1st Year 2nd Term unit 11 & 12
Grammar & Vocabulary
Start
PROJECT WORK: ARTS
Index
GRAMMAR: Infinitive
ARTS
аплодировать стоя
сцена
бурные споры
оперный театр
написатьмузыку к фильму
исполнять произведения
выпустить вмеждународный прокат
картина изображает
снять новую экранизацию
выпустить новый сингл
в фильме снимался
пьеса
акварель
масло
пуантилизм
выступление
полотно
фрески
хор
репетировать
отзыв
билеты распроданы
режиссер
постановка
за кулисами
боевик
малобюджетный
куратор выставки
шедевр
сюжет
премьера
абстрактная живопись
натюрморд
консерватория
пейзаж
аншлаг
художественная литература
театральный обзор
научная фантастика
биография
дебют
исторический художественный фильм
слова песни
кассовый успех
оперный театр
сольный концерт / творческий вечер
исполнительница главной женской роли
исполнитель главной мужской роли
снимать фильм
выпустить сингл
в фильме снимается
иметь оглушительный успех
предложить вознаграждение
conservatoire debut biopic sci-fi
обвинитель
защитник
вызывать свидетелей
освободить условно-досрочно
общественные работы
смертная казнь
отбывать наказание
подвергнуть перекрестному допросу
вынести вердикт
огласить/вынести приговор
получить приговор
удалиться для вынесения вердикта
вердикт "виновен"/ оправдательный вердикт
признавать себя виновным / не признавать свою виновность
break
enforce
obey
LAW
pass
act within
observe
commit
a serious
CRIME
fight
a petty
appear in court
COURT
take smb to court for
return
reach
VERDICT
of guilty
of not guilty
pass
receive
serve
SENTENCE
severe
light
appropriate
Ability
I can play the violin.
We can come tomorrow if you like.
Betty could already speak fluently when she was two.
Will you be able to come tonight?
Mary has never been able to tell a lie.
I'd like to be able to drive a car.
Phillip enjoys being able to work at home.
The athlete was finally able to set a record.
We can hear the sounds of music.
Even though I was short of time I managed to tidy up my room.
The young author finally succeeded in publishing his first book.
May I please use your cell phone?
Can/ Could/ Will/ Would you please open the window?
He asked if he could use my cell phone.
He was allowed to use the cell phone.
It can be very hot in this room in summer.
Before we had an air conditioner, it could be very hot.
Who knows, I may/might/could be wrong.
Ann cannot be here. She is in Italy now.
He may/might not have the slightest idea.
Can/Could she really be over thirty?
I must call my mother today; it's her birthday
All passengers must remain seated during takeoff
You must try this cake; it is absolutely delicious!
I have to wear a uniform at my new job.
I've got to go to the post office before it closes.
I often have to work late on Tuesdays.
Does she usually have to take the train to school?
We had to cancel our picnic because it started raining.
You had to finish the report yesterday, didn't you?
Agatha has had to work hard since she was a child.
You will have to show your passport at the border tomorrow.
I hate having to wake up early on weekends
You don’t have / need to tell her. She knows the news already
You mustn’t tell her. / You can’t tell her. The news may upset her.
You mustn’t get upset!
We needn’t / don’t need to hurry. We have plenty of time.
You needn’t / don’t need to come if you are busy.
You don’t need to have a visa to go to Israel.
Mr Smith does not need to pay the fare. He is an old age pensioner.
We didn’t need to take a taxi as the hotel was within walking distance of everything.
I didn’t need to cook any food. I was leaving that night.
I needn’t have cooked so much food. My friends called and said they were not coming.
I think you should/ought to get some sleep.
Do you think people should / ought to be allowed to carry guns in public?
The medicine shouldn’t / ought not to be used for more than 3 months.
They should have/ ought to have followed his advice.
You shouldn’t have/ ought not to have told her the sad news.
You’d better hurry up; otherwise you will be late for work.
You’d better not show this letter to anybody.
A seminar is to be held inOctober.
They were to get married inJune.
This form is to be filled in andreturned within 10 days.
My boss says that such people are not to be trusted. (strict prohibition)
I was to destroy the document as soon as I’d read it.
