Tamsen Eustis Dozier Donner
INTRODUCTION
QUOTES
Historical context
Conclusion
When she was 18, Tamsen moved to Maine to pursue better teaching opportunities She lived and worked in several small towns in Maine, including Boothbay, Wells, and Williamsburg. While in Williamsburg, she wrote to her family in Massachusetts that she worked in:
BACKGROUND
birth and childhood
Birthplace: November 1, 1801, in Newburyport, Massachusetts Parents: William Eustis and Tamesin Wheelwright Tamsen was the youngest of seven children Only she and two of her other siblings, William Jr. and Elizabeth, lived to adulthood When Tamsen was 15, she began training to become a teacher
"a convenient school house, pleasantly situated, (and) board(s) in a remarkably agreeable family"
Williamsburg County, Maine
Gabrielle Burton, Searching for Tamsen Donner (Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press, 2009), 281.
Tamsen moved to North Carolina in 1824 to find better work
Despite these traumas, Tamsen continued to support herself and live independently in North Carolina for five years before moving to Illinois to join her brother William. While working as a schoolteacher in Springfield, Illinois, Tamsen met George Donner, a local farmer.
BACKGROUND
young adult life and first marriage
After moving to North Carolina in 1824, when she was 23, Tamsen married Tully Dozier, a postmaster, in December, 1829. The couple had a child the following year, but the boy's name is unknown. The child died on September 28, 1831. Soon after, on November 18, Tamsen gave birth to a premature daughter, who died immediately. Tuller Dozier died the same year on December 24.
"I am abundantly able at present to take care of myself and to supply every necessary and unnecessary want"
Tamsen's firstborn son and husband were both killed by a cholera epidemic
Ethan Rarick, Desperate Passage: The Donner Party’s Perilous Journey West (Oxford University Press, 2008), 16.
When Tamsen's brother William wrote to her immediately following her husband's death to invite her to live with him, Tamsen replied:
The couple seems to have lived happily in Springfield from 1839 to 1846. Although Tamsen was no longer teaching, she established a "reading society" at her home that often included pamphlets on Western exploration.
BACKGROUND
second marriage
Tamsen married her second husband, George Donner, on May 24, 1839. The couple had three children together: Frances Eustis (1840), Georgia Ann (1841), and Eliza (1843). George also had two older daughters from his first marriage, Elitha, who was seven when they married, and Leanna, who was five.
"I am as happy as I can reasonably expect in this changing world"
Rarick, Desperate Passage, 17.
In a letter to her sister Elizabeth from Springfield, Tamsen wrote:
Tamsen's youngest daughter, Eliza, as a young woman
The two families left Springfield on April 15, 1846, to travel to Independence, Missouri, the most common starting point for the journey to California, and where wagon trains would form to travel together. At the time of their departure, Tamsen's biological daughters were six, five, and three years old. Her two older stepdaughters were 12 and 14.
BACKGROUND
Departure from Illinois
In 1846, George Donner and his brother Jacob, collectively decided to move their two families to California in search of better economic opportunities.
Tamsen's feelings on the move are not recorded, but her daughter Eliza later recalled that her mother:
The most commonly taken route from Independence to Oregon City was about a 2,000 mile journey
"was in accord with my father's wishes, and helped him to carry out his plan"
Eliza Poor Donner Houghton, The Expedition of the Donner Party and Its Tragic Fate (A.C. McClurg & co, 1911), 12
This influx of predominantly white, Christian settlers continued and accelerated the displacement of indigenous peoples, first formalized by the 1830 Indian Removal Act. The annexation of Texas (1845-46) further expedited this pattern as settlers sought to (legally) move into the newly acquired land.
Historical context
The Oregon Trail
Between 1845 and 1846, roughly 5,000 other settlers took the same route as Tamsen and her extended family. Most were small farmers, livestock traders, or craftsmen traveling with their families in search of better economic opportunities than were available in the East. A one-way trip typically spanned four to six months, depending on the speed of travel. Although the route was dangerous, the overall death rate for travellers was relatively small, ranging between 4% - 10% by the middle of the 19th century.
Tamsen's motives for making this journey are complex. As a woman, she had little agency within her immediate family unit. However, she expressed optimism at the prospect of opening an all-girls school once the family reached California and used her self-taught botany skills to sketch and record the new species she encountered.
Mountain Primrose, one of the many unfamiliar varieties of flowers that tamsen sketched, pressed, and described during her travel
The Donner-reed Party
Both families hired teamsters, young single men experienced in animal handling, to help drive the wagons and herd the numerous livestock they were bringing.
The Donner brothers, George and Jacob, met the Reed family in Independence, Missouri, in May of 1846. James Reed, also from Springfield, was travelling with his wife, Margret (32), stepdaughter Virginia (13), daughter Martha Jane (8), sons James and Thomas (5 and 3), and Sarah Keyes, Margret's mother, who had advanced tuberculosis.
The Donner's teamsters were Hiram O. Miller (29), Samuel Shoemaker (25), Noah James (16), Charles Burger (30), John Denton (28), and Augustus Spitzer (30).
