Unit 6 Presentation

20XX

UNIT 6

languages

Start

Comunication

First generation

Second generation

INDEX

Third generation

Fourth Generation

Object Oriented Languages

HTML

CSS And XML

01

Challenge of Human-Computer Communication

Key points:

• The Communication Cycle: Plan --->Express ---> Response.
• System Vulnerabilities: Hardware failure (power, wires, or parts) can interrupt the entire process.
• The Binary Barrier:

-Humans use Words; Computers use Bits (0 and 1). -Manual translation is too slow for human productivity.

• The Solution: Programming languages automate the conversion of our thoughts into machine-readable data.

INFORME TECH

02

The First Generation

(machine Code)

Key Characteristics

What is Machine Code?

• The "Native Language": The only language digital computers truly understand, composed entirely of 1s and 0s.

• Instruction Format: Each instruction consists of two parts:

Opcode: Specifies the action to be performed. Operand: Specifies the relevant memory address

• Hardware Dependent: Code is written for one specific type of CPU; it is not portable to different machines.

• "Low-Level": Requires direct interaction with the hardware architecture.

• Human-Unfriendly: Extremely difficult to read, write, and maintain; highly prone to errors.

INFORME TECH

03

The Second Generation

(assembly)

Core Features

The 1950s Revolution

• The Concept: The first step away from pure binary code (1s and 0s).

• The Bridge: Acts as a middle ground between Machine Native Code and Human Logic.

• Mnemonics: Replaced binary opcodes with abbreviations

• Symbolic Operands: No need to remember exact memory addresses

The "Translation" Process

Programmer⭢Assembly Code⭢Translation⭢Machine Code (Binary)

INFORME TECH

04

High-Level Languages

(3rd Generation)

Key points:

User-Centric Design: Focused on human logicMachine Independence: "Write once, run anywhere" (portable across different systems). The Language of Statements: Uses English words and math symbols to solve problems. The Translation Bridge: Computers need a Compiler or Interpreter to turn statements into executable code.

INFORME TECH

05

Fourth Generation

non-procedural languages

EVOLUTION & PURPOSE:

• Computers became popular among people.
• Simplify the duty of imparting instructions to a computer (by the programmer).
• Development=> accessable by code-unfamiliar people.

COMPONENTS:

• Query Languages=> retrieve and manipulate data in DBs.
• Report writers=> tools that turn data into usable output.
• Application Generators=> softwares in microcomputer that automate code creation.

CHARACTERISTICS:

• Accociated with application packages.
• Programmers and users specifies What to do and not how to do it.
• Tasks described using English-like commands.

INFORME TECH

06

OOP

Object-Oriented programming languages

ADVANTAGES:

FOCUS:

• FLEXIBILITY=> Programs are created and modified to meet system requirements.
• REUSABILITY=> Once created objects can be reused across different applications.
• EFFICIENCY=> Programmers can choose existing object which are applicable to their problem (they don't need to start from scratch).

• On objects that combine data and behavior rather than just procedures (unlike procedural programming languages).
• organizes programs around objects (not instruction sequences).

STRUCTURE:

• Class => blueprint that defines the attributes and methods of an object.
• Object => Instance of a class
• Inheritance allows a class (subclass) to inherit attributes and methods from another class (superclass).

POWERFUL LANGUAGES THAT SUPPORT OOP:

• C++
• PYTHON
• JAVA

INFORME TECH

07

HTML5

HTML and HTML5: The Evolution of Web Language

What is HTML?

What is HTML5?

• HTML5 is the 5th and most recent version of HTML.
• It helps developers build modern and complex web applications.
• It introduces new elements and features based on modern web practices.

• HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language.
• It was originally created to describe scientific documents.
• Today it is the standard language used to create web pages on the World Wide Web.

Structure of HTML:

• An HTML document is a tree of elements and text.
• Elements are defined by tags

(example: <body> </body>).

• HTML5 uses semantic markup, meaning tags describe the meaning of the content, improving accessibility.

INFORME TECH

08

CSS3 and XML

CSS3 and XML: Style and Data Structure

XML (Extensible Markup Language)

CSS3 (Cascading Style Sheets)

• Controls the appearance and layout of web pages.
• A CSS rule has two parts:
• Selector → the HTML element
• Declaration → the style applied

• Used to store and transport data.
• Difference from HTML:
• HTML → predefined tags
• XML → developers create their own tags.

Benefits:

Goal:

• Responsive design for mobile and desktop
• External CSS files can style many pages at once.

• simple and flexible data sharing across the Internet.

INFORME TECH

THANK YOUFOR YOUR ATTENTION