VERB FORMS
If you (to see) Jack, tell him I’m looking for him.
the full house
masterpiece
to plead guilty / to plead not guilty
Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin – Oak trees. Evening
Venus de Milo Alexandros of Antioch
choir
Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky – Rainbow 1873
backstage
have to to inquire about a regularly occurring necessity. The presence of the adverb usually signals that this is a routine rather than a one-time event.
canvas
landscape
Leonardo da Vinci – Lady with an Ermine –
be able to use the Infinitive form to be able to after verbs like would like
action film
be allowed to talk about permission actually given in the past, use was/were allowed (not could)
The Thinker by Auguste Rodin
recital
Can is used for future possibility or arrangement
the curator of the exhibition
have to the obligation comes from "outside." It is a rule or requirement created by the employer (an external authority), not a personal choice made by the speaker.
director
should have/ ought to havecriticism about some pastaction
didn’t need to something was not necessary and usually it was not done
Michelangelo's Pietà
to be accused of to be charged with
Isaak Levitan - Birchwood
Michelangelo Buonarroti – Creation of Adam – Vatican Museums (fresco), Vatican.
performance
be able to used for the Future tense because can has no future form
Isaak Levitan - Golden Autumn1895
pointillism
be toindirect commands
Sandro Botticelli – Portrait of a Young Man National Gallery UK
had betterstrong advice (warning) ina particular situation, implies negative consequences if the advice is not followed
will have to must does not have a future tense form. To express a necessity that will occur at a specific time in the future, have to is used as the grammatically flexible substitute.
the male lead
conservatoire or conservatory
Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin – Morning in a Pine Forest
can Can/Could (not be able to) are used with verbs of perception: hear, see, smell, understand, remember
can used for general possibility
be able to is required for Perfect tenses
Claude-Oscar Monet – The Water-Lily Pond National Gallery UK
don't have to/ need to Absence of necessity
to release a single
costume drama
Alessandro Botticelli – The Birth of Venus – Uffizi gallery, Florence
could when reporting a request in the past, use could (not can or may)
mustn't Emphatic advice
rehearse
may, might, could used for specific possibility (50% sure)
be able to use the -ing form after verbs like enjoy
sci-fi
can/ could used in questions to express doubt or disbelief
be toarrangements for thefuture
debut
production
If you see Jack, tell him I’m looking for
him.
verdict of guilty verdict of not guilty
must a strong recommendation. The speaker is giving emphatic advice because they feel strongly that the listener should experience something.
plot
prosecuting counsel / prosecutor
Vasily Vereshchagin – Apotheosis of War
Mikhail Vrubel – Demon (seated)
Vincent van Gogh – Sunflowers National Gallery UK
the first night
does not need to used to express a general lack ofnecessity
opera house
have to a repeated action When using adverbs of frequency like often, always, or usually, we avoid "have got to" and use the standard "have to."
to offer a reward
be able to use was/were able to (not could) when describing a specific success on a particular occasion in the past
lyrics
Michelangelo’s David
needn’t / don’t need used to express the speaker’spersonal opinion that somethingis not necessary
give the actors a standing ovation
low-budget
had to indicate a past deadline or requirement. In English, since "must" has no past tense form, had to is required to show that the obligation happened in a previous time period.
may, might for negative possibility, use may not or might not
to return/reach a verdict
should/ought toadvice /opinion
The Sistine Madonna Raphael (1483-1520) – Old Masters Picture Gallery, Dresden.
Lady Justice by Frederick William Pomeroy
had to expresses an obligation in the past. Note that "must" and "had got to" cannot be used to talk about the past; had to is the only correct form for past necessity.
Tiziano, Vecellio di Gregorio – Autorretrato Prado museum
succeed in is used for achieving a goal Note: It is followed by the -ing form
Alexander Ivanov The Appearance of Christ to the People
fiction
should/ought toadvice /opinion
could the past version of an occasional characteristic
be toorders and instructions
must the obligation comes from the speaker personal choice or internal desire to do smth
cannot / can't expresses impossibility (strong deduction that it is NOT true)
Leonardo da Vinci – Annunciation – Uffizi gallery, Florence
to summon witnesses
Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky – Moonlit Night on the Black Sea 1873
had betterstrong advice (warning) ina particular situation, implies negative consequences if the advice is not followed
Donatello's bronze David
mustn't/ can't Prohibition In spoken English must not is usually avoided when you speak to or about another adult. Can’t is normally used instead.