The Reed's teamsters were Milford ("Milt") Elliott (28), James Smith (25), and Walter Herron (25). They also had a handyman, Baylis Williams (24), and a cook, Eliza Williams (25).
The two family groups decided to travel together, joining the end of a wagon train of over 500 wagons leaving Independence in a group of nine wagons on May 12, 1846.
The Journey
MAY 12
The Donner-Reed party leaves Independence, Missouri.
Route taken by the Donner Party, showing the Hastings Cutoff—which added 150 miles (240 km) to their travels—in orange
JUNE 16
The Donner-Reed party had traveled 450 miles without major incident.
JULY12
JULY 20
The Donner-Reed Party receives a pamphlet and letter from Lansford Hastings advertising his new route the "Hasting's Cutoff."
At the Little Sandy River in Kentucky, the Donner and Reed families split from the rest of the larger wagon train as the other travellers follow the established trail via Fort Hall. Instead, the smaller group heads for Ft. Bridger, where Hastings has promised to meet and guide them.
In mid-June, about a month into her trip, Tamsen wrote to a friend in Springfield, "indeed, if I do not experience something far worse than I have yet done, I shall say the trouble is all in getting started"
Rarick, Desperate Passage, 30.
The Donner-reed Party
The other families were: The Breen Family from Ireland by way of Keokuk, Iowa The Eddy Family from Belleville, Illinois The Graves Family from Marshall County, Illinois The Murphy Family (Murphys, Fosters, and Pikes were an extended family) The Foster Family The Pike Family The McCutchen Family The Wolfinger Family The Keseberg Family
In total, the number of people who split from the larger wagon train at the Little Sandy River on June 20th was 87. 31 of these 87 were members of either the Donner or Reed families (Sarah Keyes, Margret Reed's mother, having already died from tuberculosis on the journey). The other 56 travellers were either single men or members of other family groups.
There were 21 single men in the party, either employed by one of the families or travelling alone. Eliza Williams (the Reeds' cook) was the only single woman.
The Journey
JULY 27
The Donner-Reed party arrives at Fr. Bridger. They learn Hastings left the previous week leading the wagons that had already arrived and leaving instructions for later groups to follow him.
JULY 31
The Wasatch Mountains
The Donner-Reed party leaves Ft. Bridger, following Hastings' written instructions.
AUGUST 6
AUGUST 10
The Donner-Reed Party stops near the mouth of Echo Canyon, Utah. Hastings has left a note for them, warning them that the road ahead is impassable. James Reed and two others ride forward to get instructions from Hastings.
The three men return and direct the party over the new route Hastings showed them. The party starts on this new route but make slow progress as they have to cut a path for the wagons through the thick forest of the Wasatch Mountains.
Before leaving Ft. Bridger, James Reed wrote to his brother-in-law that "Mr. Bridger informs me that it is a fine, level road with plenty of water and grass. It is estimated that 700 miles (1,100 km) will take us to Captain Sutter's fort, which we hope to make in seven weeks from this day"
The Journey
AUGUST 22
The Donner-Reed party finally descends from the Wasatch Mountains after almost two weeks of bushwacking a new trail. The enter the Salt Lake Valley. With just a month of summer remaining, there are still 600 miles (970 kilometers) to go.
AUGUST 30
The Great Salt Lake Desert
The Donner-Reed party begins to cross the Great Salt Lake Desert.
SEPTEMBER 25
The party arrives at the Humboldt River, where the cutoff meets the standard trail, which is actually 125 miles (201 kilometers) shorter than Hastings Cutoff. The wagon train they had split from at the Little Sandy River had already passed this point two to three weeks prior.
SEPTEMBER 8
The Donner-Reed Party finish the five-day journey across the eighty-mile desert, which Hastings had said was half as wide. They have lost 36 head of cattle and four wagons have to be abandoned.
“2 days—2 nights—hard driving—cross—desert—reach water” Note left by Hastings for the party at the edge of the great salt lake desert
The Journey
Stumps of trees cut at the Alder Creek site by members of the Donner Party, photograph taken in 1866. The height of the stumps indicates the depth of snow.
OCTOBER 6
OCTOBER 31
The Donner-Reed party arrives at the Truckee River, which will lead them into the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
The front axle of George Donner's family wagon breaks; while making a new one, George cuts his hand badly. George and Jacob's group lags behind while the rest of the party moves on.
NOVEMBER 6
The two sections of the Donner-Reed Party camp for the winter. The Donner families remain separated from the main group at Truckee Lake, about 6 miles further up the trail at Alder Creek. The groups decide to try to wait out the winter in place and cross the Sierra Nevadas in early spring.
NOVEMBER 2
"The weather was already very cold, and the heavy clouds hung over the mountains . Some wanted to stop and rest their cattle. Others, in fear of the snow, were in favor of pushing ahead as fast as possible." John Breen, October 1846
The Donner-Reed Party attempts to cross the Sierra Nevada Mountains through the final summit pass but are stopped by a snowstorm.
