Carlos I and Felipe II
Unit 7 – Geography & History
Made by: Alvaro,Daniel and Rubén
INDEX
0. Titulo
- Index
- Religious Wars & Counter-Reformation
- The Habsburg Monarchy
- Carlos I – Early Reign
- Carlos I – Foreign Policy
- Felipe II – Government
- Felipe II – Main Conflicts
8. Felipe II – Main Conflicts 9.Culture in the 16th Century 10.Conquest of the Aztecs 11.Conquest of the Incas 12.Life in Colonial America 13.Timeline 14.Conclusion
Religious Wars & Counter-Reformation
Religious Wars
Catholics and Protestants fought in many places: Germany, France, the Netherlands.
Counter-Reformation
The Catholic Church responded with reforms:
Council of Trent: clearer Catholic doctrine and better training for priests.
Jesuits: a new religious order focused on education and defending Catholicism.
Europe became divided
Northern Europe: mostly Protestant.
Southern Europe (including Spain): strongly Catholic.
The Habsburg Monarchy
3. The Habsburg Monarchy in Spain Spain belonged to a big European dynasty: the Habsburgs. Territories were very different and kept their own laws (Castile, Aragon, the Low Countries…). The king ruled with the help of councils, viceroys, and secretaries. Main objetive: defend Catholicism and keep control of all territories.
Carlos I
Foreign PolicyCarlos I wanted to defend Catholic unity and his empire:Wars against France (control of Italy)Wars against Protestant princes in GermanyFight against the Ottoman EmpireAdministering American territoriesAbdicationIn 1556 he divided the empire:Philip II → Spain, the Netherlands, Italy, AmericaFerdinand → Austria + Holy Roman Empire
Felipe II
His Inheritance Carlos I received: Spain and America The Low Countries Parts of Italy Austria and the right to become Holy Roman Emperor This made him ruler of one of the largest empires in history. Problems in Spain He did not speak Spanish at first. Came with many foreign advisors → discontent. High taxes to finance his election as Emperor. Revolt of the Comuneros (1520–1521) Cities rose against him (Toledo, Segovia). Defeated at Villalar (1521). After this, Carlos worked more with Spanish nobles.
Felipe II
Government
Very organised and centralised.
Madrid became the capital in 1561.
Worked constantly with documents and councils.
Main Conflicts
The Netherlands (Dutch Revolt)
They resisted taxes and religious control.
Ottoman Empire
Great victory at Lepanto (1571).
France
Supported Catholics in the French Wars of Religion.
England
Rivalry with Queen Elizabeth I.
Spanish Armada (1588) failed.
Economy
American silver increased wealth but caused inflation.
Expensive wars → bankruptcies.
Culture (Spanish Golden Age)
Architecture: El Escorial
Painting: El Greco
Literature: mysticism (Saint Teresa, Saint John of the Cross)
Science and navigation improved
Culture in the 16th century
Cultural impact
Spread of Christianity
Mix of languages and traditions.
Aztec empire
Aztec Empire
Conquered by Hernán Cortés (1519–1521).
Helped by alliances with indigenous enemies of the Aztecs.
Tenochtitlan fell in 1521.
Inca empire
Inca Empire
Conquered by Francisco Pizarro.
Civil war weakened the empire.
Capture of Atahualpa → fall of Cuzco.
Life in colonial America
Social groups
Peninsulares – Spaniards born in Spain
Creoles – Spaniards born in America
Mestizos – mixed origin
Indigenous peoples
Enslaved Africans
Cities
Built with a grid system: central plaza, cathedral, government buildings.
Economy
Mining (silver)
Agriculture and ranching
Encomienda and repartimiento systems
Cultural impact
Spread of Christianity
Mix of languages and traditions
Timeline
1588 (Spanish Armada)
1517 (Reformation)
1520–1521 (Comuneros)
1556 (Abdication)
1571 (Lepanto)
1525 (Pavia)
Maps
Final conclussion
The reigns of Carlos I (Charles V) and Felipe III represent two distinct phases in the trajectory of the Spanish Habsburg Empire: the pinnacle of power and the beginning of structural decline. Carlos I ended his reign by voluntarily dismantling his massive empire, while Felipe III's reign concluded with the empire entering a period of stagnation and the rise of "valido" (royal favorite) rule.
