AICE Unit 5 Marine Ecosystems

Mesopelagic Zone Many species still live here, even with no photosynthesis - they migrate up at night to feed in the epipelagic zone.

A - Pacific B - Atlantic C - Arctic D - Southern E - Indian

Only ocean zone that receives sunlight. Only ocean zone where photosynthesis occurs.

Ocean zone below the epipelagic zone.

Gas exchange with the atmosphere. Photosynthesis

Two largest sources of oxygen to surface water of the open ocean.

The entire seafloor is this zone.

Epipelagic Zone

Benthic Zone

Covalent bond - Formed by the sharing of electrons. Why do they share? Hydrogen and oxygen bond because oxygen needs two additional electrons to complete its outer shell. This means it is willing to make two covalent bonds with other atoms. Hydrogen needs one additional electron to complete its outer shell.

Salty water (salinity 30+ ppt) Warm water Clear water (low turbidity) Plenty of sunlight Low nutrient concentrations

A fringing reef is close to the coastline, while a barrier reef is separated from the coastline by a lagoon. (The shallow, sandy lagoon may contain patch reefs)

Zooxanthellae (the relationship is mutualism - the algae provide over 80% of the nutrients and energy that the coral polyp needs)

What are two ways that soft corals (like sea fans) are different from hard corals.

No CaCO3 skeleton (they are more flexible) Not all have a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae

Coral polyps have a symbiotic relationship with this algae.

Contrast a fringing reef and a barrier reef.

Suggest 4 abiotic conditions required for the growth of hard corals.

Wha

Many species are a food source Recreation and tourism Nursery habitat for important marine species Protection of coastline from wave and storm erosion Potential discovery of medicines

Only submerged during spring tide or storm surge (located above the high tide mark) Salty, from the spray of waves and evaporation Strong wave action

nematocysts tentacles

The stinging cells of a coral polyp are called ________ and are located within the _______.

List the ways in which humans benefit economically from coral reefs.

The cup-like structure that a coral polyp lives inside of.

Describe the abiotic factors of the splash zone.

Littoral zone

Another term for the intertidal zone, or the area between low and high tide.

Describe the calyx.

The middle shore is exposed to air during low tide, but only for short periods. The lower shore is submerged most of the time, except during spring tides.

Low biodiversity due to low food availability, no place to hide from predators, intense sunlight, and shifting sand.

Suggest two adaptations needed by species to survive the littoral zone of a rocky shore.

Ability to store water, for gas exchange over gills Ability to latch tightly onto rocks during strong wave action High tolerance for salt

Which species of a rocky shore can survive in the splash zone?

llimpets periwinkles

Describe the substrate of a sandy shore.

porous unstable / shifting (due to wind and waves)

Which zones of the rocky shore are submerged the most often?

Explain the biodiversity of a sandy shore.

Nursery for young species → increases biodiversity Roots trap sediments and uptakes nutrient before reaching the ocean Absorb large amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere.

Viviparous refers to live birth. Mangroves are considered viviparous due to their seeds developing into a young plant before separating from the adult.

Ability to block salt at their roots Ability to excrete salt through their leaves

Muddy substrate Tropical climate Salty/brackish water Intertidal zone

Ability to block salt at their roots Ability to excrete salt through their leaves

Suggest the adaptations that allow mangroves to dominate large areas.

List the abiotic condition suitable for mangrove forests.

Suggest the adaptations that allow mangroves to dominate large areas.

Explain why mangrove reproduction is considered to be viviparous.

Suggest the ecological benefits of mangrove forests.

In general, temperature decreases (gets colder) with depth. The deep sea is 2-3°C. In polar regions, there may not be any change from surface to bottom. It’s 2-3°C in the deep regardless of climate region or season.

In liquid water, water molecules are moving around. They slow down as it gets colder. At the freezing point, they have slowed so much that they are no longer moving and are locked in a rigid pattern, bonded to one another.

In the boiling water, the water molecules are moving faster. Therefore they are bumping into each other more. This makes them evaporate faster. It also means the density decreases, and the volume expands.

Density increases with salinity. D of water = 1 g/cm3 D of seawater = 1.03 g/cm3 This is a positive correlation!

Explain the differe.

De

De

Salinity is the concentration of dissolved salts in the water. Ppt = parts per thousand (also ‰)

Defin

Covalent bond - Formed by the sharing of electrons. Why do they share? Hydrogen and oxygen bond because oxygen needs two additional electrons to complete its outer shell. This means it is willing to make two covalent bonds with other atoms. Hydrogen needs one additional electron to complete its outer shell.

A - The nucleus (which contains the protons and neutrons) B - electrons The 2nd rings hold 8 electrons.

There is no sunlight and no photosynthesis (no O2 production) There are large numbers of animals (respiration taking up O2 )

The

Expl

1. Rainfall 2. Runoff from land / rivers 3. Ice melt

lower temperatures and higher pressure both increase the solubility of dissolved gases

Describe the conditions

State

Wha