The winter of 1846-1847
Of this "Forlorn Hope" Party, only seven (two men and five women) survived the journey, reaching Sutter’s Fort 22 days later on January 17. Their escape from the mountains began the rescue effort for those who remained.
Of the 60 people camped at Truckee Lake that winter, 19 were men over age 18, 12 were women, and 29 were children, six of whom were toddlers or younger. Farther down the trail, close to Alder Creek, the Donner family group included six men, three women, and twelve children in all.
Three separate "relief parties" continued the process of bringing stranded settlers out of the mountain camps, beginning with those most able to walk without assistance.
On December 16, a party of 17 men, women and children set out on foot in an attempt to cross the Sierra Nevadas. They sought to reach Sutter's Fort, from which further rescue operations could begin.
The First Relief Party arrived at the camps on February 18, the Second on March 1, and the Third on March 14.
Evacuation from Alder Creek
When the Third Relief Party left Alder Creek in mid-March, Tamsen Donner could still walk without assistance. George Donner, however, was extremely ill and unable to be moved.
All five of Tamsen's stepdaughters and daughters with George Donner were rescued from the camp at Alder Creek alive.
Tamsen Donner refused to leave her dying husband and was left behind as one of the last five living people in the Alder Creek Camp.
Elitha Donner (13) and Leanna Charity Donner (11) were evacuated by the First Relief Party. Frances Donner (6), Georgia Ann Donner (4), and Eliza Poor Donner (3) were all evacuated by the Third Relief Party.
The site of the alder creek camp
Before the Third Relief Party, led by William Eddy and William Foster (both members of the "Forlorn Hope" Party that was first to escape the mountains), left Alder Creek on March 14, both men encouraged Tamsen to come with them.
DEATH
Tamsen made it to the cabin formerly inhabited by the Breen Family. There, she met Lewis Keseberg. According to his account, she died the first night after her arrival. On April 17, 1847, the Fourth Relief reached the lake. Lewis Keseberg, surrounded by half-eaten corpses (including Tamsen’s), was the only person still alive.
Final Days
Tamsen Donner's final days can be reconstructed using evidence from the Third and Fourth Relief Parties.
As of March 14, Tamsen was still alive and in reasonably good health, with rescuers believing she could walk out under her own power. Sometime near the end of March, George Donner died. After her husband's death, Tamsen left Alder Creek and travelled to where the main party had camped on the shores of Truckee Lake.
Lewis Keseberg
KeseBerg's Culpability?
After being threatened by the Fourth Relief Party with lynching, Keseberg admitted he had cached $273 of the Donners' money, allegedly at Tamsen's suggestion, so that it could one day benefit her children. This money was never found.
When the Fourth Relief Party arrived at Truckee Lake, Lewis Keseberg was the person person still alive.
Keseberg was taken from the camp by the Fourth Relief Party.
When questioned, Keseberg stated that he had eaten the corpses of other settlers to survive, but that all had died of natural causes. The Relief Party was suspicious, especially given that Keseberg was found with valuables belonging to many of the deceased.
Keseberg was never formally tried or arrested for any crimes but gained infamy as a monstrous cannibal. Despite the sensationalist press that immediately followed this event, it is impossible to determine whether he actively contributed to the death of any other settlers or was simply a victim of circumstance. Certainly, Keseberg’s status as a recent German immigrant to the U.S. contributed to his notoriety.
In the Breen cabin, the Fourth Relief Party found George Donner's pistols, Tamsen's jewelry, and $250 in gold, along with human flesh in a pot.
Afterword
After her rescue, Leanna lived, for the most part, with her sister Elitha until her marriage to John App in 1852. The couple had three children, and Leanna lived until 1930.
All five of George Donner's daughters survived the ordeal, including Tamsen Donner's three younger, biological daughters. Tamsen Donner's body was never recovered. The orphaned Donner daughters, ranging from 14 to three, were temporarily cared for at Sutter's Fort immediately following their rescue.
In June 1847, just three months after her rescue, Elitha (14) married Perry McCoon at Sutter's Fort in Sacramento. They had one daughter, Elizabeth (1849–1850). McCoon died in 1851. Elitha remarried in 1953 to Benjamin R. Wilder, with whom she had several children. She lived to be 90.
Elitha Donner with her first husband, Perry McCoon, and daughter Elizabeth in 1949
The two older girls, Elitha (14) and Leanna (12) were not formally adopted.
Afterword
An older Swiss couple, Christian and Mary Brunner, living in Sutter's Fort, took Eliza (3) and her sister, Georgia (5), into their home for 7 years. At that time, Georgia moved with the Brunners to Sonoma, California, while Eliza went to live with her older half-sister, Elitha, who was now married. The oldest of the three younger girls, Frances (6), was adopted by the Reed family, one of the only families in the Donner-Reed Party to survive intact (apart from Mrs. Reed’s mother, who died of tuberculosis early in the trip) with both parents and all four children leaving Truckee Lake alive. In 1911, when Eliza was in her sixties, she published her memoir, The Expedition of the Donner Party and its Tragic Fate.
