Semester 1 ReviewThe branches of American History
Constitution
Table of Contents
Enlightenment
Click where you want to go!
Three Branches
Greek and Rome
English Policies
Forms/System of government
Founding Docs
Articles of Confederation
Citizenship
SS.7.CG.1.1 – Influence of Ancient Greece and Rome
Greece (Direct Democracy): Athens had citizens vote on laws, showing power from the people and inspiring U.S. ideas on sovereignty and participation.
- What idea from Athens influenced the U.S.?
- Why couldn’t everyone vote in Athens?
- What is individual worth?
- How did Americans adapt Greek ideas?
Rome (Republic)Rome's republic with elected officials and checks on power influenced American democracy and separation of powers.
1️⃣ How was the Roman Republic different from Athens’ democracy? 2️⃣ What idea from Rome influenced the U.S. government? 3️⃣ How did the Roman system prevent one branch from gaining too much power?
Vocabulary
- Polis
- Direct Democracy
- Republic
- Civic Participation
- Rule of Law
- Representative Democracy
Founding Documents
That influenced America
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Use this side of the card to provide more information about a topic. Focus on one concept. Make learning and communication more efficient.
Use this side of the card to provide more information about a topic. Focus on one concept. Make learning and communication more efficient.
Use this side of the card to provide more information about a topic. Focus on one concept. Make learning and communication more efficient.
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Limited Government
Due Process
The rights limited the power of the monarchy for EVERYONE. Freedom of Speech No Cruel and Unusual Punishment Speedy Trial
Rich nobles would receive fair trials Due Process: The government must follow fair steps before taking away your Life, Liberty, and Property.
Limited Government
Magna Carta
Title
Rule of Law
Self-Government
Mayflower Compact
Title
Social Contract
English Bill of Rights
Due Process
Title
Rule of Law
Written in 1215
Write a brief description here
The king must follow the law as well-he is not above it
Written in 1620
In order for the colony to work, they need to create their own government.
Write a brief description here
Written in 1689
Everyone had to agree to be governed (consent of the governed)
Write a brief description here
Rights for the accused. Fair trial.
The king must follow the law as well-he is not above it
The king could no have total control
Who's idea?
Solution
Drag each concept to the group it belongs to Click the light bulb for the correct answers
Locke
Montesquieu
Natural Rights
Checks and Balances
Social Contract
Three Branches
Life, Liberty, and Property
Separation of Powers
Enlightenment important Ideas
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Consent of the Governed
Separation of Powers
Declaration of Independence
Checks and Balances
Montesquieu
Title
The Constitution
Natural Rights
John Locke
Title
Right to Rebel
Social Contract
Write a brief description here
Click through all the imortant terms for Montesquieu
Article 1, 2 and 3 of the Constituion create the three branches and separate power.
Government power divided into branches to prevent corruption.
Click through all the imortant terms for Locke
Government’s power comes from the people.
Agreement where people give government power in exchange for protection of rights.
Rights people are born with that cannot be taken away (life, liberty, property)
People may overthrow a government that violates their rights.
You will find much of Locke's ideas in the writings of the Declaration.
Write a brief description here
Each branch can limit the others (veto, override, judicial review).
Montesquieu
John Locke
Key Ideas Natural Rights → Life, Liberty, Property Social Contract → People agree to follow laws; government protects rights Consent of the Governed → Government gets power from the people Right to Overthrow Government if rights are violated Why Locke Matters to the U.S.: His natural rights appear in the Declaration of Independence His social contract theory shaped the Constitution He inspired the idea that government exists to protect rights He influenced popular sovereignty (power from the people)
Key Ideas Separation of Powers → Government divided into branches Checks and Balances → Each branch can limit the others Prevents tyranny by spreading power out Government should not give all power to one person Why Montesquieu Matters to the U.S. His ideas directly shaped the three branches Checks and balances appear in the Constitution (veto, override, judicial review) Prevents any branch from becoming too powerful
Who Said it?
Who Said it?
Who Said it?
Who Said it?
Who Said it?
Road to the Declaration
Tea Act (1773)
Townshend Acts (1767)
Sugar Act (1764)
French and Indian War
Intolerable Acts (1774)
Stamp Act (1765)
Boston Massacre (1770)
Proclamation Line of 1763
Boston Tea Party (1773)
Road to the Declaration
Olive Branch Petition (1775)
Second Continental Congress (1775)
Common Sense (1776)
First Continental Congress (1774)
Lexington and Concord (1775)
Provide context to your topic with a subtitle
Ideas Behind Independence
Click next to review parts of the Declaration of Independence and how previous thinkers ideas are expressed.
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Interactive Declaration of Independence
“When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another… a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.” “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. — That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government…”
Next
Interactive Declaration of Independence
“The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations… To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures. He has cut off our trade with all parts of the world. He has imposed taxes on us without our consent. He has deprived us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury. He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly…” “We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America… do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States… and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do.”
Next
All we need is a new government. A government that rid our land of Monarchy. Click the correct document when to move to the next page.
Click the problem to reveal the solution
Potholes in the ARticles
How was it fixed in the Constitution?
✅ Solution to Problem 1: Congress Can Tax
The Constitution gives Congress the power to collect taxes and raise revenue.
Problem 1: No power to tax
✅ Solution to Problem 2: Federal Court System, created in Article 3, creates the Supreme Court and lower federal courts.
Problem 2: No national court system
✅ Solution to Problem 3: President Created
A separate executive branch is created to enforce laws.
Problem 3: No executive branch
✅ Solution to Problem 4: Easier Amendment Process
Constitution uses:
2/3 Congress + 3/4 states
instead of 13/13 states.
Problem 4: Needed all 13 states to amend
Problem 5: Could not enforce laws
✅ Solution to Problem 5: National Government Can Enforce Laws
The executive branch and federal courts ensure laws are followed.
✅ Solution to Problem 6: Federalism (Shared Power)
Power is shared between national and state governments, with the national government stronger.
Problem 6: States held more power than national government
March to the ArsenalShays’ group attempts to seize weapons from the Springfield Armory.
Farmers Protest (1786)
Daniel Shays and other farmers gather to stop courts from taking farms.
Massachusetts Militia Responds The state militia stops the rebellion — but the national gov. did NOTHING.
Courthouses Shut Down Protesters physically block courthouse doors.
Click on the problem to show the solution
💰 Economic Crisis
⚖️ Courts Seizing Land
📜 Weak National Gov.
😡 Angry Farmers
🥊Federalist v. anti-federalist🥊
THE Ratification Rumble
Patrick "Give me Liberty" Henry
Alexander "The Centralizer" Hamilton
What did each side want?
Anti-Federalist
Federalist
ANTI-FEDERALISTS-Anti-FederalistOpposed the Constitution unless a Bill of Rights was added; favored stronger state governments.Bill of Rights-List of individual rights demanded by Anti-Federalists to protect citizens from federal abuse. Fear of Tyranny-Concern that a strong central government (especially the President) could become too powerful—like a king. States’ Rights-Belief that states should keep most powers because they are closer to the people. Limited Government-Government’s powers should be clearly restricted; written protections were necessary. Anti-Federalist Papers-Writings warning that the Constitution gave the national government too much power.
FEDERALISTS- Supporter of the Constitution who favored a stronger national government. Federalist Papers-Essays written to convince people to ratify the Constitution (Hamilton, Madison, Jay). Strong Central Government-Belief that the national government needed enough power to enforce laws, tax, defend the country, and maintain order. Checks and Balances-System to prevent any branch from abusing power — reason Federalists trusted the new Constitution. Separation of Powers-Dividing government into branches; prevented tyranny and made a Bill of Rights “unnecessary” in their view. Ratification-Formal approval of the Constitution.
America Wins!
We get a stronger federal government and a Bill of Rights!
Click on each article to learn more
Article 3
Preamble
Article 1
Article 2
Bill of Rights
Article 4
Article 5
Article 6
Article 7
The Legislative Branch The makers of the law
Whose in charge? House of Reps: Speaker of the House Senate: Vice President Breaks Tie
Who's in it?
Click to learn more about our bicameral (two chamber) legislature
Regulate Commerce
Collect Taxes
Override Veto
Declare War
Impeachment power
Make Laws
What are some of the powers of the Legislative Branch? Click to fire the cannon for an explosive time!
How a bill becomes law
Try not kill the bill!
THE NATIONAL EXTRA RECESS ACT
The bill that gives every student in America 15 minutes of extra recess a day!
How a Bill becomes law steps (click the eye)
How Florida passes a law
Mandatory Snack Break Law Follow it through the Florida Congress
The Senate
Idea / Bill Introduction
Committee Action
Bill is Filed / Drafted
Committee Action
Goes to the Governor to sign
Sign or veto
Hose of Reps
Executive Branch
Enforces the Laws
WHO'S IN IT? Click on each to review the structure of each!
