The Romantic Age
History and Literature
Andrea Palmieri - Eleonora Zarlenga 4BL
History
Literature
History
History
George III (1760- 1820)
1. The Boston Massacre(1770), a street brawl between colonies and british soldiers because the colonist don't want to pay taxes imposed.
He was the successor of George II and he was the first Hanoverian king to be born in England. He spoke English as first language. In his reign, he tried to break the influence of wighs, creating his own Party "The king's friends" and he proclaimed as Prime Minister, Lord North, who imposed heavy taxation on the american colonies. This fact provocated two events:
2. The Boston Tea Party (1773), a protest against the Tea Act, with the colonies that destroyed a shipment of tea. They used the motto "No taxation without representation", because there wasn't their representation in the Parliament.
History
The American Revolution(1775)
After this two events, American Revolution started in 1775. On July 4, 1776, the thirteen colonies declared their indipendence from Great Britain. They were led by George Washington, with the assistence of France and Spain, and they started a war against Britain. The war ended in 1781 with the Treaty of Varsailles and Britain accepted the indipendence of the United States of America, but mantained the control of Canada.
History
The Situation in Britain after the war
At the end of the American war, Britain was in the financial ruin. However prosperty was restored thank to William Pitt the younger, who became Prime Minister and restored public finances, imposing a lot of taxes to british and reducing the import duties. He used the principle of Adam Smith.
History
The French Revolution(1789)
It was inspired by the ideals of enlightment like the equality, fraternity and liberty and it attacked the monarchy. In the 1793, when it started the reign of terror, Robespierre sent hundreds of aristocrats to the guillotine. After the execution of Luis XVI and Marie Antoniette, in 1793, the british Prime Minister William Pitt, joined in the anti-revolutionary coalition (Austra and Prussia) and, after this, Britain went to war with France. This war was continued by Napoleon Bonaparte.
History
Napoleon Bonaparte
In 1804 he crowned himself as emperor of France. On 21 october 1805 Admiral Horatio Nelson led the British Navy in its victory over Napoleon fleet in the Battle of Trafalgar. For this Napoleon would never invade Britain, but Nelson died in this battle and he was considered savior of the nation. The Napoleonic Wars continued for 15 years and France conquered much of Europe:
-In 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia but his decline
started -In 1814 he was defeated and abdicated and was exiled in the island of Elba. -In 1815 he returned but was finally defeated at the
Battle of Waterloo by the armies led by the Duke
of Wellington. -At the Congress of Vienna (1815) the old order of
Europe was re-established. Britain gained
colonial territories.
History
Situation after Napoleonic Wars
After the Napoleonic Wars the industrial production of England grew rapidily and the country became a manufactury country, importing materials from colonies. During this period, sailors and soldiers came home unemployed. The Tory government had to pay off the huge war debt, so was prohibited to import grain with the Corn Law where the rich men made a fortune, but the poor sufferedhunger. To prevent disorder, public meeting of worker and trade unions were made illegal by the Combination Act (1800).
History
The Industrial Revolution
In the Industrial Revolution there was technological
innovations, the industrial machines that substituted human workforce. For this, a group of workers called the Luddites, started to destroy machines as a protest. The government suspended the Habeas Corpus, a low which protected men men from illegal detentions and were imprisoned the leaders of the revolt. In Manchester there was a huge demonstration followed, which was
brutally repressed in the Peterloo Massacre (1819).
History
George IV(1820- 1830)
He succeeded his father George III. He was a king who loved art and architecture and he made donations of paintings and books at British Library and National Gallery. He was known for his expenses and extravagances which were an embarrassment for the nation. During his reign passed "the Catholic emancipation bill", which gave catholic and dissenters access to public offices (1829)
History
William IV(1830- 1837)
-The Reform Act (1832), vote extended to all male
members of the middle class-The abolition of slavery (1833) in the British
Empire -The Factory Act (1833) introduced improvements
for the working conditions of children -The Amendment of the Poor Law (1834)
The poor had to go to the workhouses where they lived
and worked in terrible conditions
He succeeded his brother George IV. With him, Britain had relative stability,
but Europe was in turmoil.
He was liberal and passed
a number of reforms:
Literature
Literature
ROMANTICISM
Romanticism is a complex cultural and literary movement in Europe. It was a reaction against the Enlightenment and Neoclassicism, which focused on reason. Romantic writers instead gave importance to imagination, nature, emotions, feelings, the irrational and the supernatural. The official beginning of English Romanticism is marked by the Preface to Lyrical Ballads (1801) by William Wordsworth. This text is considered the manifesto of Romanticism. Its main ideas are:
- nature is very important and is a source of truth and spiritual power.- there is distrust in industrial progress and factories. - interest in simple rural life. -imagination is fundamental to understand reality. - rejection of Neoclassical rules. -importance of emotions and spontaneous feelings. -focus on the inner world of the individual.
