Sally Park - Unit 2 Project

LGBTQ+ , A Timeline

Unit 2 project: Chapter 1, 2, 4

LGBT 101 - 2667 Sally Park

Colour Index: Please click on [date] to see more information Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 4

Unit 2 project: Chapter 1, 2, 4

LGBTQ+ , A Timeline

1965

1950s

1914

18th - 19th Century

Compton’s Cafeteria Riots

The Homophile Movement.

Edward Carpenter

England's Molly Houses

1969

1940s

Before 1960s

1800s

WWII and Pathologization fof Homosexuality

Kathoey (ladyboy)

The Stonewall Rebellion

Industrialization and Communities

Unit 2 project: Chapter 1, 2, 4

LGBTQ+ , A Timeline

1980

Mid 1970s

1972

1970s

APA & Gender Identity Disorder

Michel Foucault

Esther Newton

Lesbian Herstory Archive.

1973

1975

1986

1970s

APA & homosexuality as a form of sexual behavior

Gayle Rubin

Evelyn Blackwood

Sylvia Rivera and Marsha P. Johnson.

Unit 2 project: Chapter 1, 2, 4

LGBTQ+ , A Timeline

1990s

1992

1990

1987

Henry Abelove and John D’Emilio.

Leslie Feinberg

Judith Butler

ACT UP

1990

1990s

2011

1990

“Queery Theory” and De Lauretis

Two-spirit

Repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell

Eve Sedgwick

Unit 2 project: Chapter 1, 2, 4

LGBTQ+ , A Timeline

2015

Obergefell v. Hodges.

Before 1960s

Kathoey (ladyboy) (Chapter 2)

Kathoey (ladyboy) is the term for third gender and third sex identities in Thailand. Before the 1960s, kathoey referred to anyone in the nonheteronormative sexuality or gender categories. Modern description of kathoey identity describes it as a spectrum that includes male to female transgender individuals, third-gender identity, and effeminate gay men. As shown by the term ladyboy, Southeast Asian third-genders were influenced by globalization and capitalism.

1950s

The Homophile Movement. (Chapter 4)

The homophile movement was a civil rights efforts demanding equal rights for homosexuals, spurred on by the effect of the McCarthyism and anti-gay sentiment. In 1951, The Mattachine Society was founded by Harry Hay, Bob Hull, and Chuck Rowland, and mobilized gay constituents to political and social achievements for homosexuals.

1940s

WWII (Chapter 4)

vDuring WWII, psychologists and military officials held that homosexuality was a mental disorder and excluded gay men from service. They were labeled as a “sexual psychopath” to deter straight men from claiming to be gay to avoid the draft, and when caught, gay service members were questioned and expelled from service with undesirable charges on their records, which could be viewed by employers.

1914

Edward Carpenter. (Chapter 2)

Edward Carpenter published Intermediate Types among Primitive Folk in 1914, an ethnographic research that explored nonheteronormative sexualities and practices as a social function. He developed the theory of intermediacy, and defined intermediates as an umbrella term for people that fell outside of the normative definition of sexuality or gender.

1800s

Industrialization and Communities (Chapter 4)

Industrialization led to sexual orientation based communities being formed in urban centers. In New York, a subculture with its identity terms like fairy (effeminate working class men) and queer (gender normative men who loved men) was formed. In New Orleans, lesbians socialized and formed same sex relationships.

18th - 19th Century

Molly Houses (Chapter 2)

As chronicled by Rictor Norton, molly houses were places in England for gay men to socialize and have same-sex sexual encounters. As these venues were illegal, they were often raided by the police and its homosexual patrons were criminalized or punished.

1965

Compton’s Cafeteria Riots. (Chapter 4)

In 1965, gay and lesbian youth and transwomen held meetings at Compton’s Cafeteria in San Francisco to organize. When the police were called to harass drag queens and transwomen, people rioted in protest of police brutality. This riot was an example of a new push for militant queer resistance against police brutality and fight for queer rights.

1969

The Stonewall Rebellion (Chapter 4)

On June 28th 1969, the Stonewall Inn in NYC was raided by the police without prior tip off. Its gay, trans and lesbian patrons refused to comply with the police, and riots broke out in resistance to police violence and brutality that targeted people in drag or trans sex workers like Sylvia Rivera. It was a key event in the gay rights movement and militant organizations.