Eliza and georgia donner with Mary brunner in 1850
THE SOURCE(S)
Eliza's Book
Tamsen's Letters
Tamsen Donner wrote letters to her hometown newspaper, The Springfield Journal, documenting her travel, two of which survive. The first letter was written in June and published in July, the second was written in July and published in August. Both letters predate the Donner-Reed party encountering any significant difficulties.
Tamsen Donner's youngest daughter, Eliza, later published a first-person account of her experiences. This book, Expedition of the Donner Party and Its Tragic Fate, was published in 1911, 64 years after the events it described. The author was 3 years old at the time of the events.
QUOTE #1
About the Native americans she encountered, Tamsen wrote:
This quote reveals both Tamsen's perception that she should not feel these emotions, yet she is unable not to, based on her experiences, which contradict what she has been told to expect.
"All are so friendly that I cannot help feeling sympathy and friendship for them"
QUOTE #2
About her travelling compansions, Tamsen Wrote:
Of the larger wagon train Tamsen's family travelled with, the Donners were among the wealthiest families. She expressed distaste for those whose manners she found rough, particularly the Irish and German immigrant families.
“We have [some] of the best people in our company, and some, too, that are not so good"
QUOTE #3
About her time on the trail, tamsen wrote that she had time to:
Tamsen kept a detailed journal of the flora she encountered and frequently taught informal lessons to groups of children from among the wagons, but most of her time was occupied with cooking and cleaning for her family and the men they had hired to help them.
"botanize and read some, but cook[ed] ‘heaps’ more"
QUOTE #4
In her book, Eliza recalled her Mother:
George Donner’s hand, originally injured on October 31 as he tried to repair a broken wagon axle with a chisel, gradually became more and more infected and eventually gangrenous. This infection resulted in a high fever, delirium, and eventually death. All accounts of Tamsen during this time depict her as a dedicated nurse to her husband.
"sitting by my father's side, with a basin of warm water upon her lap, laving the wounded and inflamed parts very tenderly, with a strip of frayed linen wrapped around a little stick"
QUOTE #5
In her book, Eliza recalled her Mother telling the Relief Parties that she would:
Tamsen’s refusal to leave her husband, a choice which eventually led to her death, is attested to in several sources. She insisted that her three younger children (the youngest of whom was only three and needed to be carried) be taken over the Sierra Nevadas by the Third Relief Party, but stayed behind herself with George.
"remain and care for him [George Donner] until both should be rescued, or death should part them"
QUOTE #6 and #7
In her book, Eliza recalled her Mother telling her, before she left with the third relief party:
Eliza’s memories of saying goodbye to her mother are likely influenced by romanticization and hindsight. Eliza, who was only three at the time, suggests that Tamsen was aware that staying behind would lead to her death but stoically refused to leave her husband.
"I may never see you again, but God will take care of you"
After THis, Eliza and her sisters:
"listened to the sound of her voice, felt her good-bye kisses, and watched her hasten away to father, over the snow, through the pines, and out of sight, and knew that we must not follow"
Relationship to westward Expansion
Both accounts attest to the inherent danger settlers faced throughout their journeys. Particularly, they reveal the significant commercial industry that developed around the publication of pamphlet guides for immigrants during this period. Often, these pamphlets contained inflated depictions of the wonders settlers could expect to find in the West, intended to promote Westward Expansion and often indirectly benefited those involved in this process (the owners of forts, guides, writers, and those who sought to incorporate more states into the Union by forcibly seizing land from Mexico and Great Britain through population growth).
Biases
Both accounts were composed with the intention of publication. Tamsen's letters depict her travels as a generally positive experience. Eliza's book, published significantly after the events, attempts to refute some of the most sensationalized aspects of the Donner-Reed Party story. In her account, Eliza denies consuming any human flesh herself, but acknowledges that families were fewer resources than her own many have done so.
Biases
Both accounts portray the Donner-Reed Party as hapless victims of Landsford Hastings' deception. Eliza discusses the emotional trauma inflicted by the resulting rumors of cannibalism and her decision to continue using her maiden name despite the associated stigma. Interestingly, Tamsen's second letter alludes to her misgivings about taking the Hastings' Cutoff, but concedes that her husband, George, seems set on this decision. Neither woman examines the ethics of Westward Expansion, but both speak positively about numerous indigenous people they personally encountered.
MYTH
CONTEXT
Later narratives portray Tamsen as the epitome of a virtuous, pious white Christian woman who was brutally killed by Keseberg, a German immigrant.
MARTYR
A significant part of Tamsen's depiction emphasizes her refusal to leave her dying husband, even as she begged the Third Relief Party to save her three youngest daughters.
MOTHER
Tamsen's letters and Eliza's book detail the many responsibilities Tamsen assumed in caring for her family, both during the "normal" days of their trail journey and the perilous days spent trapped at Alder Creek.
WIFE
The 1918 Pioneer Monument at Donner Camp
Both Tamsen's letters and Eliza's book situate Tamsen firmly as subordinate to her husband, George.
Though she questions the decision to take the Hastings' Cutoff, he does not contradict George.