defence counsel
tickets are sold out
murals
box-office
community service
to retire to consider a verdict
to serve a sentence
must public notices and formal documents. It is a command written in formal English to express a strict requirement.
to receive a sentence
Can expresses a general ability in the present
Homer by Francis Harwood
still-life
review
death penalty / capital punishment
can/could/will/would used for asking for assistance Could and Would are more polite than Can and Will
to pass a sentence
needn’t have cooked someone did something which was not necessary
manage to describes coping with a difficult situation or finding time
to cross-examine
St. Nicholas the Wonderworker Orthodox Icons
to release on parole
abstract painting
having to the gerund form (having to) because must cannot be used after verbs that require an "-ing" form (like hate or enjoy).
may the most formal way to ask for permission
don’t need to used to express a general lack ofnecessity
Leonardo da Vinci – Benois Madonna – Rainbow 1873
biopic
be toindirect commands
didn’t need to used to show that the actionwas not necessary (and usuallywas not performed)
the film stars
the female lead
have got to to describe a single, specific action in informal English. It emphasizes a current, one-time necessity rather than a general habit.
Mikhail Nesterov The Vision to the Youth Bartholomew
needn’t / don’t need used to express the speaker’spermission not to do something
Could expresses a general ability in the past
Giovanni Bellini – Doge Leonardo Loredan National Gallery UK
Andrei Rublev (1360’s - 1430) – Trinity Orthodox Icons
to be a smashing success
review
to shoot a film
be toarrangements for thefuture
has had to the present perfect form of "have to" because the modal verb must lacks the necessary grammatical forms to be used with "has" or "have."
should/ought toadvice /opinion
should have/ ought to havecriticism about some pastaction
Nefertiti by Tutmos
stage
heated debates
opera house
compose a soundtrack
perform the works
to release internationally
the painting depicts
to shoot a new adaptation
to release a new single
the film starred
play
water-colours
oils
1st Year test Unit 11 & 12
Татьяна Яблокова
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Transcript
1st Year 2nd Term unit 11 & 12
Grammar & Vocabulary
Start
PROJECT WORK: ARTS
Index
GRAMMAR: Infinitive
ARTS
аплодировать стоя
сцена
бурные споры
оперный театр
написатьмузыку к фильму
исполнять произведения
выпустить вмеждународный прокат
картина изображает
снять новую экранизацию
выпустить новый сингл
в фильме снимался
пьеса
акварель
масло
пуантилизм
выступление
полотно
фрески
хор
репетировать
отзыв
билеты распроданы
режиссер
постановка
за кулисами
боевик
малобюджетный
куратор выставки
шедевр
сюжет
премьера
абстрактная живопись
натюрморд
консерватория
пейзаж
аншлаг
художественная литература
театральный обзор
научная фантастика
биография
дебют
исторический художественный фильм
слова песни
кассовый успех
оперный театр
сольный концерт / творческий вечер
исполнительница главной женской роли
исполнитель главной мужской роли
снимать фильм
выпустить сингл
в фильме снимается
иметь оглушительный успех
предложить вознаграждение
conservatoire debut biopic sci-fi
обвинитель
защитник
вызывать свидетелей
освободить условно-досрочно
общественные работы
смертная казнь
отбывать наказание
подвергнуть перекрестному допросу
вынести вердикт
огласить/вынести приговор
получить приговор
удалиться для вынесения вердикта
вердикт "виновен"/ оправдательный вердикт
признавать себя виновным / не признавать свою виновность
break
enforce
obey
LAW
pass
act within
observe
commit
a serious
CRIME
fight
a petty
appear in court
COURT
take smb to court for
return
reach
VERDICT
of guilty
of not guilty
pass
receive
serve
SENTENCE
severe
light
appropriate
Ability
I can play the violin.
We can come tomorrow if you like.
Betty could already speak fluently when she was two.
Will you be able to come tonight?
Mary has never been able to tell a lie.
I'd like to be able to drive a car.
Phillip enjoys being able to work at home.
The athlete was finally able to set a record.
We can hear the sounds of music.
