situation, implies negative consequences if the advice is not followed
mustn't/ can't Prohibition In spoken English must not is usually avoided when you speak to or about another adult. Can’t is normally used instead.
defence counsel
community service
to retire to consider a verdict
to serve a sentence
must public notices and formal documents. It is a command written in formal English to express a strict requirement.
to receive a sentence
Can expresses a general ability in the present
prison / jail
the dock
death penalty / capital punishment
can/could/will/would used for asking for assistance Could and Would are more polite than Can and Will
to pass a sentence
needn’t have cooked someone did something which was not necessary
manage to describes coping with a difficult situation or finding time
to cross-examine
to release on parole
fine
having to the gerund form (having to) because must cannot be used after verbs that require an "-ing" form (like hate or enjoy).
may the most formal way to ask for permission
don’t need to used to express a general lack ofnecessity
to bring charges to press charges
be toindirect commands
didn’t need to used to show that the actionwas not necessary (and usuallywas not performed)
have got to to describe a single, specific action in informal English. It emphasizes a current, one-time necessity rather than a general habit.
needn’t / don’t need used to express the speaker’spermission not to do something
Could expresses a general ability in the past
be toarrangements for thefuture
has had to the present perfect form of "have to" because the modal verb must lacks the necessary grammatical forms to be used with "has" or "have."
should/ought toadvice /opinion
should have/ ought to havecriticism about some pastaction
1st Year test Unit 9 & 10
Татьяна Яблокова
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Transcript
1st Year 2nd Term unit 9 & 10
Grammar & Vocabulary
Start
PROJECT WORK: Law & Punishment
Index
GRAMMAR: Modal Verbs
Law & Punishment
кража в магазине
cудить / преследовать в судебном порядке
обвинение
признать себя виновным
штраф
тюрьма
приговор
обвиняемый / подсудимый
кража
суд
скамья подсудимых
быть обвиненным в
арестовать по обвинению в
выдвигать обвинение
судья
обвинитель
защитник
вызывать свидетелей
освободить условно-досрочно
общественные работы
смертная казнь
отбывать наказание
подвергнуть перекрестному допросу
вынести вердикт
огласить/вынести приговор
получить приговор
удалиться для вынесения вердикта
вердикт "виновен"/ оправдательный вердикт
признавать себя виновным / не признавать свою виновность
break
enforce
obey
LAW
pass
act within
observe
commit
a serious
CRIME
fight
a petty
appear in court
COURT
take smb to court for
return
reach
VERDICT
of guilty
of not guilty
pass
receive
serve
SENTENCE
severe
light
appropriate
Ability
I can play the violin.
We can come tomorrow if you like.
Betty could already speak fluently when she was two.
Will you be able to come tonight?
Mary has never been able to tell a lie.
I'd like to be able to drive a car.
Phillip enjoys being able to work at home.
The athlete was finally able to set a record.
We can hear the sounds of music.
Even though I was short of time I managed to tidy up my room.
The young author finally succeeded in publishing his first book.
May I please use your cell phone?
Can/ Could/ Will/ Would you please open the window?
He asked if he could use my cell phone.
He was allowed to use the cell phone.
It can be very hot in this room in summer.
Before we had an air conditioner, it could be very hot.
Who knows, I may/might/could be wrong.
Ann cannot be here. She is in Italy now.
He may/might not have the slightest idea.
Can/Could she really be over thirty?
I must call my mother today; it's her birthday
All passengers must remain seated during takeoff
You must try this cake; it is absolutely delicious!
I have to wear a uniform at my new job.
I've got to go to the post office before it closes.
I often have to work late on Tuesdays.
Does she usually have to take the train to school?
We had to cancel our picnic because it started raining.
You had to finish the report yesterday, didn't you?
Agatha has had to work hard since she was a child.
You will have to show your passport at the border tomorrow.
I hate having to wake up early on weekends
You don’t have / need to tell her. She knows the news already
You mustn’t tell her. / You can’t tell her. The news may upset her.
You mustn’t get upset!
We needn’t / don’t need to hurry. We have plenty of time.
You needn’t / don’t need to come if you are busy.
You don’t need to have a visa to go to Israel.
Mr Smith does not need to pay the fare. He is an old age pensioner.
We didn’t need to take a taxi as the hotel was within walking distance of everything.
I didn’t need to cook any food. I was leaving that night.
I needn’t have cooked so much food. My friends called and said they were not coming.
I think you should/ought to get some sleep.
Do you think people should / ought to be allowed to carry guns in public?
The medicine shouldn’t / ought not to be used for more than 3 months.
