Unit 2 learning situation_paloma bascuñana_maria hidalgo

ROCKS

MINERALS

NON-DETRITAL SEDIMENTARY

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ANALYSIS

ANALYSIS

PROPERTIES

PROPERTIES

CURRENT ARTICLE OF GEOLOGY

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Info

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Título

Título

HALITE

DOLOMITE

GYPSUM

LIMESTONE

Escribe aquí una descripción breve

Info

Escribe aquí una descripción breve

• Conditions under which they are formed: Gypsum forms in hot, dry climates in saline waters when evaporation is high, causing dissolved calcium and sulfate to precipitate.
• Classification: By origin: Biogenic and chemical. By composition or texture: Calcareous, Dolomitic, Micritic and Fossiliferous.
• Density:Average density; 2,200 kg/m³.
• Porosity: A dry-air sample has a density of 1.922 kg/dm³, while under humid conditions (with the pores filled) it rises to 2.242 kg/dm³.
• Water content: 0% when dry; 5–15% when pores are saturated, depending on porosity.
• Permeability: Depends on pore connectivity, tortuosity, and clay content; higher parallel to layers; channels >50 µm for oil, >5 µm for gas.
• Propagation velocity of elastic waves and thermal properties:
• P waves: 4,000–6,000 m/s
• S waves: 2,000–3,500 m/s
• Low–moderate thermal conductivity (≈ 1.3–1.7 W/m·K)
• Specific heat ≈ 900 J/kg·K
• Low thermal expansion
• Industrial applications: is used in a variety of industries, including the steel, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. In the steel industry, it is used as a flux to remove impurities from iron ore during the steel production process.

• Conditions under which they are formed: In warm, shallow seas by accumulation of shells and skeletons or by chemical precipitation of calcium carbonate.
• Classification: By origin: Biogenic and chemical. By composition or texture: Calcareous, Dolomitic, Micritic and Fossiliferous.
• Density:Average density; 2,200 kg/m³.
• Porosity: A dry-air sample has a density of 1.922 kg/dm³, while under humid conditions (with the pores filled) it rises to 2.242 kg/dm³.
• Water content: 0% when dry; 5–15% when pores are saturated, depending on porosity.
• Permeability: Depends on pore connectivity, tortuosity, and clay content; higher parallel to layers; channels >50 µm for oil, >5 µm for gas.
• Propagation velocity of elastic waves and thermal properties:
• P waves: 4,000–6,000 m/s
• S waves: 2,000–3,500 m/s
• Low–moderate thermal conductivity (≈ 1.3–1.7 W/m·K)
• Specific heat ≈ 900 J/kg·K
• Low thermal expansion
• Industrial applications: is used in a variety of industries, including the steel, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. In the steel industry, it is used as a flux to remove impurities from iron ore during the steel production process.

• Color: Its color is white

• Line: It is a soft mineral that we can scratch with a fingernail -it defines hardness degree 2 on the Mohs scale-; colorless, white, grayish, or red, but with a distinctly white streak.

• Glow: It has a vitreous and silky luster in the crystals; pearly on the cleavage surface.

• Fluorescense: Pure gypsum usually does not shine. The effect occurs due to impurities or "activators" (such as organic matter or uranium) trapped in its structure.
• Phosporescense: Unlike other minerals, gypsum usually retains energy and continues to glow (usually in a green or white tone) for seconds or even minutes after the UV light is turned off.

• Crystallography: Gypsum crystallizes in the monoclinic system, with tabular or prismatic crystals and frequent twinning, such as swallowtails.

• Habit: It usually appears in tabular, prismatic, or acicular crystals.

• Exfoliation: It has a perfect exfoliation in sheets and very fine flakes, not very flexible and not elastic.

• Splitting: It can be easily divided into thin sheets thanks to its cleavage.
• Fracture: uneven to fibrous, that is, irregular edges or fine threads when broken irregularly.

• Hardnes: It is a soft mineral, which means it can be easily scratched with a fingernail..

• Tenacity: fragile tenacity, this means it breaks or crumbles easily when pressure is applied.

It is neither elastic nor malleable; it breaks easily.

• Relative density: Relative density: ≈ 2.3 g/cm³

• Color: Generally colorless or white. It may show blue, purple, red, pink, or yellow tones due to impurities or defects in the crystal structure.

• Line: White.

• Glow: Vitreous.

• Fluorescense: They can be fluorescense.
• Phosporescense: It usually does not exhibit phosphorescense commonly.

• Crystallography: Lahalite (NaCl) crystallizes in the isometric or cubic system, characterized by a face-centered cubic structure where sodium and chloride ions alternate in an octahedral coordination (6:6). This very high symmetry and the equality of its ionic bonds in the three directions of space determine its cubic habit and its perfect cleavage on three planes at 90°, allowing the mineral to always fragment into smaller cubes.

• Habit: Typically cubic (dice-shaped cristals). It also occurs in massive, granular, or crusty forms.

• Exfoliation: Perfect in three directions parallels to the faces of the cube.

• Splitting: It does not present any partition.
• Fracture: Concoidea

• Hardnes: It can be scratched with a fingernail.

• Tenacity: Fragile

• Relative density: 2.16

• Article title:Impact of climate change and anthropogenic activities on aquatic ecosystem.

• Author and year: Bill McGuire, 2010 scientific paper
• Journal name and web reference (URL): ScienceDirect, Environmental Research
• Summary of content: : According to a 2010 article by Bill McGuire, anthropogenic climate change influences not only the atmosphere but also the geosphere. The redistribution of weight on the Earth's crust due to melting ice and rising sea levels can unlock tectonic faults, potentially increasing the frequency of earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. This work suggests that understanding this dynamic response could improve disaster prevention and urban planning. 
• Benefits for humanity and possible risks: The main benefits include better prediction of natural disasters, improved allocation of resources by governments and organizations such as the UNDRR, and an increase in scientific awareness. The possible risks include an increase in earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions, potential underwater landslides due to ocean warming, and secondary disasters resulting from volcanic activity due to the climate causing feedback loops.
• Justification of why this is a scientific article: The paper is classified as a scientific article because it meets the standards of academic publishing and the scientific method. This includes publication in a peer-reviewed journal, the use of data, a formal academic structure with technical language, and expert authorship with institutional affiliation.