Even though I was short of time I managed to tidy up my room.
The young author finally succeeded in publishing his first book.
May I please use your cell phone?
Can/ Could/ Will/ Would you please open the window?
He asked if he could use my cell phone.
He was allowed to use the cell phone.
It can be very hot in this room in summer.
Before we had an air conditioner, it could be very hot.
Who knows, I may/might/could be wrong.
Ann cannot be here. She is in Italy now.
He may/might not have the slightest idea.
Can/Could she really be over thirty?
I must call my mother today; it's her birthday
All passengers must remain seated during takeoff
You must try this cake; it is absolutely delicious!
I have to wear a uniform at my new job.
I've got to go to the post office before it closes.
I often have to work late on Tuesdays.
Does she usually have to take the train to school?
We had to cancel our picnic because it started raining.
You had to finish the report yesterday, didn't you?
Agatha has had to work hard since she was a child.
You will have to show your passport at the border tomorrow.
I hate having to wake up early on weekends
You don’t have / need to tell her. She knows the news already
You mustn’t tell her. / You can’t tell her. The news may upset her.
You mustn’t get upset!
We needn’t / don’t need to hurry. We have plenty of time.
You needn’t / don’t need to come if you are busy.
You don’t need to have a visa to go to Israel.
Mr Smith does not need to pay the fare. He is an old age pensioner.
We didn’t need to take a taxi as the hotel was within walking distance of everything.
I didn’t need to cook any food. I was leaving that night.
I needn’t have cooked so much food. My friends called and said they were not coming.
I think you should/ought to get some sleep.
Do you think people should / ought to be allowed to carry guns in public?
The medicine shouldn’t / ought not to be used for more than 3 months.
They should have/ ought to have followed his advice.
You shouldn’t have/ ought not to have told her the sad news.
You’d better hurry up; otherwise you will be late for work.
You’d better not show this letter to anybody.
A seminar is to be held inOctober.
They were to get married inJune.
This form is to be filled in andreturned within 10 days.
My boss says that such people are not to be trusted. (strict prohibition)
I was to destroy the document as soon as I’d read it.
VERB FORMS
If you (to see) Jack, tell him I’m looking for him.
the full house
masterpiece
to plead guilty / to plead not guilty
Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin – Oak trees. Evening
Venus de Milo Alexandros of Antioch
choir
Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky – Rainbow 1873
backstage
have to to inquire about a regularly occurring necessity. The presence of the adverb usually signals that this is a routine rather than a one-time event.
canvas
landscape
Leonardo da Vinci – Lady with an Ermine –
be able to use the Infinitive form to be able to after verbs like would like
action film
be allowed to talk about permission actually given in the past, use was/were allowed (not could)
The Thinker by Auguste Rodin
recital
Can is used for future possibility or arrangement
the curator of the exhibition
have to the obligation comes from "outside." It is a rule or requirement created by the employer (an external authority), not a personal choice made by the speaker.
director
should have/ ought to havecriticism about some pastaction
didn’t need to something was not necessary and usually it was not done
Michelangelo's Pietà
to be accused of to be charged with
Isaak Levitan - Birchwood
Michelangelo Buonarroti – Creation of Adam – Vatican Museums (fresco), Vatican.
performance
be able to used for the Future tense because can has no future form
Isaak Levitan - Golden Autumn1895
pointillism
be toindirect commands
Sandro Botticelli – Portrait of a Young Man National Gallery UK
had betterstrong advice (warning) ina particular situation, implies negative consequences if the advice is not followed
will have to must does not have a future tense form. To express a necessity that will occur at a specific time in the future, have to is used as the grammatically flexible substitute.
the male lead
conservatoire or conservatory
Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin – Morning in a Pine Forest
can Can/Could (not be able to) are used with verbs of perception: hear, see, smell, understand, remember
can used for general possibility
be able to is required for Perfect tenses
Claude-Oscar Monet – The Water-Lily Pond National Gallery UK
don't have to/ need to Absence of necessity
to release a single
costume drama
Alessandro Botticelli – The Birth of Venus – Uffizi gallery, Florence
could when reporting a request in the past, use could (not can or may)
mustn't Emphatic advice
rehearse
may, might, could used for specific possibility (50% sure)
be able to use the -ing form after verbs like enjoy
sci-fi
can/ could used in questions to express doubt or disbelief
be toarrangements for thefuture
debut
production
If you see Jack, tell him I’m looking for him.