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Carlos I and Felipe II
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Transcript
Carlos I and Felipe II
Unit 7 – Geography & History
Made by: Alvaro,Daniel and Rubén
INDEX
0. Titulo
8. Felipe II – Main Conflicts 9.Culture in the 16th Century 10.Conquest of the Aztecs 11.Conquest of the Incas 12.Life in Colonial America 13.Timeline 14.Conclusion
Religious Wars & Counter-Reformation
Religious Wars Catholics and Protestants fought in many places: Germany, France, the Netherlands. Counter-Reformation The Catholic Church responded with reforms: Council of Trent: clearer Catholic doctrine and better training for priests. Jesuits: a new religious order focused on education and defending Catholicism. Europe became divided Northern Europe: mostly Protestant. Southern Europe (including Spain): strongly Catholic.
The Habsburg Monarchy
3. The Habsburg Monarchy in Spain Spain belonged to a big European dynasty: the Habsburgs. Territories were very different and kept their own laws (Castile, Aragon, the Low Countries…). The king ruled with the help of councils, viceroys, and secretaries. Main objetive: defend Catholicism and keep control of all territories.
Carlos I
Foreign PolicyCarlos I wanted to defend Catholic unity and his empire:Wars against France (control of Italy)Wars against Protestant princes in GermanyFight against the Ottoman EmpireAdministering American territoriesAbdicationIn 1556 he divided the empire:Philip II → Spain, the Netherlands, Italy, AmericaFerdinand → Austria + Holy Roman Empire
Felipe II
His Inheritance Carlos I received: Spain and America The Low Countries Parts of Italy Austria and the right to become Holy Roman Emperor This made him ruler of one of the largest empires in history. Problems in Spain He did not speak Spanish at first. Came with many foreign advisors → discontent. High taxes to finance his election as Emperor. Revolt of the Comuneros (1520–1521) Cities rose against him (Toledo, Segovia). Defeated at Villalar (1521). After this, Carlos worked more with Spanish nobles.
Felipe II
Government Very organised and centralised. Madrid became the capital in 1561. Worked constantly with documents and councils. Main Conflicts The Netherlands (Dutch Revolt) They resisted taxes and religious control. Ottoman Empire Great victory at Lepanto (1571). France Supported Catholics in the French Wars of Religion. England Rivalry with Queen Elizabeth I. Spanish Armada (1588) failed.
Economy American silver increased wealth but caused inflation. Expensive wars → bankruptcies. Culture (Spanish Golden Age) Architecture: El Escorial Painting: El Greco Literature: mysticism (Saint Teresa, Saint John of the Cross) Science and navigation improved
Culture in the 16th century
Cultural impact Spread of Christianity Mix of languages and traditions.
Aztec empire
Aztec Empire Conquered by Hernán Cortés (1519–1521). Helped by alliances with indigenous enemies of the Aztecs. Tenochtitlan fell in 1521.
Inca empire
Inca Empire Conquered by Francisco Pizarro. Civil war weakened the empire. Capture of Atahualpa → fall of Cuzco.
Life in colonial America
Social groups Peninsulares – Spaniards born in Spain Creoles – Spaniards born in America Mestizos – mixed origin Indigenous peoples Enslaved Africans Cities Built with a grid system: central plaza, cathedral, government buildings. Economy Mining (silver) Agriculture and ranching Encomienda and repartimiento systems Cultural impact Spread of Christianity Mix of languages and traditions
Timeline
1588 (Spanish Armada)
1517 (Reformation)
1520–1521 (Comuneros)
1556 (Abdication)
1571 (Lepanto)
1525 (Pavia)
Maps
Final conclussion
The reigns of Carlos I (Charles V) and Felipe III represent two distinct phases in the trajectory of the Spanish Habsburg Empire: the pinnacle of power and the beginning of structural decline. Carlos I ended his reign by voluntarily dismantling his massive empire, while Felipe III's reign concluded with the empire entering a period of stagnation and the rise of "valido" (royal favorite) rule.
¡Presentación finalizada!