Powers of the Exective Branch (President)
Judicial Branch
Click on titles to review
Interprets Laws
Requirements
Good moral character...yes that is all
The Judicial Branch is made up of judges and justices who interpret laws. It has multiple levels of courts: federal, state, and local.
Structure
The Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States. It has 9 justices (odd number) who interpret the Constitution and make the final decision on cases. No other court can overrule it.
Supreme Court
Decides what laws mean and how they should be applied in real situations.
Interprets Laws
The coursts main power: Can declare a law Constitutional or Unconstitutional.
Judicial Review Power
Levels of Courts
Hint
Answer
United States Federal Court
Florida Courts
Federalism
The federal government shares/divides powers with the State and Local Governments
Remember, the Supremacy Clause states the Federal Government has the highest authority (Article 6) and the Constitution is highest law of the land.
Next
Implied Powers
Enumerated/Expressed
Concurrent Powers
Reserved/State
Implied
Enumerated/Expressed
Regulate Immigration
Necessary and Proper Clause
Voting
Interpret Laws
Enforce the Law
Regulate Trade/Commerce
Make Laws
Print Money
Schools
Issue Driver License
Marraige License
Space Program
Declare War
Collect Taxes
Provide Public Safety
Create Banks
Reserved/State
Concurrent
Forms of Government
Systems of Government
Vs.
Where is the power located?
Who has the power?
Next
AUTOCRACY
REPUBLIC/REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
Click here for an important comparison
CLICK HERE TO FIND THE SYSTEMS
DICTATORSHIP
OLIGARCHY
DIRECT DEMOCRACY
Systems of Government
Where is the power located?
Unitary- All power is in the central government. They tell everyone what to do. Federal- Power is shared between the states and the federal government. Confederal- Power is in the states, with a weak central government.
14th Amendment
What Is a Citizen?
A citizen is a legally recognized member of a country with rights, responsibilities, and duties. In the United States, people become citizens by birth or through a legal process called naturalization.
How do you become a Citizen?
Click the pictures below to find the three ways:
Naturalization Process
Law of Blood
Pathway to Citizenship
Click the steps to the Naturalization Process
Responsibilities v. Obiligations (duties)
Match the Responsibility/Duty (things you should do as a citizen) to the left side and Obligations (things you have to do as a citizen) on the right side.
Vote in elections
Serve on a jury
Obey the law
Respect the rights and opinions of others
Register for Selective Service (males ages 18–25)
Pay taxes
Register for Selective Service (males ages 18–25)
Stay informed about issues and government
Volunteer in the community
Participate in civic and community activities
Responsibilities/Duty
Obligations
Constitution
Table of Contents
Enlightenment
Click where you want to go!
Three Branches
Greek and Rome
English Policies
Forms/System of government
Founding Docs
Articles of Confederation
Citizenship
Bellwork
1. What is one right protected by the Bill of Rights? 2. Why do you think amendments exist? 3. If the Constitution did NOT have amendments, what problems might happen?
The Pursuit of Happiness
These are Locke's words, well, almost word for word. What did he change? Why did he change it?
Jefferson wanted the phrase to express more than just material wealth.Property focused narrowly on ownership of land or goods, which was central to Locke’s 17th-century thinking. Pursuit of happiness reflected the Enlightenment idea that governments exist to allow people to seek fulfillment, virtue, and well-being in many forms—not just economic gain. He drew on ideas from philosophers like Epicurus and Francis Hutcheson, who argued that happiness was the ultimate goal of moral life and that natural rights should protect people’s ability to seek it.
Trial (Criminal) Court v. Apellete Court (Appeals) v. The Supreme Court
Federal Courts (3 Levels)District Courts – Trial courts where cases start.Courts of Appeals – Review decisions from the trial courts. U.S. Supreme Court – Highest court; final say on federal and constitutional issues. Florida Courts (4 Levels) County Courts – Small cases like traffic tickets and small claims. Circuit Courts – Serious crimes, major lawsuits, and family law cases. District Courts of Appeal (DCA) – Review decisions from the circuit courts. Florida Supreme Court – Highest court in the state; final say on Florida law.
Trial Court (criminal court):Where cases start. Judges and juries hear evidence, witnesses testify, and a verdict (guilty or not guilty) is decided.Focus: Finding the facts. Appellate Court (Appeals Court) Reviews the trial. No new evidence. Judges check if the trial court made a legal mistake. They can uphold, reverse, or order a new trial. Focus: Checking for errors. Supreme Court Highest court. Chooses which cases to hear. Sets big-picture rules (precedent) for the whole state or country. Focus: Final decisions on major legal questions.
By Birth (Law of Soil)
You are a U.S. citizen if at least one parent is a U.S. citizen, even if born outside the U.S.
Idea/Bill Introduction
A group of middle school students notice everyone is starving before lunch. They come up with the Mandatory Snack Break Act, a law that gives all Florida students a daily 10-minute snack break. A State Representative loves the idea and agrees to sponsor the bill.
This was the second government we created. We needed a strong federal government in order to protect the citizens of our great nation.
Tea Act
British Perspective
Britain thought the Tea Act actually helped the colonists by lowering the price of tea while saving the struggling East India Company. Parliament saw no reason for protest when colonists were getting cheaper tea.
Article VII – Ratification
Explains how the Constitution was approved by the states.
The President’s Cabinet
What is the Cabinet?
- The Cabinet is a group of advisors who help the President make decisions
- Each member leads a major federal department
- The President chooses them
The Senate must approve (confirm) them
What does the Cabinet do?
- Gives the President expert advice on important issues like:
- Defense and military
- money and the economy
- foreign countries
- health, safety, laws, schools, etc.
- Helps run the federal government
1. Live in the U.S. for 5 Years (Residency)
To apply for naturalization, most immigrants must live legally in the United States for at least 5 years. This shows long-term connection and commitment to the country. During this time, they must show good behavior.
Event Description (What Britain Did) Colonial Reaction French & Indian War (1754–1763) Britain and the colonies (with Native allies) fought France and its Native allies; Britain wins control of most of North America Colonists gain military experience and confidence, but Britain is left in debt → leads to new taxes
Locke
Natural Rights Life, Liberty, Property Social Contract
Montesquieu
Separation of Powers Checks and Balances Three Branches
Boston Tea Party
British Perspective
To King George III, the destruction of 342 chests of tea was vandalism and lawlessness, not a political protest. Britain viewed it as an attack on property and authority that required harsh punishment.
United States House of Representatives 435 Members Total
- Number per state is based on population
- Each member represents a district
Qualifications:
- At least 25 years old
- U.S. citizen for 7 years
- Must live in the state they represent
Term Length
- 2-year terms
- Entire House is up for election every two years
Key Constitutional Powers
- Starts all tax (revenue) bills
- Brings impeachment charges
- Elects the President if no one wins a majority in the Electoral College
- Oversees federal budget and spending through committees
The Ideas of John Locke
John Locke believed all people are born with natural rights — life, liberty, and property. The Declaration uses this idea in the line about “Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.” It shows the colonists thought Britain’s government was failing to protect their rights.
Reserved Powers – State
Definition: Powers kept by the states because they are NOT given to the federal government. Key Source:
10th Amendment
Key Idea-“If the Constitution doesn’t give it to the federal government, the states keep it.” Examples:
- Run schools
- Marriage and divorce laws
- Driver’s licenses
- Conduct elections
Local police & safety
John Locke stated that when governments stop protecting rights, you should immediatly petition the government. If that doesn't work, you must change the social contract (we are leaving Britain)
John Locke
In Common Sense, Thomas Paine said monarchy was corrupt and that the colonies should be fully independent. His arguments convinced many undecided colonists to support a complete break with Britain. The Declaration reflects Paine’s call for independence.
Common Sense
14th Amendment
Defines Citizenship
The Fourteenth Amendment grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and protects their rights under the law.
How a Bill Becomes a Law – Someone has an idea for a law.
Introduce the Bill -Committee Review: Committee studies the bill, holds hearings, and votes.
Floor -Debate & Vote – The full chamber debates and votes. -Other Chamber: The bill goes to the other house of Congress for the same steps (committee → debate → vote). -Resolve Differences: If the House and Senate versions differ, a conference committee creates one final version. -Final Vote: Both chambers vote on the final bill. -President’s Desk: President signs the bill into law or vetoes it. Veto Override – Congress can override a veto with a 2/3 vote in both House and Senate.
Second Continental Congress
After the battles at Lexington and Concord, delegates from all 13 colonies met again in Philadelphia. This time, they had to decide how to respond to war with Britain. What they did: Created the Continental Army and chose George Washington as commander. Sent the Olive Branch Petition as a last plea for peace with King George III. Began acting like a national government: printing money, making alliances, and running the war. Colonial Reaction: Showed the colonies were committed to resisting Britain. When the king rejected the Olive Branch Petition, independence became the only option.