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Tamsen Eustis Dozier Donner
Hanna Van Reed
Created on March 24, 2026
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Transcript
Tamsen Eustis Dozier Donner
INTRODUCTION
QUOTES
Historical context
Conclusion
When she was 18, Tamsen moved to Maine to pursue better teaching opportunities She lived and worked in several small towns in Maine, including Boothbay, Wells, and Williamsburg. While in Williamsburg, she wrote to her family in Massachusetts that she worked in:
BACKGROUND
birth and childhood
Birthplace: November 1, 1801, in Newburyport, Massachusetts Parents: William Eustis and Tamesin Wheelwright Tamsen was the youngest of seven children Only she and two of her other siblings, William Jr. and Elizabeth, lived to adulthood When Tamsen was 15, she began training to become a teacher
"a convenient school house, pleasantly situated, (and) board(s) in a remarkably agreeable family"
Williamsburg County, Maine
Gabrielle Burton, Searching for Tamsen Donner (Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press, 2009), 281.
Tamsen moved to North Carolina in 1824 to find better work
Despite these traumas, Tamsen continued to support herself and live independently in North Carolina for five years before moving to Illinois to join her brother William. While working as a schoolteacher in Springfield, Illinois, Tamsen met George Donner, a local farmer.
BACKGROUND
young adult life and first marriage
After moving to North Carolina in 1824, when she was 23, Tamsen married Tully Dozier, a postmaster, in December, 1829. The couple had a child the following year, but the boy's name is unknown. The child died on September 28, 1831. Soon after, on November 18, Tamsen gave birth to a premature daughter, who died immediately. Tuller Dozier died the same year on December 24.
"I am abundantly able at present to take care of myself and to supply every necessary and unnecessary want"
Tamsen's firstborn son and husband were both killed by a cholera epidemic
Ethan Rarick, Desperate Passage: The Donner Party’s Perilous Journey West (Oxford University Press, 2008), 16.
When Tamsen's brother William wrote to her immediately following her husband's death to invite her to live with him, Tamsen replied:
The couple seems to have lived happily in Springfield from 1839 to 1846. Although Tamsen was no longer teaching, she established a "reading society" at her home that often included pamphlets on Western exploration.
BACKGROUND
second marriage
Tamsen married her second husband, George Donner, on May 24, 1839. The couple had three children together: Frances Eustis (1840), Georgia Ann (1841), and Eliza (1843). George also had two older daughters from his first marriage, Elitha, who was seven when they married, and Leanna, who was five.
"I am as happy as I can reasonably expect in this changing world"
Rarick, Desperate Passage, 17.
In a letter to her sister Elizabeth from Springfield, Tamsen wrote:
Tamsen's youngest daughter, Eliza, as a young woman
The two families left Springfield on April 15, 1846, to travel to Independence, Missouri, the most common starting point for the journey to California, and where wagon trains would form to travel together. At the time of their departure, Tamsen's biological daughters were six, five, and three years old. Her two older stepdaughters were 12 and 14.
BACKGROUND
Departure from Illinois
In 1846, George Donner and his brother Jacob, collectively decided to move their two families to California in search of better economic opportunities.
Tamsen's feelings on the move are not recorded, but her daughter Eliza later recalled that her mother:
The most commonly taken route from Independence to Oregon City was about a 2,000 mile journey
"was in accord with my father's wishes, and helped him to carry out his plan"
Eliza Poor Donner Houghton, The Expedition of the Donner Party and Its Tragic Fate (A.C. McClurg & co, 1911), 12
This influx of predominantly white, Christian settlers continued and accelerated the displacement of indigenous peoples, first formalized by the 1830 Indian Removal Act. The annexation of Texas (1845-46) further expedited this pattern as settlers sought to (legally) move into the newly acquired land.
Historical context
The Oregon Trail
Between 1845 and 1846, roughly 5,000 other settlers took the same route as Tamsen and her extended family. Most were small farmers, livestock traders, or craftsmen traveling with their families in search of better economic opportunities than were available in the East. A one-way trip typically spanned four to six months, depending on the speed of travel. Although the route was dangerous, the overall death rate for travellers was relatively small, ranging between 4% - 10% by the middle of the 19th century.
Tamsen's motives for making this journey are complex. As a woman, she had little agency within her immediate family unit. However, she expressed optimism at the prospect of opening an all-girls school once the family reached California and used her self-taught botany skills to sketch and record the new species she encountered.
Mountain Primrose, one of the many unfamiliar varieties of flowers that tamsen sketched, pressed, and described during her travel
The Donner-reed Party
Both families hired teamsters, young single men experienced in animal handling, to help drive the wagons and herd the numerous livestock they were bringing.
The Donner brothers, George and Jacob, met the Reed family in Independence, Missouri, in May of 1846. James Reed, also from Springfield, was travelling with his wife, Margret (32), stepdaughter Virginia (13), daughter Martha Jane (8), sons James and Thomas (5 and 3), and Sarah Keyes, Margret's mother, who had advanced tuberculosis.
The Donner's teamsters were Hiram O. Miller (29), Samuel Shoemaker (25), Noah James (16), Charles Burger (30), John Denton (28), and Augustus Spitzer (30).
