Discovering Inclusive Cities A01646138

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Case 003: The Invisible Contract

Discovering Inclusive Cities

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Galo Aréchiga Gutiérrez A01646138

(UNICEF/Ramoneda, 2021)

(Ramos, 2023)

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Case 004: The Profile of Contempt

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Case 005: The Stolen Future

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(Favila, 2023)

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(Mohammad Ponir, 2024)

Case 001: The Water Heist

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#2

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Case 002: The Missing Walls

Case 006(Final Case): The Great Divide

Sources of investigation (Bibliography)

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(Ndeke, 2024)

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(Miller, 2023)

Case 003: The Invisible Contract

IMAGE CONTEXT This 2023 photo from Nova Friburgo, Brazil, shows a "catador" (waste picker) navigating the urban landscape (Ramos, 2023). This individual represents a massive, systematically unprotected workforce. GLOBAL PROBLEM DESCRIPTION This case investigates the global informal economy. Following the poverty trail from Cases 001 and 002, this is how many marginalized citizens survive. Lacking "Invisible Contracts" (formal rights), these workers face precarious conditions, low pay, and high risk (WIEGO, 2023). They provide essential services, like recycling, yet remain invisible to urban policy, posing a massive challenge to achieving truly inclusive cities. GLOBAL DATA Globally, 2 billion people (58% of the world's employed) work in the informal economy, lacking social protections like health insurance or pensions (ILO, 2024).

Note. From [Catador pushes his bicycle full of recyclable materials...], by M. Ramos, 2023, (Earth.Org). (https://earth.org/in-pictures-brazils-waste-pickers-in-brazil-the-invisible-protagonists-of-recycling/)

Bibliography

Amnesty International Kenya. (2024, May 15). Solidarity Statement on the Recent Evictions in Nairobi Informal Settlements. https://www.amnestykenya.org/solidarity-statement-on-the-recent-evictions-in-nairobi-informal-settlements/ Favila, A. (2023). [A women takes limited potable water at a slum area in Muntinlupa, Philippines] [Photograph]. Associated Press. https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/3/23/photos-worlds-water-in-focus-as-clean- supplies-squeezed Human Rights Watch. (2024, August 12). Myanmar: Armies target ethnic Rohingya in Rakhine. https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/08/12/myanmar-armies-target-ethnic-rohingya-rakhine International Labour Organization [ILO]. (2024). World employment and social outlook: Trends 2024. ILO Publications. https://oke.gr/sites/default/files/2024-1-10_ilo.pdf International Labour Organization [ILO], & United Nations Children’s Fund [UNICEF]. (2021). Child labour: Global estimates 2020, trends and the road forward. ILO. https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@ipec/documents/publication/wcms_797515.pdf Kimeu, C. (2024, May 7). 'I've only the clothes on my back': lives swept away by floods in Kenya. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/article/2024/may/07/floods-kenya- Miller, J. (2023). Unequal Scenes. [Photograph Collection]. https://www.unequalscenes.com/ Oxfam International. (2024, January 15). Inequality Inc.: How corporate power divides our world and the need for a new era of public action. https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/inequality-inc Ramos, M. (2023). [Antonio pushes his bicycle full of recyclable materials in the rain in Nova Friburgo, Brazil] [Photograph]. Earth.Org. https://earth.org/in-pictures/brazils-waste-pickers-in-brazil-the-invisible-protagonists-of-recycling/ UN-Habitat. (2022). World cities report 2022: Envisaging the future of cities. United Nations Human Settlements Programme. https://unhabitat.org/world-cities-report-2022 UNESCO. (2023). The United Nations world water development report 2023: Partnerships and cooperation for water. https://www.unesco.org/reports/wwdr/2023/en UNHCR. (2024). Rohingya refugee crisis. The UN Refugee Agency. https://www.unhcr.org/emergencies/rohingya-emergency Women in Informal Employment Globalizing & Organizing [WIEGO]. (2023). Statistical picture. https://www.wiego.org/informal-economy/statistical-picture World Health Organization (WHO), & United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2023). Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2022: Special focus on gender. https://data.unicef.org/resources/jmp-report-2023/

Case 001: The Water Heist

IMAGE CONTEXT This 2023 photograph captures residents of an urban slum in Muntinlupa, Philippines, waiting in line for limited potable water. The image highlights the physical labor required to transport heavy 20 liter gallons (Favila, 2023). GLOBAL PROBLEM DESCRIPTION This scene represents a critical global problem: the violation of the recognized human right to water. This lack of access is a daily challenge for billions, disproportionately affecting the urban poor and creating a significant barrier to building inclusive cities. This lack of access is a violation of the recognized human right to water, disproportionately affecting the world's poorest urban inhabitants. GLOBAL DATA Globally, 2.2 billion people lacked access to safely managed drinking water in 2022 (WHO/UNICEF, 2023). The UN projects the urban population facing water scarcity could double by 2050, reaching 2.4 billion people (UNESCO, 2023).