1970s

Lesbian Herstory Archive (Chapter 4)

In the mid-1970s, Joan Nestle and Deborah Edel founded the Lesbian Herstory Archive, which worked to preserve material evidence about lesbians. It was important in making sure lesbian existence wasn't erased in history and was an example of LGBTQ+ historian’s work in inserting LGBTQ+ people in the historical narratives.

1970s

Sylvia Rivera and Marsha P. Johnson (Chapter 4)

In the 1970s, Sylvia Rivera and Marsha P. Johnson LGBTQ activists that were involved with the Stonewall Rebellions, founded the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR). They worked to establish shelters for homeless queer youth and sex workers and provide support for people who faced discrimination through homophobia, transphobia, racism, and classism. It was the first organization that was led by trans women of colour.

1972

Esther Newton (Chapter 2)

Mother Camp: Female Impersonators in America was an ethnography published by anthropologist Esther Newton that focused on nonheteronormative sexuality and gender. It studied drag performances by drag queens in the mid 20th century U.S, and the work was important in encouraging further LGBTQ ethnographic research.

1973

APA & Homosexuality as a form of sexual behavior (Chapter 4)

In 1973, The American Psychiatric Association redefined homosexuality in the diagnostic manual as a “form of sexual behavior” and not a psychiatric or mental disorder. This was important to discredit the broad claims that homosexuality was a mental illness that needed to be cured with conversion therapies. This effort was aided by the psychologist Evelyn Hooker.

Mid 1970s

Michel Foucault (Chapter 1)

In the mid 1970s, Michel Foucault published The History of Sexuality, describing the origin of modern homosexual identity and created a theory of sexual identity formation that holds that power provides the conditions needed for sexual identities. He argued that sexology and legal discourse intersected produce the conditions to identify the homosexual identity.

1975

Gayle Rubin (Chapter 1)

Gayle Rubin was a cultural anthropologist, who held a social constructionist view on gender. In “The Traffic in Women: Notes on the ‘Political Economy’ of Sex” she describes the sex-gender system, which is the idea that society transforms biological sexuality into gender roles and produces women as oppressed beings in a heterosexual patriarchal culture.

1980

APA “Gender identity disorder of childhood and “transsexualism” as disorders (Chapter 4)

Although the APA removed homosexuality from its list of mental disorders and redefined it as a form of sexual behavior, the APA introduced “gender identity disorder of childhood” and “transsexualism.” This led to further stigmatization of transgender identities and justification for conversion therapies.

1986

Evelyn Blackwood, ethnography (Chapter 2)

In 1986, The Many Faces of Homosexuality: Anthropological Approaches to Homosexual Behavior was published by Evelyn Blackwood. It was a global ethnography that collected materials on forms of homosexuality from different cultures and historical periods. The tomboi identity in Indonesia was studied by Blackwood.

1987

AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP) (Chapter 4)

In response to the AIDS epidemic, Larry Kramer and others founded the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP). It was a radical activist group that organized to protest the high cost of HIV/AIDS drug treatment and to fight for government action, especially when they cut spending for AIDS education and support. In their demonstrations, they used the slogan of “Silence = Death.”

1990

Eve Sedgwick (Chapter 1)

Eve Sedgwick was a literary theorist who coined the terms minoritizing and universalizing. In Epistemology of the Closet, a foundational queer theory text published in 1990, Sedgwick argues that everyone was assigned a sexual identity in Western culture, and that the history of homosexuality wasn’t a minority history because it was relevant and important to everyone.

1990

Judith Butler (Chapter 1)

In Gender Trouble, Judith Butler established the concept of performativity and suggested that gender identity isn’t an inherent or natural thing, but something established through repeated performance.

1990

“Queery Theory” and DeLauretis (Chapter 1)

The term "queer theory” was coined by film theorist Teresa de Lauretis. Lauretis used the term queer to separate itself from lesbian and gay studies, which focused on the experience of middle class gay men. Queer theory focused on challenging normative views on gender and sexuality, exploring how it intersects with race, class, and other societies and the social constructionist view of gender and sexuality.

1992

Leslie Feinberg (Chapter 1)

Feinberg’s work Transgender Liberation: A Movement Whose Time Has Come helped the term transgender take on its current meaning that broadly addresses queer identity, cross-dressing, access to hormonal therapy, surgical reassignment procedures. Feinberg held that there was no right way to be transgender, and encouraged activism-orientated communities. In 1993, Feinberg published Stone Butch Blues about the experience of a fictional butch lesbian in 1970s New York City, dealing with police brutality and homophobic and transphobic violence.