The Reed's teamsters were Milford ("Milt") Elliott (28), James Smith (25), and Walter Herron (25). They also had a handyman, Baylis Williams (24), and a cook, Eliza Williams (25).
The two family groups decided to travel together, joining the end of a wagon train of over 500 wagons leaving Independence in a group of nine wagons on May 12, 1846.
The Journey
MAY 12
The Donner-Reed party leaves Independence, Missouri.
Route taken by the Donner Party, showing the Hastings Cutoff—which added 150 miles (240 km) to their travels—in orange
JUNE 16
The Donner-Reed party had traveled 450 miles without major incident.
JULY12
JULY 20
The Donner-Reed Party receives a pamphlet and letter from Lansford Hastings advertising his new route the "Hasting's Cutoff."
At the Little Sandy River in Kentucky, the Donner and Reed families split from the rest of the larger wagon train as the other travellers follow the established trail via Fort Hall. Instead, the smaller group heads for Ft. Bridger, where Hastings has promised to meet and guide them.
In mid-June, about a month into her trip, Tamsen wrote to a friend in Springfield, "indeed, if I do not experience something far worse than I have yet done, I shall say the trouble is all in getting started"
Rarick, Desperate Passage, 30.
The Donner-reed Party
The other families were: The Breen Family from Ireland by way of Keokuk, Iowa The Eddy Family from Belleville, Illinois The Graves Family from Marshall County, Illinois The Murphy Family (Murphys, Fosters, and Pikes were an extended family) The Foster Family The Pike Family The McCutchen Family The Wolfinger Family The Keseberg Family
In total, the number of people who split from the larger wagon train at the Little Sandy River on June 20th was 87. 31 of these 87 were members of either the Donner or Reed families (Sarah Keyes, Margret Reed's mother, having already died from tuberculosis on the journey). The other 56 travellers were either single men or members of other family groups.
There were 21 single men in the party, either employed by one of the families or travelling alone. Eliza Williams (the Reeds' cook) was the only single woman.
The Journey
JULY 27
The Donner-Reed party arrives at Fr. Bridger. They learn Hastings left the previous week leading the wagons that had already arrived and leaving instructions for later groups to follow him.
JULY 31
The Wasatch Mountains
The Donner-Reed party leaves Ft. Bridger, following Hastings' written instructions.
AUGUST 6
AUGUST 10
The Donner-Reed Party stops near the mouth of Echo Canyon, Utah. Hastings has left a note for them, warning them that the road ahead is impassable. James Reed and two others ride forward to get instructions from Hastings.
The three men return and direct the party over the new route Hastings showed them. The party starts on this new route but make slow progress as they have to cut a path for the wagons through the thick forest of the Wasatch Mountains.
Before leaving Ft. Bridger, James Reed wrote to his brother-in-law that "Mr. Bridger informs me that it is a fine, level road with plenty of water and grass. It is estimated that 700 miles (1,100 km) will take us to Captain Sutter's fort, which we hope to make in seven weeks from this day"
The Journey
AUGUST 22
The Donner-Reed party finally descends from the Wasatch Mountains after almost two weeks of bushwacking a new trail. The enter the Salt Lake Valley. With just a month of summer remaining, there are still 600 miles (970 kilometers) to go.
AUGUST 30
The Great Salt Lake Desert
The Donner-Reed party begins to cross the Great Salt Lake Desert.
SEPTEMBER 25
The party arrives at the Humboldt River, where the cutoff meets the standard trail, which is actually 125 miles (201 kilometers) shorter than Hastings Cutoff. The wagon train they had split from at the Little Sandy River had already passed this point two to three weeks prior.
SEPTEMBER 8
The Donner-Reed Party finish the five-day journey across the eighty-mile desert, which Hastings had said was half as wide. They have lost 36 head of cattle and four wagons have to be abandoned.
“2 days—2 nights—hard driving—cross—desert—reach water” Note left by Hastings for the party at the edge of the great salt lake desert
The Journey
Stumps of trees cut at the Alder Creek site by members of the Donner Party, photograph taken in 1866. The height of the stumps indicates the depth of snow.
OCTOBER 6
OCTOBER 31
The Donner-Reed party arrives at the Truckee River, which will lead them into the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
The front axle of George Donner's family wagon breaks; while making a new one, George cuts his hand badly. George and Jacob's group lags behind while the rest of the party moves on.
NOVEMBER 6
The two sections of the Donner-Reed Party camp for the winter. The Donner families remain separated from the main group at Truckee Lake, about 6 miles further up the trail at Alder Creek. The groups decide to try to wait out the winter in place and cross the Sierra Nevadas in early spring.
NOVEMBER 2
"The weather was already very cold, and the heavy clouds hung over the mountains . Some wanted to stop and rest their cattle. Others, in fear of the snow, were in favor of pushing ahead as fast as possible." John Breen, October 1846
The Donner-Reed Party attempts to cross the Sierra Nevada Mountains through the final summit pass but are stopped by a snowstorm.
