EUROPA
Isabel I of Castilla and Fernando II of Aragón
Francis I
Henry VII. After him, Henry VIII Elizabeth I
Manuel I, the Fortunate
Portugal
Portugal was a pioneer in maritime exploration under the House of Aviz and it reached its peak under the rule of Manuel I, the Fortunate. It remained independent until a succession crisis in 1580, when Felipe II of Spain claimed the throne.
The English Monarchy
The Wars of the Roses ended with the victory of Henry VII, the first Tudor. After him, Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church through the Act of Supremacy (1534), establishing the Church of England. Elizabeth I presided over a Golden Age, famously defeating the Spanish Armada in 1588.
The Holy Roman Empire (HRE)
Unlike France or England, the HRE remained a decentralized elective monarchy. The Habsburg Dynasty held the imperial title almost continuously. The most powerful figure was Charles V (Carlos I of Spain), who ruled a "vast empire where the sun never set," but he failed to unify the German states due to the Protestant Reformation.
Charles V
Italy
Italy was the cultural heart of Europe but politically fragmented. Its wealth made it a primary battleground for the Italian Wars, a long-running conflict mainly between France and the Spanish-Habsburgs for European hegemony.
Ivan III and Ivan IV
The Russian Monarchy
Ivan III laid the foundations by unifying Russian lands. Ivan IV (The Terrible) was the first to be officially crowned "Tsar of All the Russias" in 1547, transforming Russia into a multi-ethnic empire through the conquest of Kazan and Siberia.
Suleiman the Magnificen
The Ottoman Empire
By capturing Constantinople in 1453, the Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire. Under Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century, the empire reached its peak, threatening Central Europe and dominating the Mediterranean trade routes.
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Transcript
EUROPA
Isabel I of Castilla and Fernando II of Aragón
Francis I
Henry VII. After him, Henry VIII Elizabeth I
Manuel I, the Fortunate
Portugal
Portugal was a pioneer in maritime exploration under the House of Aviz and it reached its peak under the rule of Manuel I, the Fortunate. It remained independent until a succession crisis in 1580, when Felipe II of Spain claimed the throne.
The English Monarchy
The Wars of the Roses ended with the victory of Henry VII, the first Tudor. After him, Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church through the Act of Supremacy (1534), establishing the Church of England. Elizabeth I presided over a Golden Age, famously defeating the Spanish Armada in 1588.
The Holy Roman Empire (HRE)
Unlike France or England, the HRE remained a decentralized elective monarchy. The Habsburg Dynasty held the imperial title almost continuously. The most powerful figure was Charles V (Carlos I of Spain), who ruled a "vast empire where the sun never set," but he failed to unify the German states due to the Protestant Reformation.
Charles V
Italy
Italy was the cultural heart of Europe but politically fragmented. Its wealth made it a primary battleground for the Italian Wars, a long-running conflict mainly between France and the Spanish-Habsburgs for European hegemony.
Ivan III and Ivan IV
The Russian Monarchy
Ivan III laid the foundations by unifying Russian lands. Ivan IV (The Terrible) was the first to be officially crowned "Tsar of All the Russias" in 1547, transforming Russia into a multi-ethnic empire through the conquest of Kazan and Siberia.
Suleiman the Magnificen
The Ottoman Empire
By capturing Constantinople in 1453, the Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire. Under Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century, the empire reached its peak, threatening Central Europe and dominating the Mediterranean trade routes.