UNit 7- laila malenab

UNit 7

Laila Malenab

Motivation

Personality

Emotion

Theories Of Motivation

1.) Istinct Theory

2.)Drive instinct Theory

what is it?

What is it?

3.)Arousal Theory

4.)Maslow's Theory

What is it?

What is it?

Istinct Theory

This theory states that behavior is motivated by innate, biologically programmed patterns that everyone is born with. These instincts exist because they increased survival and reproductive success through natural selection. Rather than being learned, the behaviors automatically occur when triggered. Examples of this are infants sucking for nourishment, looking for food and water, and salmon swiming up stream to reproduce.

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Drive instinct Theory

The theory states that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce physical discomfort and maintain homeostasis. When the body is out of balance, it creates a psychological tension called a drive, which pushes us to act. Once the need is satisfied, the drive decreases. There are two different types of drives: Primary drives- hunger, thirst, sleep, and temperature regulation. Secondary drives- grades, approval. Examples are feeling tired, then sleeping, then feeling energized after, or waking up in the middle of the night thirsty, so you get up for water.

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Arousal Theory

Arousal theory states that behavior is motivated by the need to maintain an optimal level of alertness and stimulation. When arousal is too low, we feel bored and seek excitement, and when it is too high, we feel stressed or anxious and try to calm down. The ideal level varies by person and task; simple tasks benefit from higher arousal, while complex tasks require lower arousal. Examples are athletes performing best with energy and adrenaline but not anxiety, or studying better with some pressure before a test.

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Maslow's Theory

Maslow says that motivation is driven by the desire to satisfy a series of needs arranged in a hierarchy. Basic needs must be met before higher psychological and personal growth needs become motivating. We progress as our basic survival needs are met towards our highest potential as humans. Levels Physiological needs — food, water, sleep, survival Safety needs — security, stability, protection Love and belongingness — relationships, friendship, acceptance Esteem needs — achievement, competence, respect from self and others Self-actualization — reaching one’s full potential and personal growth Example: A student can’t focus on studying for a big test because they haven’t eaten all day and are exhausted; this is a physiological need.

Key Terms

Key Terms

Instinct – a behavior that can be performed without learning. Drive – an uncomfortable internal state that motivates behavior to reduce a need. Need – a biological requirement necessary for survival (food, water, sleep). Homeostasis – the body’s tendency to maintain a balanced internal state. Arousal – level of alertness, wakefulness, or activation of the nervous system. Self-Actualization – reaching one’s full potential

Up Next: Emotions

Theories of Emotion

Evolutionary Theory

Schachter-Singer/Two-Factor Theory

James-Lange Theory

Cannon-Bard Theory

Evolutionary Theory

This theory says emotions are built into us because they helped early humans survive. Each emotion automatically prepares the body to react in a useful way, like fear helping us escape danger, disgust keeping us from getting sick, and attachment helping people bond and care for others. Since these reactions are biological, basic emotions and facial expressions are the same across cultures and even show up in babies.

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James-Lange Theory

This theory says we feel emotions because of our body’s physical reactions. First, something happens that causes physiological arousal, for example, a racing heart or sweating, and then our brain interprets those body changes as a specific emotion. So instead of shaking because we’re scared, we feel scared because we notice our body shaking.

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Cannon-Bard Theory

This theory says the emotion and the body’s physical reaction happen at the same time, not one causing the other. When we experience a stimulus, the brain sends signals simultaneously; one creates the feeling of emotion, and the other triggers physiological arousal, such as a fast heartbeat. So you don’t feel afraid because your heart is pounding, and your heart isn’t pounding because you’re afraid; both occur together.

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Schachter-Singer/Two-Factor Theory

This theory says emotions come from physical arousal plus the way we interpret the situation. First, something happens that causes your body to react, like a racing heart or sweating. Then your brain looks at the environment and gives that arousal a label, which creates the emotion you feel. Because of this, the same physical reaction can lead to different emotions depending on what’s happening around you. For example, a fast heartbeat could feel like fear in a dark alley but excitement at a concert.

Up Next: Key Terms

Key terms

Evolutionary Theory – emotions are inborn survival responses. James-Lange Theory – body reaction → emotion. Cannon-Bard Theory – body reaction + emotion at same time. Schachter-Singer/Two-Factor – arousal + cognitive label → emotion.

Next: Personality

Theories of Personality

Cognative

Behaviorism

Trait

Humanism

Psychodynamic

Nature

Nurture

Trait Theory

Trait theory says personality is based on stable traits that make people act a certain way most of the time. Instead of focusing on unconscious conflicts or personal growth, it identifies patterns in behavior that remain pretty consistent across situations. Psychologists measure these patterns using personality tests and group them into the Big Five traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

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Psychodynamic Theory

Psychodynamic theory says personality is shaped by unconscious thoughts, conflicts, and childhood experiences. Freud believed our behavior comes from hidden desires and memories we aren’t aware of, especially from our childhood. He divided personality into three parts: the id, instincts and impulses, the ego, logical decision maker, and the superego, morals and rules. When these parts conflict, the mind uses defense mechanisms to reduce anxiety, like repression, denial, or projection, to protect the ego and reduce anxiety.

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Cognative Theory

This theory says personality comes from the interaction between our thoughts, our behavior, and our environment. The way we act isn’t just fixed; it changes depending on how we interpret situations and what we learn from other people and their actions. Bandura called this reciprocal determinism, meaning our behavior, beliefs, and surroundings all influence each other. We also learn by observing others, and our level of self-efficacy affects how we respond.

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Humanistic Theory

Humanistic theory is based on our natural desire to grow, improve, and become the best version of ourselves. Instead of focusing on unconscious conflicts, it focuses on free will and personal potential. Maslow believed people are motivated to reach self-actualization, their full potential, while Rogers said personality develops from our self-concept. When our real self and ideal self match, we feel psychologically healthy.

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Behaviorism Theory of Personality

Behaviorism says personality is shaped by learning from experience, especially through rewards and punishments. Instead of focusing on thoughts or unconscious motives, it looks at observable behavior and how the environment conditions it. Through conditioning, like reinforcement and punishment, people develop habits that become consistent behavior patterns over time

Next: Key Terms

Key terms

Defense Mechanisms- Unconscious strategies use to reduce anxiety by concealing its source from themselves and others Denial- Refusal to accept anxiety-causing informationProjection- Attributing wanted feelings and impulses onto another personSublimation- Diversion of unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts, feelings, or behaviorsRationalization- Justification for something that happens Reaction Formation- The ego reverses the direction of a disturbing desire to make that desire safer or more socially acceptable Displacement- Unwanted thought or feeling is redirected from a more powerful to a weaker person Regression- people behave as if they were at an earlier stage of development Repression- unacceptable or unpleasant impulses are pushed back into the unconcious

What is Personality?

The consistent way a person thinks, feels, and acts that makes them different from others. It stays fairly stable over time and across different situations, shaping how they react to the world and interact with people.

Theories of Personality

What is Motivation?

Motivation is a need or desire that energizes, directs and sustains a behaviour towards a goal. There are 4 theories of motivation that explain what drives and directs our behaviour to certain goals. These theories help us to understand or predict why people act.

Theories of Motivation

What is Emotion?

Emotion is a full-body response that involves three parts. Physiological arousal is the physical changes in our bodies, such as heart rate, breathing, or hormones. Expressive behaviour is the visible reactions of our bodies, such as facial expressions, posture, or voice. Lastly, conscious experience, which is the mental feeling and interpretation of the situation

What are the Theories?

The End!Thanks for paying attention!