Note. From [A women takes limited potable water at a slum area in Muntinlupa, Philippines], by A. Favila, 2023, (Associated Press). (https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/3/23/photos-worlds-water-in-focus-as-clean-supplies-squeezed)

Case 006: The Great Divide

IMAGE CONTEXT This 2023 drone photograph from South Africa captures the "Great Divide": a literal, physical wall separating a dense informal settlement from an affluent suburb (Miller / Unequal Scenes, 2023). GLOBAL PROBLEM DESCRIPTION This "root crime" is not an anomaly; it is the blueprint of many modern cities. This single image shows the root cause that determines who lacks water (Case 001), gets evicted (Case 002), is forced into precarious work (Case 003), is excluded (Case 004), and whose children are forced to work (Case 005). GLOBAL DATA Globally, this gap is widening. A 2024 Oxfam report notes the world's five richest men have doubled their fortunes since 2020, while 5 billion people became poorer (Oxfam, 2024).

Note. From *Unequal Scenes (Imizamo Yethu/Hout Bay)*, by J. Miller, 2023, (Photograph Collection). (https://www.unequalscenes.com/)

Case 002: The Missing Wall

IMAGE CONTEXT This 2024 photograph captures a resident of the Mathare slum, Nairobi, standing on his home's demolished wall while contemplating the surrounding floods (Kimeu, 2024). This event was condemned by local human rights groups as a "double tragedy" after state-ordered evictions followed the catastrophic floods, leaving tens of thousands homeless (Amnesty International Kenya, 2024). GLOBAL PROBLEM DESCRIPTION This situation is a stark example of a global crisis: the violation of the human right to adequate housing, specifically through forced evictions. This is a critical failure in urban inclusivity, as it perpetuates the poverty cycle by destroying livelihoods and community structures. GLOBAL DATA This is not an isolated issue. Globally, 1 billion people lived in slums in 2022, often lacking secure tenure and facing constant threats of displacement (UN-Habitat, 2022).

Note. From [A resident stands on a wall...in the Mathare slum], by E. Ndeke, 2024, (The Guardian). (https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/article/2024/may/07/floods-kenya-)

Case 005: The Stolen Future

IMAGE CONTEXT This photograph is a stark illustration of a "stolen future" (ILO & UNICEF, 2021). The image, credited as UNICEF/Ramoneda on page 17 of the source report, captures a child engaged in hazardous labor with a dangerous tool if not managed correctly and without the minimal safty measures, he´s smashing rocks in a quarry. GLOBAL PROBLEM DESCRIPTION This "Case 005" investigates hazardous child labor as a direct consequence of the poverty and exclusion seen in Cases 1-4. This is not an isolated incident. The source report explicitly links this to poverty, noting that child labor is a critical violation that "compromises education" and perpetuates the cycle of inequality (ILO & UNICEF, 2021). GLOBAL DATA The very report this photo is taken from estimates that 160 million children (1 in 10 worldwide) were engaged in child labor in 2020. Critically, 79 million of them were in hazardous work, just like the child pictured (ILO & UNICEF, 2021).

Note. From [Child breaking rocks in a quarry], by UNICEF/Ramoneda, 2021, (ILO & UNICEF, Child labour: Global estimates 2020). (https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@ipec/documents/publication/wcms_797515.pdf)

Case 004: The Profile of Contempt

IMAGE CONTEXT This June 2024 photograph shows a Rohingya family at a refugee camp in Bangladesh, having just fled renewed attacks in Buthidaung, Myanmar (Mohammad Ponir, 2024). GLOBAL PROBLEM DESCRIPTION This case investigates the systematic social exclusion driving this crisis. The Rohingya are a stateless minority, an extreme example of marginalized citizenship, denied all rights in their home. Human Rights Watch describes these recent 2024 attacks as "war crimes" and part of a long-standing pattern of apartheid and persecution (Human Rights Watch, 2024). GLOBAL DATA This family joins over 1 million Rohingya refugees already living in camps, highlighting a massive human rights violation that makes inclusive cities an impossibility (UNHCR, 2024).

Note. From [A family who fled from Buthidaung, Myanmar...], by M. Ponir, 2024, (Human Rights Watch). (https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/08/12/myanmar-armies-target-ethnic-rohingya-rakhine)