Genetics
Please watch the video on the basics of Genetics. Then click next for more information.
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DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA is made of small building blocks called nucleotides. Millions of nucleotides join together to form a single strand of DNA. Each nucleotide contains one of four nitrogen bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), or cytosine (C).
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DNA Replication
Click here for a video explanation.
Click on the blue dots for more information about DNA Replication.
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The Genetic Code
The DNA molecule, with its four nitrogenous bases, is the code for all proteins that are made in a cell. Proteins are made of building blocks called amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids and four different nucleotides.
This is a codon chart, which shows all the codons and the amino acids they code for. Codons are groups of three nucleotides found in mRNA. Each codon acts as an instruction that tells the cell which amino acid to add to a growing protein during protein synthesis. The codon chart works like a translator. It allows scientists to match each three-letter codon to its specific amino acid. This helps us understand how the genetic code in DNA ultimately directs the production of proteins that are essential for life. To use a codon chart:
- Find the first letter of the codon.
- Then locate the second letter.
- Finally, match the third letter.
The chart will show the amino acid that corresponds to that codon.
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RNA: Ribonucleic Acid
Differences between DNA and RNA
- RNA is a single strand. DNA is a double strand.
- The sugar in RNA is ribose. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose.
- In RNA, uracil pairs with adenine. In DNA, thymine pairs with adenine.
Christinelmiller, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
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Click on the blue dots for more information about RNA.
Protein Synthesis
Transcription is the process in which a strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) is made from a DNA strand in the nucleus. The mRNA carries a copy of the gene’s instructions from the DNA to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where proteins are made.
Translation is the process in which the ribosome reads the codons on mRNA and uses tRNA to bring the correct amino acids. The ribosome joins the amino acids together with peptide bonds to form a protein.
Use this side of the card to provide more information about a topic. Focus on one concept. Make learning and communication more efficient.
Use this side of the card to provide more information about a topic. Focus on one concept. Make learning and communication more efficient.
Dovelike, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
OpenStax, CC BY 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
Title
Transcription
Title
Translation
Write a brief description here
Write a brief description here
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Mutations
Mutations are changes in the genetic material of a cell that occur when mistakes are made during DNA copying. These mistakes can include inserting the wrong nitrogen base or skipping a base.
A silent mutation is a change in a DNA sequence that does not alter the amino acid sequence of the protein. Because the altered nucleotide still codes for the same amino acid, the protein’s structure and function remain unchanged.
A nonsense mutation is a change in a single DNA nucleotide that creates a premature stop codon in the mRNA. This causes translation to stop early, producing a shortened, nonfunctional protein, which can lead to loss of protein function and sometimes genetic disorders.
Use this side of the card to provide more information about a topic. Focus on one concept. Make learning and communication more efficient.
Use this side of the card to provide more information about a topic. Focus on one concept. Make learning and communication more efficient.
Title
Silent Mutation
Title
Nonsense Mutation
Write a brief description here
Write a brief description here
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Genetics
Please watch the video on the basics of Genetics.
Back
Next
Inheritance Patterns
Codominance
Multiple Alleles
Genes and the Environment
Principal of Dominance and Recessiveness
Incomplete Dominance
Polygenic Inheritance
Click on the blue dots for more information.
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Wikimedia author Pbrks originally drew the picture. Modified to indicate that green pod color is dominant in peas, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
Scientist Cindy. (2022, Jan. 11). DNA replication short simple explanation easy to follow [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/XyK0dEWzUg0
7.07 Genetics
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Transcript
Genetics
Please watch the video on the basics of Genetics. Then click next for more information.
Next
DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA is made of small building blocks called nucleotides. Millions of nucleotides join together to form a single strand of DNA. Each nucleotide contains one of four nitrogen bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), or cytosine (C).
Back
Next
DNA Replication
Click here for a video explanation.
Click on the blue dots for more information about DNA Replication.
Back
Next
The Genetic Code
The DNA molecule, with its four nitrogenous bases, is the code for all proteins that are made in a cell. Proteins are made of building blocks called amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids and four different nucleotides.
This is a codon chart, which shows all the codons and the amino acids they code for. Codons are groups of three nucleotides found in mRNA. Each codon acts as an instruction that tells the cell which amino acid to add to a growing protein during protein synthesis. The codon chart works like a translator. It allows scientists to match each three-letter codon to its specific amino acid. This helps us understand how the genetic code in DNA ultimately directs the production of proteins that are essential for life. To use a codon chart:
- Find the first letter of the codon.
- Then locate the second letter.
- Finally, match the third letter.
The chart will show the amino acid that corresponds to that codon.Back
Next
RNA: Ribonucleic Acid
Differences between DNA and RNA
Christinelmiller, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
Back
Next
Click on the blue dots for more information about RNA.
Protein Synthesis
Transcription is the process in which a strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) is made from a DNA strand in the nucleus. The mRNA carries a copy of the gene’s instructions from the DNA to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where proteins are made.
Translation is the process in which the ribosome reads the codons on mRNA and uses tRNA to bring the correct amino acids. The ribosome joins the amino acids together with peptide bonds to form a protein.
Use this side of the card to provide more information about a topic. Focus on one concept. Make learning and communication more efficient.
Use this side of the card to provide more information about a topic. Focus on one concept. Make learning and communication more efficient.
Dovelike, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
OpenStax, CC BY 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
Title
Transcription
Title
Translation
Write a brief description here
Write a brief description here
Back
Next
Mutations
Mutations are changes in the genetic material of a cell that occur when mistakes are made during DNA copying. These mistakes can include inserting the wrong nitrogen base or skipping a base.
A silent mutation is a change in a DNA sequence that does not alter the amino acid sequence of the protein. Because the altered nucleotide still codes for the same amino acid, the protein’s structure and function remain unchanged.
A nonsense mutation is a change in a single DNA nucleotide that creates a premature stop codon in the mRNA. This causes translation to stop early, producing a shortened, nonfunctional protein, which can lead to loss of protein function and sometimes genetic disorders.
Use this side of the card to provide more information about a topic. Focus on one concept. Make learning and communication more efficient.
Use this side of the card to provide more information about a topic. Focus on one concept. Make learning and communication more efficient.
Title
Silent Mutation
Title
Nonsense Mutation
Write a brief description here
Write a brief description here
Back
Next
Genetics
Please watch the video on the basics of Genetics.
Back
Next
Inheritance Patterns
Codominance
Multiple Alleles
Genes and the Environment
Principal of Dominance and Recessiveness
Incomplete Dominance
Polygenic Inheritance
Click on the blue dots for more information.
Back
Wikimedia author Pbrks originally drew the picture. Modified to indicate that green pod color is dominant in peas, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
CNX OpenStax, CC BY 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
Scientist Cindy. (2022, Jan. 11). DNA replication short simple explanation easy to follow [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/XyK0dEWzUg0