Literature
Pre-Romantic Poetry
In the last decades of the 18th century, some poets rejected Classicism and the idea that reason was the most important human faculty. These poets are called pre-Romantics because they anticipated Romanticism. Pre-Romantic poetry has some main features:
- it uses classical forms but romantic themes. - it gives importance to nature over civilisation. it celebrates simple and primitive life. -it has a meditative and melancholic tone. - it rediscovers the Middle Ages. - it shows interest in death, graveyards and ruins. -it includes themes like the exotic, the strange and the sublime.
Literature
Two Generations of Romantic Poets
Poets are divided into two generations.
The first generation includes: -William Wordsworth. - Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Their poems were published in Lyrical Ballads in 1798. Wordsworth writes about simple life using everyday language. Coleridge writes about mystery and the supernatural, often with a dreamlike atmosphere. The second generation includes: - Lord Byron. -Percy Bysshe Shelley. -John Keats.Shelley represents political rebellion and visionary ideas. Byron expresses rejection of social rules. Keats focuses on beauty, sensations and introspection.
Literature
Romantic Prose
Romantic Prose and Romantic novels can be divided into four types: -1)Gothic novel -2)novel of manners - 3)novel of purpose - 4)historical novel
Other Prose Genres Romantic prose also includes essays and treatises. Two important works are: -The work of Edmund Burke is about the sublime. - Wollstonecraft's work defends women's rights.
Literature
Romantic Prose
The Gothic novel began with The Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole and The Mysteries of Udolpho by Ann Radcliffe.
These novels focus on horror, mystery and the supernatural.
An author influenced by this genre is Edgar Allan Poe.
1)
The novel of purpose aims to spread ideas.The best example is Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. It tells the story of a scientist who creates artificial life. It mixes Gothic elements and anticipates science fiction and horror.
2)
four
The novel of manners deals with society, love and marriage.The most important author is Jane Austen, who describes life in provincial England and focuses on women’s conditions.
3)
The historical novel is represented by Walter Scott.His novel Ivanhoe explores the conflict between Saxons and Normans.
4)
four
The Romantic Age
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Transcript
The Romantic Age
History and Literature
Andrea Palmieri - Eleonora Zarlenga 4BL
History
Literature
History
History
George III (1760- 1820)
1. The Boston Massacre(1770), a street brawl between colonies and british soldiers because the colonist don't want to pay taxes imposed.
He was the successor of George II and he was the first Hanoverian king to be born in England. He spoke English as first language. In his reign, he tried to break the influence of wighs, creating his own Party "The king's friends" and he proclaimed as Prime Minister, Lord North, who imposed heavy taxation on the american colonies. This fact provocated two events:
2. The Boston Tea Party (1773), a protest against the Tea Act, with the colonies that destroyed a shipment of tea. They used the motto "No taxation without representation", because there wasn't their representation in the Parliament.
History
The American Revolution(1775)
After this two events, American Revolution started in 1775. On July 4, 1776, the thirteen colonies declared their indipendence from Great Britain. They were led by George Washington, with the assistence of France and Spain, and they started a war against Britain. The war ended in 1781 with the Treaty of Varsailles and Britain accepted the indipendence of the United States of America, but mantained the control of Canada.
History
The Situation in Britain after the war
At the end of the American war, Britain was in the financial ruin. However prosperty was restored thank to William Pitt the younger, who became Prime Minister and restored public finances, imposing a lot of taxes to british and reducing the import duties. He used the principle of Adam Smith.
History
The French Revolution(1789)
It was inspired by the ideals of enlightment like the equality, fraternity and liberty and it attacked the monarchy. In the 1793, when it started the reign of terror, Robespierre sent hundreds of aristocrats to the guillotine. After the execution of Luis XVI and Marie Antoniette, in 1793, the british Prime Minister William Pitt, joined in the anti-revolutionary coalition (Austra and Prussia) and, after this, Britain went to war with France. This war was continued by Napoleon Bonaparte.
History
Napoleon Bonaparte
In 1804 he crowned himself as emperor of France. On 21 october 1805 Admiral Horatio Nelson led the British Navy in its victory over Napoleon fleet in the Battle of Trafalgar. For this Napoleon would never invade Britain, but Nelson died in this battle and he was considered savior of the nation. The Napoleonic Wars continued for 15 years and France conquered much of Europe:
-In 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia but his decline started -In 1814 he was defeated and abdicated and was exiled in the island of Elba. -In 1815 he returned but was finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo by the armies led by the Duke of Wellington. -At the Congress of Vienna (1815) the old order of Europe was re-established. Britain gained colonial territories.