The Townshend Acts placed taxes on everyday imported goods like glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea. Britain also gave customs officials the power to use writs of assistance (blanket search warrants) to look for smuggled goods. Colonial Reaction: Angry that Britain taxed items they used daily. Organized boycotts of British goods. Smuggling increased. Tensions rose → eventually led to the Boston Massacre (1770).
Implied Powers – Federal
Definition: Powers NOT written, but necessary to carry out the enumerated powers. Key Source: Elastic Clause / Necessary & Proper Clause
Key Idea:
“If Congress needs it to do its job, it’s implied.” Examples:
- Create a national bank
- Regulate the internet
- Create federal agencies (FBI, NASA, IRS)
Olive Branch Petition
After fighting began at Lexington and Concord, the Second Continental Congress sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III as a last attempt at peace. What it said: Colonists declared loyalty to the king. Asked him to stop Parliament’s harsh laws and end the fighting. What happened: King George III rejected the petition and declared the colonies in open rebellion. This convinced many colonists that independence was the only path left.
Concurrent Powers – Shared
Definition: Powers that both federal and state governments can do. Key Idea: “Shared powers — both levels can do them.”
Examples:
- Collect taxes
- Build roads
- Establish courts
- Make and enforce laws
- Borrow money
First Continental Congress (1774)
After the Intolerable Acts, 12 of the 13 colonies (all except Georgia) sent delegates to Philadelphia to discuss a united response to Britain. What they did: Wrote a petition to King George III asking him to repeal the Intolerable Acts. Agreed to boycott British goods until demands were met. Encouraged colonies to form militias in case fighting broke out. Colonial Reaction: Showed the colonies could work together. Britain ignored the petition → tensions kept rising.
Key Vocab
Supply: The quantities of goods and services producers are willing to offer for sale.Demand: The quantity of goods and services people are willing to buy. Supply and Demand: When demand is high, prices are high. When demand is low, prices are low. Standard of Living: The level of wealth and comfort enjoyed by an individual in the country.
Common Sense by Thomas Paine
Written by Thomas Paine, Common Sense was a short pamphlet that became one of the most widely read works in the colonies. What it argued: Kings and monarchies are corrupt and unnatural. Colonies should declare full independence — not try to fix their relationship with Britain. America had the chance to create a new kind of government based on liberty and equality. Impact: Sold over 100,000 copies in just months. Simple, powerful language that ordinary colonists could understand. Convinced many undecided colonists to support independence.
United States Sentate Senate (100 members, 2 per state) Vice President Breaks ties Represents entire state, not just districts Qualifications
- At least 30 years old
- U.S. citizen for 9 years
- Reside in the state you represent
Term Length
- 6-year terms
- Staggered elections → 1/3 elected every 2 years
Key Constitutional Powers
- Confirms Supreme Court justices
- Confirms ambassadors & cabinet members
- Ratifies treaties (2/3 vote)
- Holds impeachment trials
Lexington and Concord
Brisith Perspective
From Britain’s perspective, the march to Concord was a lawful mission to seize illegal weapons and restore order in Massachusetts. The colonial militias who gathered at Lexington and Concord were seen as armed rebels defying the king’s authority. When shots were fired, British troops believed they were responding to open insurrection, not peaceful protest. To the Crown, this was proof that the colonies had moved beyond petitions and had taken up arms against their own government.
The Sugar Act was Britain’s first law to raise money directly from the colonies after the French and Indian War. It placed a tax on sugar, molasses, and other imported goods and strengthened enforcement against smuggling. Colonial Reaction: Merchants and traders protested loudly. Colonists argued “No taxation without representation.” Smuggling increased as a way to avoid paying. It planted the seeds of mistrust toward Britain.
Some can go in multiple
Hover over the eye for the consequences of the Boston Tea Party
Britain passed these laws to punish Massachusetts after the Boston Tea Party. They were called the “Coercive Acts” in Britain, but colonists nicknamed them the Intolerable Acts because they were so harsh. Colonial Reaction: Colonists saw the acts as a direct attack on their freedom. Other colonies rallied to support Massachusetts. Led to the First Continental Congress (1774) to coordinate a united response.
Townshend Acts
British Perspective
Britain saw these as a practical way to raise revenue by taxing imports like glass, paper, and tea. Parliament argued it was their legal right to tax and govern the empire, and the money helped pay colonial officials who served the king.
Many farmers were veterans who felt betrayed by the new government.
Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress couldn’t tax or help the states.
Article I – Legislative Branch
Creates Congress (House + Senate).
Explains how laws are made and lists enumerated powers of Congress.
Proclamation of 1763After winning the French and Indian War, Britain wanted to keep peace with Native American tribes. To do this, King George III issued the Proclamation of 1763, which said colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains. Britain hoped this would prevent costly wars with Native Americans. Colonists were angry because they had fought in the war and wanted to use the new lands. Many ignored the law and moved west anyway. 👉 This event was one of the first signs of growing tension between Britain and its colonies.
Autocracy
- One person holds all power.
- No limits on authority; citizens have little or no say.
- Example: North Korea
The Battle of Lexington and Concord
British soldiers marched from Boston to seize colonial weapons stored in Concord, Massachusetts. What happened: At Lexington, colonial militia (“Minutemen”) confronted the British. A shot was fired — the “shot heard ’round the world.” Fighting spread to Concord, where colonists forced the British to retreat back to Boston. Why it matters: First armed battles of the American Revolution. Showed colonists were willing to fight, not just protest. Sparked the war for independence.
Article VI – Supremacy Clause
The Constitution is the supreme law of the land.
All officials must support it.
Direct Democracy
Who rules: The people directly Key traits: • Citizens vote on laws themselves • No elected leaders making decisions for them • Works best in small communities • High participation needed from citizens Example: Ancient Athens
British Perspective: French and Indian War
From Britain’s view, the war was fought to protect the colonies and expand British territory. It was costly, and Parliament believed the colonies should help pay since they directly benefited from Britain’s victory over France.
Bill is filed/drafted
The lawmaker worked with other leaders to write down all the details of the proposal. This first official version of the “Mandatory Snack Break Law” was called “filing” or “drafting” the bill.
British Perspective: Proclamation Line of 1763
The king saw this as a way to keep peace with Native Americans and avoid costly frontier wars. Limiting settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains was meant to protect colonists, not punish them.
Article II – Executive Branch
Creates the presidency.
Explains presidential powers, duties, elections, and impeachment.
Enumerated (Expressed) Powers – Federal
Definition: Powers that are written directly in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8). Key Idea:
“If it’s written clearly, it’s enumerated.” Examples:
- Declare war
- Coin money
- Regulate immigration
- Maintain the military
- Create post offices
Submit the Application, fingerprinting, and background check (Form N-400)
The first official step is filling out Form N-400, the naturalization application. This form provides information about the applicant’s history, background, and eligibility. They will also get fingerprinted during this time.
Written in 1689, this document changed the course for all British Citizens. It limited the power of the King and provided individual freedoms.
Conference Committee
If they passed the same bill, it will not go to committee. If the House and Senate passed different versions, a conference committee with members from both chambers met to work out the differences and write a final version that everyone agreed on.
🏛️ Alexander “The Central Power Puncher” HamiltonHometown: New York Weight Class: Strong National Government Record: 55–0 in Constitutional Debates Reach: Broad Federal Powers Stance: Pro-Ratification Signature Moves: “Supremacy Smash” – National laws stronger than state laws “Elastic Jab” – Belief in implied powers “Commerce Uppercut” – Supports national economic control Strengths: ✅ Supports strong executive branch ✅ Believes a powerful central gov protects stability ✅ Wants national army, national courts, strong Congress ✅ Argues Articles of Confederation were too weak Weaknesses: ⚠️ Less local/state control ⚠️ Fear from opponents that federal gov becomes too powerful Catchphrase: “Unity needs muscle!”
Republic v. Monarchy
A republic is a form of government where the people choose their leaders. Citizens vote for representatives who make laws and run the government on their behalf. Power comes from the people. A monarchy is a form of government ruled by a king or queen. Power is usually passed down through a family line, and the ruler often stays in power for life. In many modern monarchies, the king or queen has limited power; in absolute monarchies, they have full control. Think of it like this: A republic is like choosing your team captain through voting. A monarchy is like the captain position being passed down to the coach’s kid no matter what.
The Ideas of John Locke
John Locke believed all people are born with natural rights — life, liberty, and property. The Declaration uses this idea in the line about “Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.” It shows the colonists thought Britain’s government was failing to protect their rights.
Article III – Judicial Branch
Creates the Supreme Court and federal courts.
Explains judicial powers and what cases they can hear.
1. Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, petition 2. Right to bear arms 3. No forcing people to house soldiers 4. No unreasonable searches; warrant needed 5. Due process, no double jeopardy, no self-incrimination 6. Fair trial: lawyer, jury, speedy/public trial 7. Jury trial in civil cases 8. No cruel or unusual punishment 9. People have other rights 10. Powers not given to federal gov’t = states/people
Oligarchy
Who rules: A small group of powerful peopleKey traits: • Power held by wealthy, elite, or military leaders • Decisions benefit the ruling few • Limited political power for citizens • Often lacks free and fair elections Example: Rule by wealthy elites (Russian oligarchs)
Stamp Act Overview
📜 Stamp Act Overview What it did: Required colonists to pay a tax on all printed materials — newspapers, legal documents, playing cards, licenses, even dice. Why Britain did it: Raise money to pay off debt from the French and Indian War and to keep British troops stationed in the colonies. Colonial Reaction: Immediate protests: “No taxation without representation!”
Boycotts of British goods (very effective).Formation of the Stamp Act Congress (first unified colonial response). Rise of the Sons of Liberty, who used intimidation and violence to resist tax collectors. Result: British merchants lost money → Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766 (but passed the Declaratory Act at the same time, saying Britain still had the right to tax).
First committee action
The bill was sent to a committee—a small group of lawmakers—where the group discussed the idea, listened to experts, and suggested changes to make the bill better. If the committee approved the bill, it could move forward.
Structure
President
The President is the: -Chief Executive (head of the executive branch) -Commander in Chief of the Military -Chief Diplomat (directs foreign policy) -Chief Executive Officer (Repsonsible for day-to-day administration of the federal government.
Head of the Executive Branch
Requirements
-Must be a natural born citizen -Been a resident of the US for at least 14 years -At least 35 years old -Term Limit (4 years)
By Parent (Law of Blood)
You are a U.S. citizen if you are born on U.S. soil, including states, territories, and military bases.
Courts in Massachusetts were seizing farms when farmers couldn’t pay their debts.
Thanks for nothing-We OUT!
Olive Branch Petition
British Perspective
Britain dismissed the petition as fake loyalty. By the time it arrived, fighting had already begun, and the king believed the colonies couldn’t both profess loyalty and wage war.
Major Federal Departments: What They Handle
Department of State:
- Handles foreign policy
- Works with other countries
Treaties, ambassadors, passports
Department of Treasury:
- Money and the economy
- Taxes, printing money, national debt
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS):
- Healthcare programs (Medicare, Medicaid)
- Public health and safety
Department of Homeland Security:
- Protects against terrorism
- Border security, disaster response (FEMA)
Department of War (previously defense):
- In charge of the military
- Protects the country
Department of Justice (DOJ):
- Enforces federal laws
FBI, federal courts, prisons
- Led by the Attorney General
Department of Education:
- Schools and education programs
- Federal funding for schools
Boston Massacre
British Perspective
The British believed soldiers fired only because they were threatened by a violent mob. To them, it was an unfortunate clash exaggerated by colonists into propaganda against the king’s troops.
1. Rome used elected representatives instead of direct citizen votes, making it more practical for a large population. 2. citizens elect leaders to represent them. 3. It used early forms of checks and balances between the Senate, consuls, and assemblies.
Stamp Act
British Perspective
From Britain’s perspective, the Stamp Act was a simple, small tax on paper goods that would help cover the expenses of protecting the colonies. Parliament was shocked at the level of colonial anger, since taxes like this were common in Britain.
First Continental Congress
British Perspective
Britain saw this meeting as illegal and rebellious. Instead of working within the empire, the colonies were organizing to resist Parliament’s authority, which threatened British rule.
Senate Action
The bill then traveled to the Florida Senate. There, Senators discussed the bill, might make more changes, and voted. If the Senate also agreed and voted “yes,” the bill was almost done.
Intolerable Acts
British Perspective
Britain passed these laws (Coercive Acts) to punish Massachusetts and restore order. Closing Boston Harbor and limiting self-government seemed necessary to reassert control after such open defiance.
Governor Signs
The Governor received the final bill and decided whether to sign it into law or veto it.
Sugar Act
British Perspective
Britain believed the Sugar Act was a fair tax to raise money after the war and reduce smuggling. Since the colonists had been paying little in taxes compared to people in Britain, Parliament thought it was reasonable to ask them to contribute.
Sign or veto?
If the Governor signed the bill, the “Mandatory Snack Break Law” became official in Florida! If vetoed, the Legislature could try to override the veto with enough votes.
House of Reps
Next, the bill went to the Florida House of Representatives. All the members read the bill, talked about it, and voted. If most representatives liked the idea and voted “yes,” the bill moved on.
1. Citizens participate directly in decision-making.
2. Only free adult male citizens of the polis.
3. Greek and Romans believed that the greatest way to honor God was to maximize your individual worth.
4. They created a representative system where elected leaders act for the people.
Republic/Representative Democracy
Who rules: The people elect leaders Key traits:
- Citizens choose representatives to make laws
- Government power is limited by a constitution
- Protects individual rights and freedoms Elections are free, fair, and regular
Example: United States
Farmers were deep in debt after the Revolution.
Taxes were extremely high.
Second Continental Congress
British Perspective
From the king’s perspective, this Congress acted as a rebel government. By raising armies, printing money, and declaring independence, the colonies crossed the line into treason.
Interview and Civics Test
Applicants must: Complete an interview Pass a Civics Test
Britain passed the Tea Act to help the struggling British East India Company. It allowed the company to sell tea directly to the colonies at a lower price, but it still included a tax. Colonial Reaction: Colonists saw it as a trick to make them accept taxation. Merchants were angry because it cut them out of the tea trade. Led to the Boston Tea Party, where colonists disguised as Native Americans dumped tea into Boston Harbor.
Tensions exploded in Boston when a crowd of colonists argued and threw snowballs and rocks at British soldiers. The soldiers fired into the crowd, killing 5 colonists. Why it mattered: Colonists called it a “massacre” and used it as propaganda to turn people against Britain. Became a rallying point for those pushing toward independence.
Constitutional Monarchy
- Monarch shares power with elected government.
- Monarch is symbolic; parliament (like our Congress) has real power.
- Example: United Kingdom
The Grievences (why they were angry)
The colonists listed complaints against King George III to prove why independence was necessary. These included taxing without consent, keeping soldiers in the colonies, cutting off trade, and ignoring colonial petitions. The grievances showed Britain had broken trust with the colonies.
Purpose of Government
The Declaration says governments are created to protect people’s rights. They get their power from the consent of the governed. If a government abuses its power, people have the right to change or abolish it.
Finally! The Oath of Allegiance
You are now a citizen after you give the Oath to America!
On December 16, 1773, the Sons of Liberty dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor to protest taxation without representation. Colonists saw the Tea Act as a British trick to force acceptance of Parliament’s authority. The protest united the colonies, and Britain’s harsh response (the Intolerable Acts) convinced many that an attack on one colony was an attack on all. It was important because it marked a turning point — resistance became more radical and set the colonies firmly on the path toward independence.
Article IV – Relationships Between States
States must respect each other’s laws.
Explains how states are created and the duties between states and the federal government.
Dictatorship
Who rules: One leader with total controlKey traits: • Leader often takes power by force • No free or fair elections • Opposition is restricted or punished • Citizens have little to no political power Example: Military dictatorships
Article V – Amending the Constitution
Explains how the Constitution can be changed (proposed and ratified).
System of elected representatives. Why is it important?
The Roman Republic is important because it introduced the idea of representative government — where citizens elect leaders to make decisions and create laws on their behalf. We have adopted these ide
Absolute Monarchy
- Power inherited; no constitution to limit authority.
- Example: Saudi Arabia
Common Sense
British Perspective
Britain saw Paine’s pamphlet as dangerous radical propaganda. By mocking monarchy and calling the king a tyrant, it encouraged rebellion and convinced ordinary colonists to turn against the Crown.
Constitional Change
The 13th Amendment abolished slavery in the United States.
Historical Example
After the Civil War, enslaved people could no longer be legally forced to work as property.
Historical Reason
The 13th Amendment was passed right after the Civil War because the country needed to officially end slavery everywhere in the United States. Without a constitutional amendment, states could have tried to keep slavery going or bring it back. This made slavery illegal nationwide.
Constitutional Change
The 14th Amendment gave citizenship to anyone born in the United States and required equal protection under the law.
Historical Example
States could not create laws that treated formerly enslaved people unfairly or denied them basic legal rights.
Historical Reason
After slavery ended, many Southern states passed unfair laws that limited the rights of formerly enslaved people. The federal government created the 14th Amendment to guarantee citizenship and make sure states treated people equally under the law. It was meant to protect civil rights during Reconstruction.
Constitutional Change
The 15th Amendment said the right to vote cannot be denied because of race.
Historical Example
States could not legally stop Black men from voting just because of their race.
Historical Reason
Even after slavery ended, many Black citizens were still being blocked from voting. The 15th Amendment was passed to protect voting rights and stop states from denying the vote based on race. It was an attempt to make elections more fair during Reconstruction.