The winter of 1846-1847
Of this "Forlorn Hope" Party, only seven (two men and five women) survived the journey, reaching Sutter’s Fort 22 days later on January 17. Their escape from the mountains began the rescue effort for those who remained.
Of the 60 people camped at Truckee Lake that winter, 19 were men over age 18, 12 were women, and 29 were children, six of whom were toddlers or younger. Farther down the trail, close to Alder Creek, the Donner family group included six men, three women, and twelve children in all.
Three separate "relief parties" continued the process of bringing stranded settlers out of the mountain camps, beginning with those most able to walk without assistance.
On December 16, a party of 17 men, women and children set out on foot in an attempt to cross the Sierra Nevadas. They sought to reach Sutter's Fort, from which further rescue operations could begin.
The First Relief Party arrived at the camps on February 18, the Second on March 1, and the Third on March 14.
Evacuation from Alder Creek
When the Third Relief Party left Alder Creek in mid-March, Tamsen Donner could still walk without assistance. George Donner, however, was extremely ill and unable to be moved.
All five of Tamsen's stepdaughters and daughters with George Donner were rescued from the camp at Alder Creek alive.
Tamsen Donner refused to leave her dying husband and was left behind as one of the last five living people in the Alder Creek Camp.
Elitha Donner (13) and Leanna Charity Donner (11) were evacuated by the First Relief Party. Frances Donner (6), Georgia Ann Donner (4), and Eliza Poor Donner (3) were all evacuated by the Third Relief Party.
The site of the alder creek camp
Before the Third Relief Party, led by William Eddy and William Foster (both members of the "Forlorn Hope" Party that was first to escape the mountains), left Alder Creek on March 14, both men encouraged Tamsen to come with them.
DEATH
Tamsen made it to the cabin formerly inhabited by the Breen Family. There, she met Lewis Keseberg. According to his account, she died the first night after her arrival. On April 17, 1847, the Fourth Relief reached the lake. Lewis Keseberg, surrounded by half-eaten corpses (including Tamsen’s), was the only person still alive.
Final Days
Tamsen Donner's final days can be reconstructed using evidence from the Third and Fourth Relief Parties.
As of March 14, Tamsen was still alive and in reasonably good health, with rescuers believing she could walk out under her own power. Sometime near the end of March, George Donner died. After her husband's death, Tamsen left Alder Creek and travelled to where the main party had camped on the shores of Truckee Lake.
Lewis Keseberg
KeseBerg's Culpability?
After being threatened by the Fourth Relief Party with lynching, Keseberg admitted he had cached $273 of the Donners' money, allegedly at Tamsen's suggestion, so that it could one day benefit her children. This money was never found.
When the Fourth Relief Party arrived at Truckee Lake, Lewis Keseberg was the person person still alive.
Keseberg was taken from the camp by the Fourth Relief Party.
When questioned, Keseberg stated that he had eaten the corpses of other settlers to survive, but that all had died of natural causes. The Relief Party was suspicious, especially given that Keseberg was found with valuables belonging to many of the deceased.
Keseberg was never formally tried or arrested for any crimes but gained infamy as a monstrous cannibal. Despite the sensationalist press that immediately followed this event, it is impossible to determine whether he actively contributed to the death of any other settlers or was simply a victim of circumstance. Certainly, Keseberg’s status as a recent German immigrant to the U.S. contributed to his notoriety.
In the Breen cabin, the Fourth Relief Party found George Donner's pistols, Tamsen's jewelry, and $250 in gold, along with human flesh in a pot.
Afterword
After her rescue, Leanna lived, for the most part, with her sister Elitha until her marriage to John App in 1852. The couple had three children, and Leanna lived until 1930.
All five of George Donner's daughters survived the ordeal, including Tamsen Donner's three younger, biological daughters. Tamsen Donner's body was never recovered. The orphaned Donner daughters, ranging from 14 to three, were temporarily cared for at Sutter's Fort immediately following their rescue.
In June 1847, just three months after her rescue, Elitha (14) married Perry McCoon at Sutter's Fort in Sacramento. They had one daughter, Elizabeth (1849–1850). McCoon died in 1851. Elitha remarried in 1953 to Benjamin R. Wilder, with whom she had several children. She lived to be 90.
Elitha Donner with her first husband, Perry McCoon, and daughter Elizabeth in 1949
The two older girls, Elitha (14) and Leanna (12) were not formally adopted.
Afterword
An older Swiss couple, Christian and Mary Brunner, living in Sutter's Fort, took Eliza (3) and her sister, Georgia (5), into their home for 7 years. At that time, Georgia moved with the Brunners to Sonoma, California, while Eliza went to live with her older half-sister, Elitha, who was now married. The oldest of the three younger girls, Frances (6), was adopted by the Reed family, one of the only families in the Donner-Reed Party to survive intact (apart from Mrs. Reed’s mother, who died of tuberculosis early in the trip) with both parents and all four children leaving Truckee Lake alive. In 1911, when Eliza was in her sixties, she published her memoir, The Expedition of the Donner Party and its Tragic Fate.