History
Situation after Napoleonic Wars
After the Napoleonic Wars the industrial production of England grew rapidily and the country became a manufactury country, importing materials from colonies. During this period, sailors and soldiers came home unemployed. The Tory government had to pay off the huge war debt, so was prohibited to import grain with the Corn Law where the rich men made a fortune, but the poor sufferedhunger. To prevent disorder, public meeting of worker and trade unions were made illegal by the Combination Act (1800).
History
The Industrial Revolution
In the Industrial Revolution there was technological innovations, the industrial machines that substituted human workforce. For this, a group of workers called the Luddites, started to destroy machines as a protest. The government suspended the Habeas Corpus, a low which protected men men from illegal detentions and were imprisoned the leaders of the revolt. In Manchester there was a huge demonstration followed, which was brutally repressed in the Peterloo Massacre (1819).
History
George IV(1820- 1830)
He succeeded his father George III. He was a king who loved art and architecture and he made donations of paintings and books at British Library and National Gallery. He was known for his expenses and extravagances which were an embarrassment for the nation. During his reign passed "the Catholic emancipation bill", which gave catholic and dissenters access to public offices (1829)
History
William IV(1830- 1837)
-The Reform Act (1832), vote extended to all male members of the middle class-The abolition of slavery (1833) in the British Empire -The Factory Act (1833) introduced improvements for the working conditions of children -The Amendment of the Poor Law (1834) The poor had to go to the workhouses where they lived and worked in terrible conditions
He succeeded his brother George IV. With him, Britain had relative stability, but Europe was in turmoil. He was liberal and passed a number of reforms:
Literature
Literature
ROMANTICISM
Romanticism is a complex cultural and literary movement in Europe. It was a reaction against the Enlightenment and Neoclassicism, which focused on reason. Romantic writers instead gave importance to imagination, nature, emotions, feelings, the irrational and the supernatural. The official beginning of English Romanticism is marked by the Preface to Lyrical Ballads (1801) by William Wordsworth. This text is considered the manifesto of Romanticism. Its main ideas are:
- nature is very important and is a source of truth and spiritual power.- there is distrust in industrial progress and factories. - interest in simple rural life. -imagination is fundamental to understand reality. - rejection of Neoclassical rules. -importance of emotions and spontaneous feelings. -focus on the inner world of the individual.
Literature
Pre-Romantic Poetry
In the last decades of the 18th century, some poets rejected Classicism and the idea that reason was the most important human faculty. These poets are called pre-Romantics because they anticipated Romanticism. Pre-Romantic poetry has some main features:
- it uses classical forms but romantic themes. - it gives importance to nature over civilisation. it celebrates simple and primitive life. -it has a meditative and melancholic tone. - it rediscovers the Middle Ages. - it shows interest in death, graveyards and ruins. -it includes themes like the exotic, the strange and the sublime.
Literature
Two Generations of Romantic Poets
Poets are divided into two generations. The first generation includes: -William Wordsworth. - Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Their poems were published in Lyrical Ballads in 1798. Wordsworth writes about simple life using everyday language. Coleridge writes about mystery and the supernatural, often with a dreamlike atmosphere. The second generation includes: - Lord Byron. -Percy Bysshe Shelley. -John Keats.Shelley represents political rebellion and visionary ideas. Byron expresses rejection of social rules. Keats focuses on beauty, sensations and introspection.
Literature
Romantic Prose
Romantic Prose and Romantic novels can be divided into four types: -1)Gothic novel -2)novel of manners - 3)novel of purpose - 4)historical novel
Other Prose Genres Romantic prose also includes essays and treatises. Two important works are: -The work of Edmund Burke is about the sublime. - Wollstonecraft's work defends women's rights.
Literature
Romantic Prose
The Gothic novel began with The Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole and The Mysteries of Udolpho by Ann Radcliffe. These novels focus on horror, mystery and the supernatural. An author influenced by this genre is Edgar Allan Poe.
1)
The novel of purpose aims to spread ideas.The best example is Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. It tells the story of a scientist who creates artificial life. It mixes Gothic elements and anticipates science fiction and horror.
2)
four
The novel of manners deals with society, love and marriage.The most important author is Jane Austen, who describes life in provincial England and focuses on women’s conditions.
3)
The historical novel is represented by Walter Scott.His novel Ivanhoe explores the conflict between Saxons and Normans.
4)
four