They should have/ ought to have followed his advice.
You shouldn’t have/ ought not to have told her the sad news.
You’d better hurry up; otherwise you will be late for work.
You’d better not show this letter to anybody.
A seminar is to be held inOctober.
They were to get married inJune.
This form is to be filled in andreturned within 10 days.
My boss says that such people are not to be trusted. (strict prohibition)
I was to destroy the document as soon as I’d read it.
VERB FORMS
If you (to see) Jack, tell him I’m looking for him.
theft
to plead guilty / to plead not guilty
have to to inquire about a regularly occurring necessity. The presence of the adverb usually signals that this is a routine rather than a one-time event.
the accused / defendant
be able to use the Infinitive form to be able to after verbs like would like
be allowed to talk about permission actually given in the past, use was/were allowed (not could)
Can is used for future possibility or arrangement
have to the obligation comes from "outside." It is a rule or requirement created by the employer (an external authority), not a personal choice made by the speaker.
should have/ ought to havecriticism about some pastaction
didn’t need to something was not necessary and usually it was not done
to be accused of to be charged with
be able to used for the Future tense because can has no future form
be toindirect commands
had betterstrong advice (warning) ina particular situation, implies negative consequences if the advice is not followed
will have to must does not have a future tense form. To express a necessity that will occur at a specific time in the future, have to is used as the grammatically flexible substitute.
sentence / verdict
can Can/Could (not be able to) are used with verbs of perception: hear, see, smell, understand, remember
can used for general possibility
be able to is required for Perfect tenses
don't have to/ need to Absence of necessity
judge jury
could when reporting a request in the past, use could (not can or may)
mustn't Emphatic advice
may, might, could used for specific possibility (50% sure)
be able to use the -ing form after verbs like enjoy
to arrest on a charge of
can/ could used in questions to express doubt or disbelief
be toarrangements for thefuture
If you see Jack, tell him I’m looking for him.
verdict of guilty verdict of not guilty
must a strong recommendation. The speaker is giving emphatic advice because they feel strongly that the listener should experience something.
сharge / accusation
prosecuting counsel / prosecutor
to plead guilty
does not need to used to express a general lack ofnecessity
have to a repeated action When using adverbs of frequency like often, always, or usually, we avoid "have got to" and use the standard "have to."
be able to use was/were able to (not could) when describing a specific success on a particular occasion in the past
needn’t / don’t need used to express the speaker’spersonal opinion that somethingis not necessary
to prosecute
shoplifting
had to indicate a past deadline or requirement. In English, since "must" has no past tense form, had to is required to show that the obligation happened in a previous time period.
may, might for negative possibility, use may not or might not
to return/reach a verdict
should/ought toadvice /opinion
had to expresses an obligation in the past. Note that "must" and "had got to" cannot be used to talk about the past; had to is the only correct form for past necessity.
succeed in is used for achieving a goal Note: It is followed by the -ing form
court trial
should/ought toadvice /opinion
could the past version of an occasional characteristic
be toorders and instructions
must the obligation comes from the speaker personal choice or internal desire to do smth
cannot / can't expresses impossibility (strong deduction that it is NOT true)
to summon witnesses
had betterstrong advice (warning) ina particular situation, implies negative consequences if the advice is not followed
mustn't/ can't Prohibition In spoken English must not is usually avoided when you speak to or about another adult. Can’t is normally used instead.
defence counsel
community service
to retire to consider a verdict
to serve a sentence
must public notices and formal documents. It is a command written in formal English to express a strict requirement.
to receive a sentence
Can expresses a general ability in the present
prison / jail
the dock
death penalty / capital punishment
can/could/will/would used for asking for assistance Could and Would are more polite than Can and Will
to pass a sentence
needn’t have cooked someone did something which was not necessary
manage to describes coping with a difficult situation or finding time
to cross-examine
to release on parole
fine
having to the gerund form (having to) because must cannot be used after verbs that require an "-ing" form (like hate or enjoy).
may the most formal way to ask for permission
don’t need to used to express a general lack ofnecessity
to bring charges to press charges
be toindirect commands
didn’t need to used to show that the actionwas not necessary (and usuallywas not performed)
have got to to describe a single, specific action in informal English. It emphasizes a current, one-time necessity rather than a general habit.
needn’t / don’t need used to express the speaker’spermission not to do something
Could expresses a general ability in the past
be toarrangements for thefuture
has had to the present perfect form of "have to" because the modal verb must lacks the necessary grammatical forms to be used with "has" or "have."
should/ought toadvice /opinion
should have/ ought to havecriticism about some pastaction