AICE Unit 3 Interactions

1. No sunlight for photosynthesis. 2. They are not adapted for high pressure. 3. They may not be adapted for extreme of deeper water. 4. Hydrogen sulfides are toxic to most plants/algae..

DProductivity is the production of new biomass. It is often stated as a mass produced per unit area (or volume) per unit of time. For example: gC/m2 /year (grams of carbon produced per m2 per year)

Both are using an energy source (the sun or the chemical energy within vent minerals) to trigger chemical reactions that result in the production of sugars. Those sugars can be passed up the trophic levels..

The position(s) that an organisms occupies in it’s food chain. A producer is always TL 1 and then it increase with each feeder.

Both are using an energy source (the sun or the chemical energy within vent minerals) to trigger chemical reactions that result in the production of sugars. Those sugars can be passed up the trophic levels.

List three reasons why phytoplankton cannot survive at a hydrothermal vent.

Compare the ways in which vent bacteria and phytoplankton make energy available to their food chains.

Compare the ways in which vent bacteria and phytoplankton make energy available to their food chains.

Explain what is meant by the term trophic level.

Define productivity.

Upwelling delivers nutrient rich water to the surface. The excess of nutrients will allow phytoplankton populations to increase (as they are no longer nutrient limited).

Some copepods (some called sea lice) have a parasitic relationship, in which they attach to the fish and feed on their tissue and blood. This harms the fish.

1. Some is reflected back to space. 2. Some is absorbed or blocked by water or sediment in water. 3. Some does not hit the chloroplast/chlorophyll of a plant. 4. Some wavelengths/colors of light are unsuitable for photosynthesis.

Describe the overall purpose of a a plant (or algae) carrying out photosynthesis.

Nitrogen - make proteins / amino acids / DNA Carbon - make organic molecules (glucose, carbohydrates, etc) Phosphorus - make DNA / bones

Describe one biological use of each of the following: Nitrogen Carbon Phosphorus

Approximately 3% of the sun’s energy is used by plants for photosynthesis. Why is this so low? Suggest 3 reasons.

To produce sugars that can later be broken down to release energy.

Identify and describe the relationship between some copepods and fish.

Suggest how upwelling can influence productivity.

This is an example of commensalism in which one species benefits (the barnacles gain transport, possibly even to areas rich in plankton for feeding) and the whale is unaffected.

This is an example of mutualism. The boxer crab uses the anemones for defense, while the anemones benefit from transportation, access to food particles, and protection.

Chemosynthesis Symbiotic bacteria (that live in the tissues of giant tube worms) use the chemical energy in hydrogen sulfides (that come out of the vents) to produce sugars that can be passed up the food chain.

State and describe the process used by organisms at hydrothermal vents to provide energy to support a food chain there.

The major primary producer in the oceans, especially the open ocean, is:

Primary consumer is the krill (the first consumer). Tertiary consumer that is trophic level 4, eating the penguin. Ex: killer whale or a leopard seal

Phytoplankton

Algae → krill → penguin Which is the primary consumer?Suggest a tertiary consumer.

Identify and describe the relationship between boxer crabs and anemones.

Identify and describe the relationship between some whales and barnacles.

Aside from the chemical compounds that are part of the equation, what else is needed for photosynthesis to occur?

While some of the glucose produced by photosynthesis is used to produce energy, some of it is used to produce __________.

Complete the equation and identify the process: Water + ___________ → ____________ + oxygen

Complete the equation and identify the process: Glucose + ___________ → ___________ + carbon dioxide

Approximate 90% is lost and 10% is transferred to the next level.

Photosynthesis Water + carbon dioxide → glucose + oxygen

Respiration Glucose + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide

Sunlight Chlorophyll

Approximately how much energy is lost from one trophic level to the next?

biomass

A substance that provides nourishment essential for life. This includes cell growth and repair, metabolic processes, energy production, etc.

Respiration - energy produced is used for movement, temperature regulation, any other metabolic processes incomplete digestion waste production

Identify the pyramid type. (energy / biomass / numbers)

This is a pyramid of numbers.

(part/whole) x 100 = % (17.5/180)x100 = 9.7%

Identify the pyramid type. (energy / biomass / numbers)

Algae → krill → penguin (180 a.u.) (17.5 a.u.) (6.9 a.u.) How would you calculate the energy efficiency rate between the algae and the krill?

This is a pyramid of biomass.

Suggest three ways that energy is lost between trophic level 2 and trophic level 3.

Define nutrient.

When you have a higher value for a parasite, it would not be biomass (they are usually tiny) or energy (energy can be gained at a higher trophic level). However, you could have 1500 sea lice on a population of just 50 fish.

Phytoplankton reproduce rapidly, and have short lifespans. They are constantly being replenished and their biomass at any given moment may be lower than the biomass of organisms that feed on them.

phosphate ion magnesium ion carbonate ion nitrite ion They are ions because they have a - or + charge. (They are not balanced because they have either given or received an electron).

Identify these nutrients: PO4 3- Mg2+ CO3 2- NO3 - How can you tell they are ions?

Identify the three major organic compounds in living things that contain carbon. What elements are each mostly composed of?

Glucose molecules Glucose is the monomer and the starch and cellulose are the larger macromolecules, or polymers.

Carbohydrates (made of C, H, and O) Lipids (made of C, H, and O) Proteins (made of C, H, O, N, and S)

Starch and cellulose are made from______________.

Respiration Decomposition

Amino acids.The protein is the polymer. The amino acids are the monomers.

State two biological process that release carbon dioxide.

___________ make proteins. The protein is the monomer or polymer?

Fossil fuels are a long term storage of carbon, or sink, when organic material sinks to the seafloor and get compacted. Fossil fuels are a source of carbon to the atmosphere when humans extract them from the seafloor and burn.

1. Water temperature 2. Concentration of atmospheric CO2 3. The amount of mixing occurring at the surface (wave action)

More phytoplankton growth due to: Increased sunlight hours and intensity Increased water temps Less mixing of surface waters (that can push plankton too deep)

Phytoplankton densities are often estimates by satellite imaging of chlorophyll in the water. Explain why these satellites show that chlorophyll levels increase in the spring.

Calcium is used to build bones, shells, and coral skeletons. The carapace of crustaceans also contains calcium. Magnesium is used to make chlorophyll.

Suggest three factors that influence how much CO2 can dissolve into surface waters.

Describe one biological use of each of the following: Calcium Magnesium

Lipids are made up of fatty acids and ___________.

Describe the role of fossil fuels as a sink and source in the carbon cycle.

Glycerol

If the gross primary productivity of a system is 100 gC/m2 /yr, and the energy used by plants for respiration is 79 gC/m2 /yr, then what is the NPP?

Excess nutrients can lead to phytoplankton blooms. Some of these species could be toxic or enhanced phytoplankton growth could block sunlight reaching below to species like corals or seagrasses.

1. Decomposition of marine organisms 2. Waste / excretion by animals 3. Upwelling of deep water 4. Runoff from rivers 5. Tectonic activity / volcanic ash 6. Gas exchange with atmosphere

Phytoplankton: Uptake from the surrounding water Squid: It is transferred from the prey that is eats.

Reduced light intensityReduced nutrient availability Reduced CO2 availability

Suggest five sources of nutrients to surface waters of the ocean.

NPP = Gross PP minus energy used by trophic level 1 NPP = 21 gC/m2 /yr

Suggest three ways that kelp productivity could be limited.

How does a phytoplankton obtain nitrogen? How does a squid obtain nitrogen?

In what way might increased nutrients in surface water become harmful?