1990s

Two-spirit (Chapter 2)

In the 1990s, Indigenous groups in North America adopted the term “two spirit.” The term emphasized an indigenous individual’s experience of dual gender and spiritual embodiment, and how it fulfilled a traditional third gender ceremonial role. Two-spirit is associated with nonheteronormative sexuality and nonbinary gender. Asegi, the two-spirit term in Cherokee, is also used. This is an example of the existence of nonheteronormative sexuality and gender in indigenous communities before colonization.

1990s

Henry Abelove and John D’Emilio. (Chapter 2)

Abelove and D’Emilio, queer historians, connected the rise of industry and capitalism in the late 19th and early 20th century to modern LGBTQ+ identity. Through anthropological research, they explored the rise of LGBTQ+ identity coinciding with industrialization, globalization and capitalism, as the heteronormative family unit became less of a necessity for survival. As discussed in chapter 4, same sex communities were established in urban centers, following labor and industrialization.

2011

Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell Repealed (Chapter 1)

Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell was a congressional law instituted by the Bill Clinton administration in 1993. It forced LGBTQ+ service members to keep silent about their sexuality while in the military. It prohibited military officials from discriminating closeted service members, but discharge of gay service members and violence did not stop. The policy was repealed in 2011.

2015

Obergefell v. Hodges. (Chapter 4)

In 2015, the Supreme Court ruled in the case Obergefell v. Hodges that the 14th amendment guaranteed fundamental rights to marriage to same sex couples. In the 2000s, LGBTQ activism saw success in the repeal of the Don't Ask, Don’t Tell policy and marriage equality in 2015. However, it has been critiqued for its assimilationist strategies that focus on the interest of white, middle class gay men, instead of radical social change that protects the interests of vulnerable LGBTQ+ members.

1969

The Stonewall Rebellion (Chapter 4)

On June 28th 1969, the Stonewall Inn in NYC was raided by the police without prior tip off. Its gay, trans and lesbian patrons refused to comply with the police, and riots broke out in resistance to police violence and brutality that targeted people in drag or trans sex workers like Sylvia Rivera. It was a key event in the gay rights movement and militant organizations.

Before 1960s

Kathoey (ladyboy) (Chapter 2)

Kathoey (ladyboy) is the term for third gender and third sex identities in Thailand. Before the 1960s, kathoey referred to anyone in the nonheteronormative sexuality or gender categories. Modern description of kathoey identity describes it as a spectrum that includes male to female transgender individuals, third-gender identity, and effeminate gay men. As shown by the term ladyboy, Southeast Asian third-genders were influenced by globalization and capitalism.

1800s

Industrialization and Communities (Chapter 4)

Industrialization led to sexual orientation based communities being formed in urban centers. In New York, a subculture with its identity terms like fairy (effeminate working class men) and queer (gender normative men who loved men) was formed. In New Orleans, lesbians socialized and formed same sex relationships.

18th - 19th Century

Molly Houses (Chapter 2)

As chronicled by Rictor Norton, molly houses were places in England for gay men to socialize and have same-sex sexual encounters. As these venues were illegal, they were often raided by the police and its homosexual patrons were criminalized or punished.

1950s

The Homophile Movement. (Chapter 4)

The homophile movement was a civil rights efforts demanding equal rights for homosexuals, spurred on by the effect of the McCarthyism and anti-gay sentiment. In 1951, The Mattachine Society was founded by Harry Hay, Bob Hull, and Chuck Rowland, and mobilized gay constituents to political and social achievements for homosexuals.

1940s

WWII (Chapter 4)

vDuring WWII, psychologists and military officials held that homosexuality was a mental disorder and excluded gay men from service. They were labeled as a “sexual psychopath” to deter straight men from claiming to be gay to avoid the draft, and when caught, gay service members were questioned and expelled from service with undesirable charges on their records, which could be viewed by employers.

1965

Compton’s Cafeteria Riots. (Chapter 4)

In 1965, gay and lesbian youth and transwomen held meetings at Compton’s Cafeteria in San Francisco to organize. When the police were called to harass drag queens and transwomen, people rioted in protest of police brutality. This riot was an example of a new push for militant queer resistance against police brutality and fight for queer rights.

1914

Edward Carpenter. (Chapter 2)

Edward Carpenter published Intermediate Types among Primitive Folk in 1914, an ethnographic research that explored nonheteronormative sexualities and practices as a social function. He developed the theory of intermediacy, and defined intermediates as an umbrella term for people that fell outside of the normative definition of sexuality or gender.