Historical Reason
Poll taxes were used to keep poor citizens—especially Black citizens—from voting. During the Civil Rights Movement, the government passed the 24th Amendment to ban poll taxes in federal elections. This removed an unfair barrier to voting.
Constitutional Change
The 26th Amendment lowered the voting age to 18.
Constitional Change
The 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote.
Historical Reason
Women were not allowed to vote for most of U.S. history. After decades of protests and the women’s suffrage movement, the 19th Amendment was passed to give women equal voting rights. It expanded democracy by allowing more citizens to participate.
Historical Reason
During the Vietnam War, 18-year-olds could be drafted to fight but often couldn’t vote. People argued that if you’re old enough to fight for your country, you should be old enough to vote. The 26th Amendment lowered the voting age to 18 nationwide.
Historical Example
States could not charge people money in order to vote in federal elections.
Historical Example
Women could finally vote in elections after years of being denied that right.
Constitutional Change
The 24th Amendment banned poll taxes in federal elections.
Historical Example
18-year-olds gained the right to vote in elections across the country.
Semester 1 Review The branches of American History
Aaron Mountain
Created on November 5, 2025
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Transcript
Semester 1 ReviewThe branches of American History
Constitution
Table of Contents
Enlightenment
Click where you want to go!
Three Branches
Greek and Rome
English Policies
Forms/System of government
Founding Docs
Articles of Confederation
Citizenship
SS.7.CG.1.1 – Influence of Ancient Greece and Rome
Greece (Direct Democracy): Athens had citizens vote on laws, showing power from the people and inspiring U.S. ideas on sovereignty and participation.
Rome (Republic)Rome's republic with elected officials and checks on power influenced American democracy and separation of powers.
1️⃣ How was the Roman Republic different from Athens’ democracy? 2️⃣ What idea from Rome influenced the U.S. government? 3️⃣ How did the Roman system prevent one branch from gaining too much power?
Vocabulary
Founding Documents
That influenced America
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Limited Government
Due Process
The rights limited the power of the monarchy for EVERYONE. Freedom of Speech No Cruel and Unusual Punishment Speedy Trial
Rich nobles would receive fair trials Due Process: The government must follow fair steps before taking away your Life, Liberty, and Property.
Limited Government
Magna Carta
Title
Rule of Law
Self-Government
Mayflower Compact
Title
Social Contract
English Bill of Rights
Due Process
Title
Rule of Law
Written in 1215
Write a brief description here
The king must follow the law as well-he is not above it
Written in 1620
In order for the colony to work, they need to create their own government.
Write a brief description here
Written in 1689
Everyone had to agree to be governed (consent of the governed)
Write a brief description here
Rights for the accused. Fair trial.
The king must follow the law as well-he is not above it
The king could no have total control
Who's idea?
Solution
Drag each concept to the group it belongs to Click the light bulb for the correct answers
Locke
Montesquieu
Natural Rights
Checks and Balances
Social Contract
Three Branches
Life, Liberty, and Property
Separation of Powers
Enlightenment important Ideas
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Consent of the Governed
Separation of Powers
Declaration of Independence
Checks and Balances
Montesquieu
Title
The Constitution
Natural Rights
John Locke
Title
Right to Rebel
Social Contract
Write a brief description here
Click through all the imortant terms for Montesquieu
Article 1, 2 and 3 of the Constituion create the three branches and separate power.
Government power divided into branches to prevent corruption.
Click through all the imortant terms for Locke
Government’s power comes from the people.
Agreement where people give government power in exchange for protection of rights.
Rights people are born with that cannot be taken away (life, liberty, property)
People may overthrow a government that violates their rights.
You will find much of Locke's ideas in the writings of the Declaration.
Write a brief description here
Each branch can limit the others (veto, override, judicial review).
Montesquieu
John Locke
Key Ideas Natural Rights → Life, Liberty, Property Social Contract → People agree to follow laws; government protects rights Consent of the Governed → Government gets power from the people Right to Overthrow Government if rights are violated Why Locke Matters to the U.S.: His natural rights appear in the Declaration of Independence His social contract theory shaped the Constitution He inspired the idea that government exists to protect rights He influenced popular sovereignty (power from the people)
Key Ideas Separation of Powers → Government divided into branches Checks and Balances → Each branch can limit the others Prevents tyranny by spreading power out Government should not give all power to one person Why Montesquieu Matters to the U.S. His ideas directly shaped the three branches Checks and balances appear in the Constitution (veto, override, judicial review) Prevents any branch from becoming too powerful
Who Said it?
Who Said it?
Who Said it?
Who Said it?
Who Said it?
Road to the Declaration
Tea Act (1773)
Townshend Acts (1767)
Sugar Act (1764)
French and Indian War
Intolerable Acts (1774)
Stamp Act (1765)
Boston Massacre (1770)
Proclamation Line of 1763
Boston Tea Party (1773)
Road to the Declaration
Olive Branch Petition (1775)
Second Continental Congress (1775)
Common Sense (1776)
First Continental Congress (1774)
Lexington and Concord (1775)
Provide context to your topic with a subtitle
Ideas Behind Independence
Click next to review parts of the Declaration of Independence and how previous thinkers ideas are expressed.
Next
Interactive Declaration of Independence
“When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another… a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.” “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. — That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government…”
Next
Interactive Declaration of Independence
“The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations… To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures. He has cut off our trade with all parts of the world. He has imposed taxes on us without our consent. He has deprived us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury. He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly…” “We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America… do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States… and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do.”
Next
All we need is a new government. A government that rid our land of Monarchy. Click the correct document when to move to the next page.
Click the problem to reveal the solution
Potholes in the ARticles
How was it fixed in the Constitution?
✅ Solution to Problem 1: Congress Can Tax The Constitution gives Congress the power to collect taxes and raise revenue.
Problem 1: No power to tax
✅ Solution to Problem 2: Federal Court System, created in Article 3, creates the Supreme Court and lower federal courts.
Problem 2: No national court system
✅ Solution to Problem 3: President Created A separate executive branch is created to enforce laws.
Problem 3: No executive branch
✅ Solution to Problem 4: Easier Amendment Process Constitution uses: 2/3 Congress + 3/4 states instead of 13/13 states.
Problem 4: Needed all 13 states to amend
Problem 5: Could not enforce laws
✅ Solution to Problem 5: National Government Can Enforce Laws The executive branch and federal courts ensure laws are followed.
✅ Solution to Problem 6: Federalism (Shared Power) Power is shared between national and state governments, with the national government stronger.
Problem 6: States held more power than national government
March to the ArsenalShays’ group attempts to seize weapons from the Springfield Armory.
Farmers Protest (1786)
Daniel Shays and other farmers gather to stop courts from taking farms.
Massachusetts Militia Responds The state militia stops the rebellion — but the national gov. did NOTHING.
Courthouses Shut Down Protesters physically block courthouse doors.
Click on the problem to show the solution
💰 Economic Crisis
⚖️ Courts Seizing Land
📜 Weak National Gov.
😡 Angry Farmers
🥊Federalist v. anti-federalist🥊
THE Ratification Rumble
Patrick "Give me Liberty" Henry
Alexander "The Centralizer" Hamilton
What did each side want?
Anti-Federalist
Federalist
ANTI-FEDERALISTS-Anti-FederalistOpposed the Constitution unless a Bill of Rights was added; favored stronger state governments.Bill of Rights-List of individual rights demanded by Anti-Federalists to protect citizens from federal abuse. Fear of Tyranny-Concern that a strong central government (especially the President) could become too powerful—like a king. States’ Rights-Belief that states should keep most powers because they are closer to the people. Limited Government-Government’s powers should be clearly restricted; written protections were necessary. Anti-Federalist Papers-Writings warning that the Constitution gave the national government too much power.
FEDERALISTS- Supporter of the Constitution who favored a stronger national government. Federalist Papers-Essays written to convince people to ratify the Constitution (Hamilton, Madison, Jay). Strong Central Government-Belief that the national government needed enough power to enforce laws, tax, defend the country, and maintain order. Checks and Balances-System to prevent any branch from abusing power — reason Federalists trusted the new Constitution. Separation of Powers-Dividing government into branches; prevented tyranny and made a Bill of Rights “unnecessary” in their view. Ratification-Formal approval of the Constitution.
America Wins!
We get a stronger federal government and a Bill of Rights!
Click on each article to learn more
Article 3
Preamble
Article 1
Article 2
Bill of Rights
Article 4
Article 5
Article 6
Article 7
The Legislative Branch The makers of the law
Whose in charge? House of Reps: Speaker of the House Senate: Vice President Breaks Tie
Who's in it?
Click to learn more about our bicameral (two chamber) legislature
Regulate Commerce
Collect Taxes
Override Veto
Declare War
Impeachment power
Make Laws
What are some of the powers of the Legislative Branch? Click to fire the cannon for an explosive time!
