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Stage 1 - High Stationary

• High birth and death rates → population stays low and stable

• Typical of pre-industrial societies

Why birth rates are high:

• Children needed for farming

• High infant mortality

• Little access to family planning

Why death rates are high:

• Disease and famine

• Poor healthcare

• Low life expectancy

Stage 2 - Early Expanding

• High birth rates, falling death rates → rapid population growth

• Population becomes younger

• Common in low-income countries

Why birth rates stay high:

• Children needed for farming

• High infant mortality

• Limited access to family planning

Why death rates fall:

• Improved healthcare

• Better water and sanitation

• Falling infant mortality

Stage 3 - Late expanding

• Falling birth and death rates → slowing population growth

• Shift towards a more urban, industrial society

• Common in middle-income countries

Why birth rates fall:

• Less need for children in farming

• Urbanisation and industrialisation

• Improved healthcare and living standards

Why death rates fall:

• Better healthcare

• Improved water and sanitation

• Lower infant mortality

Stage 4 - Low stationary

• Low birth and death rates → stable or slow population growth

• Population begins to age

• Common in high-income countries

Why birth rates are low:

• Higher status of women

• Access to family planning

• High cost of raising children

• Later marriages and smaller families

Why death rates are low:

• Advanced healthcare

• Reliable food supply

• High living standards

Stage 5 - Declining

• Very low birth rates below death rates → population decline

• Strong ageing population

• Seen in some high-income countries

Why birth rates are very low:

• Higher status of women

• Widespread family planning

• High cost of raising children

• Later marriages and smaller families

Why death rates remain low:

• Advanced healthcare

• Reliable food supply

• High living standards