P X Proximity

Make important information stands out

C X Contrast

Group related items together

P X Proximity

Create a clean, ordered structure

A X Alignment

Create consistency and unity across content

R X Repetition

Make important information stands out

C X Contrast

How?

Example

• Use colour, size, and font weight for highlight headings, key terms, and buttons.
• Ensure high contrast between text and background.
• Use contrasting styles for different content types (e.g., video VS reading).
• Ensure accessibility.

Highlight key learning objectives in bold.

What?

Guides learner's attention and helps differentiate content types.

Create consistency and unity across content

R X Repetition

How?

• Repeat visual elements (icons, colours, headers, fonts).
• Use consistent layout and terminology across units, slides, or pages.
• Standardise call-to-actions, navigation, and assessments.

What?

Reinforces structure, helps learners know what to expect, and supports cognitive load management.

Example

Every week starts with a 3-sentence overview followed by an icon and a short video. This helps learners recognise the pattern.

Create a clean, ordered structure

A X Alignment

How?

• Align text and visuals to a common grid or left margin.
• Avoid mixing centered, left, and right alignment unless intentional.
• Keep media aligned with associated text or instructions.

What?

Ensures logical flow, helping learners navigate and make connections.

Example

Left-aligned text, and images are placed consistently to the right, avoiding floating or scattered elements.

Group related items together

P X Proximity

How?

• Place labels near input fields and captions near images.
• Use white space strategically to separate unrelated content.
• Keep instructions, examples, and activities close to each other.

What?

Helps learners see which elements belong together and improves scanning.

Example

In a slide, group a question, image, and answer choices tightly together rather than spacing them far apart.