How a bill becomes law
Try not kill the bill!
THE NATIONAL EXTRA RECESS ACT
The bill that gives every student in America 15 minutes of extra recess a day!
How a Bill becomes law steps (click the eye)
How Florida passes a law
Mandatory Snack Break Law Follow it through the Florida Congress
The Senate
Idea / Bill Introduction
Committee Action
Bill is Filed / Drafted
Committee Action
Goes to the Governor to sign
Sign or veto
Hose of Reps
Executive Branch
Enforces the Laws
WHO'S IN IT? Click on each to review the structure of each!
Powers of the Exective Branch (President)
Judicial Branch
Click on titles to review
Interprets Laws
Requirements
Good moral character...yes that is all
The Judicial Branch is made up of judges and justices who interpret laws. It has multiple levels of courts: federal, state, and local.
Structure
The Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States. It has 9 justices (odd number) who interpret the Constitution and make the final decision on cases. No other court can overrule it.
Supreme Court
Decides what laws mean and how they should be applied in real situations.
Interprets Laws
The coursts main power: Can declare a law Constitutional or Unconstitutional.
Judicial Review Power
Levels of Courts
Hint
Answer
United States Federal Court
Florida Courts
Federalism
The federal government shares/divides powers with the State and Local Governments
Remember, the Supremacy Clause states the Federal Government has the highest authority (Article 6) and the Constitution is highest law of the land.
Next
Implied Powers
Enumerated/Expressed
Concurrent Powers
Reserved/State
Implied
Enumerated/Expressed
Regulate Immigration
Necessary and Proper Clause
Voting
Interpret Laws
Enforce the Law
Regulate Trade/Commerce
Make Laws
Print Money
Schools
Issue Driver License
Marraige License
Space Program
Declare War
Collect Taxes
Provide Public Safety
Create Banks
Reserved/State
Concurrent
Forms of Government
Systems of Government
Vs.
Where is the power located?
Who has the power?
Next
AUTOCRACY
REPUBLIC/REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
Click here for an important comparison
CLICK HERE TO FIND THE SYSTEMS
DICTATORSHIP
OLIGARCHY
DIRECT DEMOCRACY
Systems of Government
Where is the power located?
Unitary- All power is in the central government. They tell everyone what to do. Federal- Power is shared between the states and the federal government. Confederal- Power is in the states, with a weak central government.
14th Amendment
What Is a Citizen?
A citizen is a legally recognized member of a country with rights, responsibilities, and duties. In the United States, people become citizens by birth or through a legal process called naturalization.
How do you become a Citizen?
Click the pictures below to find the three ways:
Naturalization Process
Law of Blood
Pathway to Citizenship
Click the steps to the Naturalization Process
Responsibilities v. Obiligations (duties)
Match the Responsibility/Duty (things you should do as a citizen) to the left side and Obligations (things you have to do as a citizen) on the right side.
Vote in elections
Serve on a jury
Obey the law
Respect the rights and opinions of others
Register for Selective Service (males ages 18–25)
Pay taxes
Register for Selective Service (males ages 18–25)
Stay informed about issues and government
Volunteer in the community
Participate in civic and community activities
Responsibilities/Duty
Obligations
Constitution
Table of Contents
Enlightenment
Click where you want to go!
Three Branches
Greek and Rome
English Policies
Forms/System of government
Founding Docs
Articles of Confederation
Citizenship
Bellwork
1. What is one right protected by the Bill of Rights? 2. Why do you think amendments exist? 3. If the Constitution did NOT have amendments, what problems might happen?
The Pursuit of Happiness
These are Locke's words, well, almost word for word. What did he change? Why did he change it?
Jefferson wanted the phrase to express more than just material wealth.Property focused narrowly on ownership of land or goods, which was central to Locke’s 17th-century thinking. Pursuit of happiness reflected the Enlightenment idea that governments exist to allow people to seek fulfillment, virtue, and well-being in many forms—not just economic gain. He drew on ideas from philosophers like Epicurus and Francis Hutcheson, who argued that happiness was the ultimate goal of moral life and that natural rights should protect people’s ability to seek it.
Trial (Criminal) Court v. Apellete Court (Appeals) v. The Supreme Court
Federal Courts (3 Levels)District Courts – Trial courts where cases start.Courts of Appeals – Review decisions from the trial courts. U.S. Supreme Court – Highest court; final say on federal and constitutional issues. Florida Courts (4 Levels) County Courts – Small cases like traffic tickets and small claims. Circuit Courts – Serious crimes, major lawsuits, and family law cases. District Courts of Appeal (DCA) – Review decisions from the circuit courts. Florida Supreme Court – Highest court in the state; final say on Florida law.
Trial Court (criminal court):Where cases start. Judges and juries hear evidence, witnesses testify, and a verdict (guilty or not guilty) is decided.Focus: Finding the facts. Appellate Court (Appeals Court) Reviews the trial. No new evidence. Judges check if the trial court made a legal mistake. They can uphold, reverse, or order a new trial. Focus: Checking for errors. Supreme Court Highest court. Chooses which cases to hear. Sets big-picture rules (precedent) for the whole state or country. Focus: Final decisions on major legal questions.
By Birth (Law of Soil)
You are a U.S. citizen if at least one parent is a U.S. citizen, even if born outside the U.S.
Idea/Bill Introduction
A group of middle school students notice everyone is starving before lunch. They come up with the Mandatory Snack Break Act, a law that gives all Florida students a daily 10-minute snack break. A State Representative loves the idea and agrees to sponsor the bill.
This was the second government we created. We needed a strong federal government in order to protect the citizens of our great nation.
Tea Act
British Perspective
Britain thought the Tea Act actually helped the colonists by lowering the price of tea while saving the struggling East India Company. Parliament saw no reason for protest when colonists were getting cheaper tea.
Article VII – Ratification
Explains how the Constitution was approved by the states.
The President’s Cabinet
What is the Cabinet?
- The Cabinet is a group of advisors who help the President make decisions
- Each member leads a major federal department
- The President chooses them
The Senate must approve (confirm) them
What does the Cabinet do?1. Live in the U.S. for 5 Years (Residency)
To apply for naturalization, most immigrants must live legally in the United States for at least 5 years. This shows long-term connection and commitment to the country. During this time, they must show good behavior.
Event Description (What Britain Did) Colonial Reaction French & Indian War (1754–1763) Britain and the colonies (with Native allies) fought France and its Native allies; Britain wins control of most of North America Colonists gain military experience and confidence, but Britain is left in debt → leads to new taxes
Locke
Natural Rights Life, Liberty, Property Social Contract
Montesquieu
Separation of Powers Checks and Balances Three Branches
Boston Tea Party
British Perspective
To King George III, the destruction of 342 chests of tea was vandalism and lawlessness, not a political protest. Britain viewed it as an attack on property and authority that required harsh punishment.
United States House of Representatives 435 Members Total
- Number per state is based on population
- Each member represents a district
Qualifications:- At least 25 years old
- U.S. citizen for 7 years
- Must live in the state they represent
Term Length- 2-year terms
- Entire House is up for election every two years
Key Constitutional PowersThe Ideas of John Locke
John Locke believed all people are born with natural rights — life, liberty, and property. The Declaration uses this idea in the line about “Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.” It shows the colonists thought Britain’s government was failing to protect their rights.
Reserved Powers – State
Definition: Powers kept by the states because they are NOT given to the federal government. Key Source: 10th Amendment Key Idea-“If the Constitution doesn’t give it to the federal government, the states keep it.” Examples:
John Locke stated that when governments stop protecting rights, you should immediatly petition the government. If that doesn't work, you must change the social contract (we are leaving Britain)
John Locke
In Common Sense, Thomas Paine said monarchy was corrupt and that the colonies should be fully independent. His arguments convinced many undecided colonists to support a complete break with Britain. The Declaration reflects Paine’s call for independence.
Common Sense
14th Amendment
Defines Citizenship
The Fourteenth Amendment grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and protects their rights under the law.
How a Bill Becomes a Law – Someone has an idea for a law. Introduce the Bill -Committee Review: Committee studies the bill, holds hearings, and votes. Floor -Debate & Vote – The full chamber debates and votes. -Other Chamber: The bill goes to the other house of Congress for the same steps (committee → debate → vote). -Resolve Differences: If the House and Senate versions differ, a conference committee creates one final version. -Final Vote: Both chambers vote on the final bill. -President’s Desk: President signs the bill into law or vetoes it. Veto Override – Congress can override a veto with a 2/3 vote in both House and Senate.
Second Continental Congress
After the battles at Lexington and Concord, delegates from all 13 colonies met again in Philadelphia. This time, they had to decide how to respond to war with Britain. What they did: Created the Continental Army and chose George Washington as commander. Sent the Olive Branch Petition as a last plea for peace with King George III. Began acting like a national government: printing money, making alliances, and running the war. Colonial Reaction: Showed the colonies were committed to resisting Britain. When the king rejected the Olive Branch Petition, independence became the only option.
