The Evolution of black healthcare in america (1909-2016)

The Evolution of black healthcare in america(1909-2016)

1909

1946

1932

1910

1951

1990

1972

1965

2010

2016

Created by: Bryonna Williams, Leigh Engelhaupt, Anaya Neclos, and Marie Makumbi

The Hill-Burton Act of 1946

The Passing of the Hill Burton Act

• In 1946, congress passed a law that gave hospitals and other health facilities grants and loans for construction and modernization. In return, the facilities agreed to provide a reasonable volume of services to people unable to pay and to make their services available to all people living in the facilities' area.

• This act included a clause that allowed for "separate but equal" facilities for black and white patients, meaning hospitals could receive federal funds to build racially segregated wings or wards within their healthcare facility.

Lincoln Hospital Established

Indianapolis, Indiana

• Lincoln Hospital was established in 1909 and provided medical care to African American patients who were excluded from segregated white hospitals.

• The hospital also offered nursing and medical training opportunities to those who were interested in pursuing the health field.

Henrietta Lacks Cell Research

• An African American woman named Henrietta Lacks visited John Hopkins Hospital to be treated for cervical cancer. Without her knowing, the doctors at the facility completed a biopsy and used her tumor cells for research.
• Her cells went on to become the first "immortal" human cells which still play a crucial role in scientific research today.

Sickle Cell Anemia Act of 1972

• The NSCA of 1972 was introduced in the senate at the end of 1971 and passed into law the next year.
• It authorized the establishment of the first federal programs promoting sickle cell education, counseling, research, treatments and voluntary screening.
• Historically, the sickle cell anemia disease has disproportionally affected African Americans.

Medicare and Medicaid Act

• After the establishment of government health insurance programs, in compliance with Title IV of the Civil Rights Act, hospitals and institutions that were receiving federal funds were forced to desegregate.

The Flint Water Crisis

Flint, Michigan

• Residents were supplied with lead-contaminated water for nearly two years, which led to lasting health complications such as developmental delays, anemia, and kidney damage.
• Flint's population is majority African American and low-income individuals, making them especially vulnerable to this environmental injustice.
• This crisis highlighted environmental neglect of the African American community, reinforcing the need for environmental justice.

Office of Minority Health Established

• The Office of Minority Health (OMH) was officially authorized by the U.S. Congress through the Disadvantaged Minority Health Improvement Act.
• It was created to coordinate federal responses to eliminate racial and ethnic health disparities.

The Affordable Care Act

• The Affordable Care Act became law on March 23, 2010. This act, also known as "ObamaCare' was created to reduce healthcare costs and expand access to insurance, especially for minority communities.

• The central aim of the act was to achieve coverage through shared responsibility among the government, employers, and individuals.

Tuskegee Syphilis Study Begins

• African Americans with syphilis in Alabama were being observed and studied without consent for the natural progression of the illness.

• Residents were left without treatment even after penicillin became the recommended cure.
• This study continued for 40 years and ended in 1972.

The Flexner Report & Medical School Closures

• The Flexner Report, published in June 1910, evaluated the state of medical education in the United States. This led to the closure of five out of seven historically African American medical institutions.

• This closure led to severe restrictions of medical education opportunies.