Adaptations in Cancer Cells

Adaptations in Cancer Cells

Pathology 3500 Team 18

What is Carcinoma5?

What is a Carcinogen10?

What is a carcinoma?

Metaplasia

Dysplasia

Benign3

vs

Malignant3

What is a carcinogen?

and

Neoplasia3

Cellular Adaptations1, 2

Hallmarks of Cancer

An Example: Lung Cancer

Click on each image to learn more

Causes11

Cell Changes12

Hover mouse here:

DNA damage can lead to cells being driven through the cell cycle without repair

Epithelial cells affected

METAPLASIA

Squamous cells

CLICK causes to learn more!

PERSISTS

Lung Cancer

Question 5

Question 1

Question 6

Question 2

Question 7

Question 3

Question 4

Question 8

Limitless Replicative Potential

• Uncoupling of cell growth programming4
• Dysregulated proliferation4
• Telomere maintenance extends ends of DNA normally deleted by replication4
• Bypass cell senescence4

Adenocarcinoma

Clinical features Starts in glands which line organs, abnormal changes and growth in glandular areas7 Main risk factors Family history, exposure to chemical toxins (ie. alcohol)7 Treatment Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy7

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Clinical Features Most common is nodular, which is small, translucent/pearly with raised areas through which dialated vessels will show6 Main risk factors UV radiation6 Treatment Surgery, radiotherapy, photodynamic, topical drugs6

Tissue Invasion and Metastasis

• Cancer cells change the expression of cell-cell adhesion4
• This allows motility of cancer cells4
• Travel to distant organs4

The disordered growth and maturation of cellular components3.

Increased cell proliferation

Organized and uniform cells

Title

Overcrowding of cells

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Subtitle

Cell characteristics vary in:

• Size
• Shape
• Staining

Normal epithelium

Dysplasia

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Clinical features Scaly lesions with keratinization8 Main risk factors Smoking, family history8 Treatment Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy8

Evasion of Apoptosis

• Cancer cells acuire resistance to apoptosis4
• Genetic mutations in apoptotic pathways4
• Abnormal cells don't die4

Causes:

- Mitotic/Genotoxic drug exposure

- Examples: doxorubicin, taxol

- Smoking

Leads to DNA damage

Accumulation of damage will cause cells to push through cell cycle without repair- this is harmful to the cells (leads to uncontrolled growth

reversible

The reversible process by which one cell type is changed to another as a response to stress2, 3.

Remove the exposure, and eventually it will be replaced by normal epithelium.

Normal epithelium

Exposure to chronic lung irritation

Squamous metaplasia

Sustained Angiogenesis

• Growing mass requires increased oxygen supply4
• Cancer cells have the ability to encourage vessel growth4
• This maintains oxygen and nutrients4

Insensitivity to Anti-growth Signals

• Anti-growth signals block proliferation in normal cells4
• Cancer cells have distrupted antigrowth pathways4
• Allows them to proliferate4

Self-sufficiency in Growth Signals

• Tumour cells generate their own growth signals4
• Autocrine proliferative signaling4
• Distrupt normal negative-feedback mechanisms4

Ductal Carcinoma in situ

Clinical features Unbreached myoepithelial layer of the ductolobular system. In situ describes that the cancer has not spread9 Main risk facots Family history, late age of first birth and menopause9 Treatment Surgery, radiation therapy, antihormonal therapy9