The Townshend Acts placed taxes on everyday imported goods like glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea. Britain also gave customs officials the power to use writs of assistance (blanket search warrants) to look for smuggled goods. Colonial Reaction: Angry that Britain taxed items they used daily. Organized boycotts of British goods. Smuggling increased. Tensions rose → eventually led to the Boston Massacre (1770).
Implied Powers – Federal
Definition: Powers NOT written, but necessary to carry out the enumerated powers. Key Source: Elastic Clause / Necessary & Proper Clause Key Idea: “If Congress needs it to do its job, it’s implied.” Examples:
Olive Branch Petition
After fighting began at Lexington and Concord, the Second Continental Congress sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III as a last attempt at peace. What it said: Colonists declared loyalty to the king. Asked him to stop Parliament’s harsh laws and end the fighting. What happened: King George III rejected the petition and declared the colonies in open rebellion. This convinced many colonists that independence was the only path left.
Concurrent Powers – Shared
Definition: Powers that both federal and state governments can do. Key Idea: “Shared powers — both levels can do them.” Examples:
First Continental Congress (1774)
After the Intolerable Acts, 12 of the 13 colonies (all except Georgia) sent delegates to Philadelphia to discuss a united response to Britain. What they did: Wrote a petition to King George III asking him to repeal the Intolerable Acts. Agreed to boycott British goods until demands were met. Encouraged colonies to form militias in case fighting broke out. Colonial Reaction: Showed the colonies could work together. Britain ignored the petition → tensions kept rising.
Key Vocab
Supply: The quantities of goods and services producers are willing to offer for sale.Demand: The quantity of goods and services people are willing to buy. Supply and Demand: When demand is high, prices are high. When demand is low, prices are low. Standard of Living: The level of wealth and comfort enjoyed by an individual in the country.
Common Sense by Thomas Paine
Written by Thomas Paine, Common Sense was a short pamphlet that became one of the most widely read works in the colonies. What it argued: Kings and monarchies are corrupt and unnatural. Colonies should declare full independence — not try to fix their relationship with Britain. America had the chance to create a new kind of government based on liberty and equality. Impact: Sold over 100,000 copies in just months. Simple, powerful language that ordinary colonists could understand. Convinced many undecided colonists to support independence.
United States Sentate Senate (100 members, 2 per state) Vice President Breaks ties Represents entire state, not just districts Qualifications
- At least 30 years old
- U.S. citizen for 9 years
- Reside in the state you represent
Term Length- 6-year terms
- Staggered elections → 1/3 elected every 2 years
Key Constitutional PowersLexington and Concord
Brisith Perspective
From Britain’s perspective, the march to Concord was a lawful mission to seize illegal weapons and restore order in Massachusetts. The colonial militias who gathered at Lexington and Concord were seen as armed rebels defying the king’s authority. When shots were fired, British troops believed they were responding to open insurrection, not peaceful protest. To the Crown, this was proof that the colonies had moved beyond petitions and had taken up arms against their own government.
The Sugar Act was Britain’s first law to raise money directly from the colonies after the French and Indian War. It placed a tax on sugar, molasses, and other imported goods and strengthened enforcement against smuggling. Colonial Reaction: Merchants and traders protested loudly. Colonists argued “No taxation without representation.” Smuggling increased as a way to avoid paying. It planted the seeds of mistrust toward Britain.
Some can go in multiple
Hover over the eye for the consequences of the Boston Tea Party
Britain passed these laws to punish Massachusetts after the Boston Tea Party. They were called the “Coercive Acts” in Britain, but colonists nicknamed them the Intolerable Acts because they were so harsh. Colonial Reaction: Colonists saw the acts as a direct attack on their freedom. Other colonies rallied to support Massachusetts. Led to the First Continental Congress (1774) to coordinate a united response.
Townshend Acts
British Perspective
Britain saw these as a practical way to raise revenue by taxing imports like glass, paper, and tea. Parliament argued it was their legal right to tax and govern the empire, and the money helped pay colonial officials who served the king.
Many farmers were veterans who felt betrayed by the new government.
Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress couldn’t tax or help the states.
Article I – Legislative Branch
Creates Congress (House + Senate). Explains how laws are made and lists enumerated powers of Congress.
Proclamation of 1763After winning the French and Indian War, Britain wanted to keep peace with Native American tribes. To do this, King George III issued the Proclamation of 1763, which said colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains. Britain hoped this would prevent costly wars with Native Americans. Colonists were angry because they had fought in the war and wanted to use the new lands. Many ignored the law and moved west anyway. 👉 This event was one of the first signs of growing tension between Britain and its colonies.
Autocracy
The Battle of Lexington and Concord
British soldiers marched from Boston to seize colonial weapons stored in Concord, Massachusetts. What happened: At Lexington, colonial militia (“Minutemen”) confronted the British. A shot was fired — the “shot heard ’round the world.” Fighting spread to Concord, where colonists forced the British to retreat back to Boston. Why it matters: First armed battles of the American Revolution. Showed colonists were willing to fight, not just protest. Sparked the war for independence.
Article VI – Supremacy Clause
The Constitution is the supreme law of the land. All officials must support it.
Direct Democracy
Who rules: The people directly Key traits: • Citizens vote on laws themselves • No elected leaders making decisions for them • Works best in small communities • High participation needed from citizens Example: Ancient Athens
British Perspective: French and Indian War
From Britain’s view, the war was fought to protect the colonies and expand British territory. It was costly, and Parliament believed the colonies should help pay since they directly benefited from Britain’s victory over France.
Bill is filed/drafted
The lawmaker worked with other leaders to write down all the details of the proposal. This first official version of the “Mandatory Snack Break Law” was called “filing” or “drafting” the bill.
British Perspective: Proclamation Line of 1763
The king saw this as a way to keep peace with Native Americans and avoid costly frontier wars. Limiting settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains was meant to protect colonists, not punish them.
Article II – Executive Branch
Creates the presidency. Explains presidential powers, duties, elections, and impeachment.
Enumerated (Expressed) Powers – Federal
Definition: Powers that are written directly in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8). Key Idea: “If it’s written clearly, it’s enumerated.” Examples:
Submit the Application, fingerprinting, and background check (Form N-400)
The first official step is filling out Form N-400, the naturalization application. This form provides information about the applicant’s history, background, and eligibility. They will also get fingerprinted during this time.
Written in 1689, this document changed the course for all British Citizens. It limited the power of the King and provided individual freedoms.
Conference Committee
If they passed the same bill, it will not go to committee. If the House and Senate passed different versions, a conference committee with members from both chambers met to work out the differences and write a final version that everyone agreed on.
🏛️ Alexander “The Central Power Puncher” HamiltonHometown: New York Weight Class: Strong National Government Record: 55–0 in Constitutional Debates Reach: Broad Federal Powers Stance: Pro-Ratification Signature Moves: “Supremacy Smash” – National laws stronger than state laws “Elastic Jab” – Belief in implied powers “Commerce Uppercut” – Supports national economic control Strengths: ✅ Supports strong executive branch ✅ Believes a powerful central gov protects stability ✅ Wants national army, national courts, strong Congress ✅ Argues Articles of Confederation were too weak Weaknesses: ⚠️ Less local/state control ⚠️ Fear from opponents that federal gov becomes too powerful Catchphrase: “Unity needs muscle!”
Republic v. Monarchy
A republic is a form of government where the people choose their leaders. Citizens vote for representatives who make laws and run the government on their behalf. Power comes from the people. A monarchy is a form of government ruled by a king or queen. Power is usually passed down through a family line, and the ruler often stays in power for life. In many modern monarchies, the king or queen has limited power; in absolute monarchies, they have full control. Think of it like this: A republic is like choosing your team captain through voting. A monarchy is like the captain position being passed down to the coach’s kid no matter what.
The Ideas of John Locke
John Locke believed all people are born with natural rights — life, liberty, and property. The Declaration uses this idea in the line about “Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.” It shows the colonists thought Britain’s government was failing to protect their rights.
Article III – Judicial Branch
Creates the Supreme Court and federal courts. Explains judicial powers and what cases they can hear.
1. Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, petition 2. Right to bear arms 3. No forcing people to house soldiers 4. No unreasonable searches; warrant needed 5. Due process, no double jeopardy, no self-incrimination 6. Fair trial: lawyer, jury, speedy/public trial 7. Jury trial in civil cases 8. No cruel or unusual punishment 9. People have other rights 10. Powers not given to federal gov’t = states/people
Oligarchy
Who rules: A small group of powerful peopleKey traits: • Power held by wealthy, elite, or military leaders • Decisions benefit the ruling few • Limited political power for citizens • Often lacks free and fair elections Example: Rule by wealthy elites (Russian oligarchs)
Stamp Act Overview
📜 Stamp Act Overview What it did: Required colonists to pay a tax on all printed materials — newspapers, legal documents, playing cards, licenses, even dice. Why Britain did it: Raise money to pay off debt from the French and Indian War and to keep British troops stationed in the colonies. Colonial Reaction: Immediate protests: “No taxation without representation!”