Eliza and georgia donner with Mary brunner in 1850
THE SOURCE(S)
Eliza's Book
Tamsen's Letters
Tamsen Donner wrote letters to her hometown newspaper, The Springfield Journal, documenting her travel, two of which survive. The first letter was written in June and published in July, the second was written in July and published in August. Both letters predate the Donner-Reed party encountering any significant difficulties.
Tamsen Donner's youngest daughter, Eliza, later published a first-person account of her experiences. This book, Expedition of the Donner Party and Its Tragic Fate, was published in 1911, 64 years after the events it described. The author was 3 years old at the time of the events.
QUOTE #1
About the Native americans she encountered, Tamsen wrote:
This quote reveals both Tamsen's perception that she should not feel these emotions, yet she is unable not to, based on her experiences, which contradict what she has been told to expect.
"All are so friendly that I cannot help feeling sympathy and friendship for them"
QUOTE #2
About her travelling compansions, Tamsen Wrote:
Of the larger wagon train Tamsen's family travelled with, the Donners were among the wealthiest families. She expressed distaste for those whose manners she found rough, particularly the Irish and German immigrant families.
“We have [some] of the best people in our company, and some, too, that are not so good"
QUOTE #3
About her time on the trail, tamsen wrote that she had time to:
Tamsen kept a detailed journal of the flora she encountered and frequently taught informal lessons to groups of children from among the wagons, but most of her time was occupied with cooking and cleaning for her family and the men they had hired to help them.
"botanize and read some, but cook[ed] ‘heaps’ more"
QUOTE #4
In her book, Eliza recalled her Mother:
George Donner’s hand, originally injured on October 31 as he tried to repair a broken wagon axle with a chisel, gradually became more and more infected and eventually gangrenous. This infection resulted in a high fever, delirium, and eventually death. All accounts of Tamsen during this time depict her as a dedicated nurse to her husband.
"sitting by my father's side, with a basin of warm water upon her lap, laving the wounded and inflamed parts very tenderly, with a strip of frayed linen wrapped around a little stick"
QUOTE #5
In her book, Eliza recalled her Mother telling the Relief Parties that she would:
Tamsen’s refusal to leave her husband, a choice which eventually led to her death, is attested to in several sources. She insisted that her three younger children (the youngest of whom was only three and needed to be carried) be taken over the Sierra Nevadas by the Third Relief Party, but stayed behind herself with George.
"remain and care for him [George Donner] until both should be rescued, or death should part them"
QUOTE #6 and #7
In her book, Eliza recalled her Mother telling her, before she left with the third relief party:
Eliza’s memories of saying goodbye to her mother are likely influenced by romanticization and hindsight. Eliza, who was only three at the time, suggests that Tamsen was aware that staying behind would lead to her death but stoically refused to leave her husband.
"I may never see you again, but God will take care of you"
After THis, Eliza and her sisters:
"listened to the sound of her voice, felt her good-bye kisses, and watched her hasten away to father, over the snow, through the pines, and out of sight, and knew that we must not follow"
Relationship to westward Expansion
Both accounts attest to the inherent danger settlers faced throughout their journeys. Particularly, they reveal the significant commercial industry that developed around the publication of pamphlet guides for immigrants during this period. Often, these pamphlets contained inflated depictions of the wonders settlers could expect to find in the West, intended to promote Westward Expansion and often indirectly benefited those involved in this process (the owners of forts, guides, writers, and those who sought to incorporate more states into the Union by forcibly seizing land from Mexico and Great Britain through population growth).
Biases
Both accounts were composed with the intention of publication. Tamsen's letters depict her travels as a generally positive experience. Eliza's book, published significantly after the events, attempts to refute some of the most sensationalized aspects of the Donner-Reed Party story. In her account, Eliza denies consuming any human flesh herself, but acknowledges that families were fewer resources than her own many have done so.
Biases
Both accounts portray the Donner-Reed Party as hapless victims of Landsford Hastings' deception. Eliza discusses the emotional trauma inflicted by the resulting rumors of cannibalism and her decision to continue using her maiden name despite the associated stigma. Interestingly, Tamsen's second letter alludes to her misgivings about taking the Hastings' Cutoff, but concedes that her husband, George, seems set on this decision. Neither woman examines the ethics of Westward Expansion, but both speak positively about numerous indigenous people they personally encountered.
MYTH
CONTEXT
Later narratives portray Tamsen as the epitome of a virtuous, pious white Christian woman who was brutally killed by Keseberg, a German immigrant.
MARTYR
A significant part of Tamsen's depiction emphasizes her refusal to leave her dying husband, even as she begged the Third Relief Party to save her three youngest daughters.
MOTHER
Tamsen's letters and Eliza's book detail the many responsibilities Tamsen assumed in caring for her family, both during the "normal" days of their trail journey and the perilous days spent trapped at Alder Creek.
WIFE
The 1918 Pioneer Monument at Donner Camp
Both Tamsen's letters and Eliza's book situate Tamsen firmly as subordinate to her husband, George.
Though she questions the decision to take the Hastings' Cutoff, he does not contradict George.
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