verdict of guilty verdict of not guilty
must a strong recommendation. The speaker is giving emphatic advice because they feel strongly that the listener should experience something.
plot
prosecuting counsel / prosecutor
Vasily Vereshchagin – Apotheosis of War
Mikhail Vrubel – Demon (seated)
Vincent van Gogh – Sunflowers National Gallery UK
the first night
does not need to used to express a general lack ofnecessity
opera house
have to a repeated action When using adverbs of frequency like often, always, or usually, we avoid "have got to" and use the standard "have to."
to offer a reward
be able to use was/were able to (not could) when describing a specific success on a particular occasion in the past
lyrics
Michelangelo’s David
needn’t / don’t need used to express the speaker’spersonal opinion that somethingis not necessary
give the actors a standing ovation
low-budget
had to indicate a past deadline or requirement. In English, since "must" has no past tense form, had to is required to show that the obligation happened in a previous time period.
may, might for negative possibility, use may not or might not
to return/reach a verdict
should/ought toadvice /opinion
The Sistine Madonna Raphael (1483-1520) – Old Masters Picture Gallery, Dresden.
Lady Justice by Frederick William Pomeroy
had to expresses an obligation in the past. Note that "must" and "had got to" cannot be used to talk about the past; had to is the only correct form for past necessity.
Tiziano, Vecellio di Gregorio – Autorretrato Prado museum
succeed in is used for achieving a goal Note: It is followed by the -ing form
Alexander Ivanov The Appearance of Christ to the People
fiction
should/ought toadvice /opinion
could the past version of an occasional characteristic
be toorders and instructions
must the obligation comes from the speaker personal choice or internal desire to do smth
cannot / can't expresses impossibility (strong deduction that it is NOT true)
Leonardo da Vinci – Annunciation – Uffizi gallery, Florence
to summon witnesses
Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky – Moonlit Night on the Black Sea 1873
had betterstrong advice (warning) ina particular situation, implies negative consequences if the advice is not followed
Donatello's bronze David
mustn't/ can't Prohibition In spoken English must not is usually avoided when you speak to or about another adult. Can’t is normally used instead.
defence counsel
tickets are sold out
murals
box-office
community service
to retire to consider a verdict
to serve a sentence
must public notices and formal documents. It is a command written in formal English to express a strict requirement.
to receive a sentence
Can expresses a general ability in the present
Homer by Francis Harwood
still-life
review
death penalty / capital punishment
can/could/will/would used for asking for assistance Could and Would are more polite than Can and Will
to pass a sentence
needn’t have cooked someone did something which was not necessary
manage to describes coping with a difficult situation or finding time
to cross-examine
St. Nicholas the Wonderworker Orthodox Icons
to release on parole
abstract painting
having to the gerund form (having to) because must cannot be used after verbs that require an "-ing" form (like hate or enjoy).
may the most formal way to ask for permission
don’t need to used to express a general lack ofnecessity
Leonardo da Vinci – Benois Madonna – Rainbow 1873
biopic
be toindirect commands
didn’t need to used to show that the actionwas not necessary (and usuallywas not performed)
the film stars
the female lead
have got to to describe a single, specific action in informal English. It emphasizes a current, one-time necessity rather than a general habit.
Mikhail Nesterov The Vision to the Youth Bartholomew
needn’t / don’t need used to express the speaker’spermission not to do something
Could expresses a general ability in the past
Giovanni Bellini – Doge Leonardo Loredan National Gallery UK
Andrei Rublev (1360’s - 1430) – Trinity Orthodox Icons
to be a smashing success
review
to shoot a film
be toarrangements for thefuture
has had to the present perfect form of "have to" because the modal verb must lacks the necessary grammatical forms to be used with "has" or "have."
should/ought toadvice /opinion
should have/ ought to havecriticism about some pastaction
Nefertiti by Tutmos
stage
heated debates
opera house
compose a soundtrack
perform the works
to release internationally
the painting depicts
to shoot a new adaptation
to release a new single
the film starred
play
water-colours
oils