Boycotts of British goods (very effective).Formation of the Stamp Act Congress (first unified colonial response). Rise of the Sons of Liberty, who used intimidation and violence to resist tax collectors. Result: British merchants lost money → Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766 (but passed the Declaratory Act at the same time, saying Britain still had the right to tax).
First committee action
The bill was sent to a committee—a small group of lawmakers—where the group discussed the idea, listened to experts, and suggested changes to make the bill better. If the committee approved the bill, it could move forward.
Structure
President
The President is the: -Chief Executive (head of the executive branch) -Commander in Chief of the Military -Chief Diplomat (directs foreign policy) -Chief Executive Officer (Repsonsible for day-to-day administration of the federal government.
Head of the Executive Branch
Requirements
-Must be a natural born citizen -Been a resident of the US for at least 14 years -At least 35 years old -Term Limit (4 years)
By Parent (Law of Blood)
You are a U.S. citizen if you are born on U.S. soil, including states, territories, and military bases.
Courts in Massachusetts were seizing farms when farmers couldn’t pay their debts.
Thanks for nothing-We OUT!
Olive Branch Petition
British Perspective
Britain dismissed the petition as fake loyalty. By the time it arrived, fighting had already begun, and the king believed the colonies couldn’t both profess loyalty and wage war.
Major Federal Departments: What They Handle
Department of State:
Department of Treasury:
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS):
Department of Homeland Security:
Department of War (previously defense):
Department of Justice (DOJ):
Department of Education:
Boston Massacre
British Perspective
The British believed soldiers fired only because they were threatened by a violent mob. To them, it was an unfortunate clash exaggerated by colonists into propaganda against the king’s troops.
1. Rome used elected representatives instead of direct citizen votes, making it more practical for a large population. 2. citizens elect leaders to represent them. 3. It used early forms of checks and balances between the Senate, consuls, and assemblies.
Stamp Act
British Perspective
From Britain’s perspective, the Stamp Act was a simple, small tax on paper goods that would help cover the expenses of protecting the colonies. Parliament was shocked at the level of colonial anger, since taxes like this were common in Britain.
First Continental Congress
British Perspective
Britain saw this meeting as illegal and rebellious. Instead of working within the empire, the colonies were organizing to resist Parliament’s authority, which threatened British rule.
Senate Action
The bill then traveled to the Florida Senate. There, Senators discussed the bill, might make more changes, and voted. If the Senate also agreed and voted “yes,” the bill was almost done.
Intolerable Acts
British Perspective
Britain passed these laws (Coercive Acts) to punish Massachusetts and restore order. Closing Boston Harbor and limiting self-government seemed necessary to reassert control after such open defiance.
Governor Signs
The Governor received the final bill and decided whether to sign it into law or veto it.
Sugar Act
British Perspective
Britain believed the Sugar Act was a fair tax to raise money after the war and reduce smuggling. Since the colonists had been paying little in taxes compared to people in Britain, Parliament thought it was reasonable to ask them to contribute.
Sign or veto?
If the Governor signed the bill, the “Mandatory Snack Break Law” became official in Florida! If vetoed, the Legislature could try to override the veto with enough votes.
House of Reps
Next, the bill went to the Florida House of Representatives. All the members read the bill, talked about it, and voted. If most representatives liked the idea and voted “yes,” the bill moved on.
1. Citizens participate directly in decision-making.
2. Only free adult male citizens of the polis.
3. Greek and Romans believed that the greatest way to honor God was to maximize your individual worth.
4. They created a representative system where elected leaders act for the people.
Republic/Representative Democracy
Who rules: The people elect leaders Key traits:
- Citizens choose representatives to make laws
- Government power is limited by a constitution
- Protects individual rights and freedoms Elections are free, fair, and regular
Example: United StatesFarmers were deep in debt after the Revolution. Taxes were extremely high.
Second Continental Congress
British Perspective
From the king’s perspective, this Congress acted as a rebel government. By raising armies, printing money, and declaring independence, the colonies crossed the line into treason.
Interview and Civics Test
Applicants must: Complete an interview Pass a Civics Test
Britain passed the Tea Act to help the struggling British East India Company. It allowed the company to sell tea directly to the colonies at a lower price, but it still included a tax. Colonial Reaction: Colonists saw it as a trick to make them accept taxation. Merchants were angry because it cut them out of the tea trade. Led to the Boston Tea Party, where colonists disguised as Native Americans dumped tea into Boston Harbor.
Tensions exploded in Boston when a crowd of colonists argued and threw snowballs and rocks at British soldiers. The soldiers fired into the crowd, killing 5 colonists. Why it mattered: Colonists called it a “massacre” and used it as propaganda to turn people against Britain. Became a rallying point for those pushing toward independence.
Constitutional Monarchy
The Grievences (why they were angry)
The colonists listed complaints against King George III to prove why independence was necessary. These included taxing without consent, keeping soldiers in the colonies, cutting off trade, and ignoring colonial petitions. The grievances showed Britain had broken trust with the colonies.
Purpose of Government
The Declaration says governments are created to protect people’s rights. They get their power from the consent of the governed. If a government abuses its power, people have the right to change or abolish it.
Finally! The Oath of Allegiance
You are now a citizen after you give the Oath to America!
On December 16, 1773, the Sons of Liberty dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor to protest taxation without representation. Colonists saw the Tea Act as a British trick to force acceptance of Parliament’s authority. The protest united the colonies, and Britain’s harsh response (the Intolerable Acts) convinced many that an attack on one colony was an attack on all. It was important because it marked a turning point — resistance became more radical and set the colonies firmly on the path toward independence.
Article IV – Relationships Between States
States must respect each other’s laws. Explains how states are created and the duties between states and the federal government.
Dictatorship
Who rules: One leader with total controlKey traits: • Leader often takes power by force • No free or fair elections • Opposition is restricted or punished • Citizens have little to no political power Example: Military dictatorships
Article V – Amending the Constitution
Explains how the Constitution can be changed (proposed and ratified).
System of elected representatives. Why is it important? The Roman Republic is important because it introduced the idea of representative government — where citizens elect leaders to make decisions and create laws on their behalf. We have adopted these ide
Absolute Monarchy
Common Sense
British Perspective
Britain saw Paine’s pamphlet as dangerous radical propaganda. By mocking monarchy and calling the king a tyrant, it encouraged rebellion and convinced ordinary colonists to turn against the Crown.
Constitional Change
The 13th Amendment abolished slavery in the United States.
Historical Example
After the Civil War, enslaved people could no longer be legally forced to work as property.
Historical Reason
The 13th Amendment was passed right after the Civil War because the country needed to officially end slavery everywhere in the United States. Without a constitutional amendment, states could have tried to keep slavery going or bring it back. This made slavery illegal nationwide.
Constitutional Change
The 14th Amendment gave citizenship to anyone born in the United States and required equal protection under the law.
Historical Example
States could not create laws that treated formerly enslaved people unfairly or denied them basic legal rights.
Historical Reason
After slavery ended, many Southern states passed unfair laws that limited the rights of formerly enslaved people. The federal government created the 14th Amendment to guarantee citizenship and make sure states treated people equally under the law. It was meant to protect civil rights during Reconstruction.
Constitutional Change
The 15th Amendment said the right to vote cannot be denied because of race.
Historical Example
States could not legally stop Black men from voting just because of their race.
Historical Reason
Even after slavery ended, many Black citizens were still being blocked from voting. The 15th Amendment was passed to protect voting rights and stop states from denying the vote based on race. It was an attempt to make elections more fair during Reconstruction.
Historical Reason
Poll taxes were used to keep poor citizens—especially Black citizens—from voting. During the Civil Rights Movement, the government passed the 24th Amendment to ban poll taxes in federal elections. This removed an unfair barrier to voting.
Constitutional Change
The 26th Amendment lowered the voting age to 18.
Constitional Change
The 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote.
Historical Reason
Women were not allowed to vote for most of U.S. history. After decades of protests and the women’s suffrage movement, the 19th Amendment was passed to give women equal voting rights. It expanded democracy by allowing more citizens to participate.
Historical Reason
During the Vietnam War, 18-year-olds could be drafted to fight but often couldn’t vote. People argued that if you’re old enough to fight for your country, you should be old enough to vote. The 26th Amendment lowered the voting age to 18 nationwide.
Historical Example
States could not charge people money in order to vote in federal elections.
Historical Example
Women could finally vote in elections after years of being denied that right.
Constitutional Change
The 24th Amendment banned poll taxes in federal elections.
Historical Example
18-year-olds gained the right to vote in elections across the country.