Relative pronouns & clauses
INDEX
Which one to use
When do we use them?
can we drop them?
Where do we use them?
Non-defining Relative Clause
Relative pronouns
Defining Relative Clauses
Questions
When do we use a relative Pronoun?
What's a relative Clause?
A relative pronoun is used to identify, define or give additional information about a noun.The information that follows the pronoun is inside a relative clause.
Where do we use them?
After a noun. As the subject of the second verb.
Relative Pronouns
That
Whose
Where
Who
When
Which
Whom
Defining Relative clause
A defining relative clause is used to identify or define the noun we are talking about.
Which one to use?
Objects
Animals
People
Examples
Examples
how to combine defining clauses
Example 1: The woman works in a bank. She lives next door. 1) Find a word in each sentence referring to the same person /thing/animal... The woman works in a bank. She lives next door 2) Delete the word in the second sentence and place a relative pronoun at the beginning of that sentence. Obviously, mind the word(s) in the first sentence to decide which relative pronoun you are using: The woman works in a bank. She lives next door The woman works in a bank. Who lives next door 3) Move the second sentence next to the word(s) in the first sentence: The woman who lives next door works in a bank.
how to combine defining clauses
Example 2: This is the man. I work with his daughter. 1) Find a word in each sentence referring to the same person /thing/animal... This is the man. I work with his daughter. 2) Delete the word in the second sentence and place a relative pronoun at the beginning of that sentence. If the word in the second sentence is a possessive adjective, you must use the relative pronoun WHOSE, accompanied by the noun after the possessive adjective: This is the man. I work with his daughter. This is the man. Whose daughter I work with. 3) Move the second sentence next to the word(s) in the first sentence: This is the man whose daughter I work with.
more Examples: People
This is the woman. She stole my heart.This is the woman who/that stole my heart
This is the man. I borrowed his book.This is the man whose book I borrowed
When the word(s) in the first sentence is a person, and after the relative pronoun we have a subjet + a verb, we use the relative pronoun WHOM:
Whom
That's the guy whom she married
Ghandi is a person whom most people admire
more Examples: Objects and Animals
This it the dog.It bit me
This it the dog which/that bit me
This is the camera. Ann bought it
This is the camera that/which Ann bought
This is the cat. I adopted it
This it the cat which/that I adopted
more examples: Places and time
Where and whencan be used as relative pronouns
This is the library. We met there.
The library where we met.
That was the day. We met then.
That was the day when we met.
Bye Pronoun!
Can we drop the relative pronoun?
If the information is in a defining clause and after the relative we already have a subject they can be dropped:
You can't drop:
Examples
Examples
Example: When to drop it
The cat which/that I adopted
The cat I adopted
The day when/that we met
The day we met
The reason I was at the library
The reason why/that I was at the library
That's the guy she married
That's the guy whom she married
Example: when you can't drop it
No subject
The dog which/that bit me
Whose
The man whose book I borrowed
No subject
This is the woman who/that stole my heart
non-defining relative Clauses
A non-defining relative clause gives additional information about a person, thing or animal. We don't need this information to understand the sentence. You have to use a comma ',' and you cannot use "that".
You can't use 'that' instead of 'who' or 'which'
Examples
non-defining relative Clauses
If the word(s) we are going to select in the first sentence, is/are a PROPER NOUN, or includes a demonstrative pronoun (THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE) or a possessive adjective (MY, YOUR, HIS, HER, ITS, OUR, THEIR), the clause is going to be NON DEFINING
Examples
how to combine non-defining clauses
Example 1: John plays football. He is 26 years old 1) Find a word in each sentence referring to the same person /thing/animal... John plays football. He is 26 years old 2) Delete the word in the second sentence and place a relative pronoun at the beginning of that sentence. Obviously, mind the word(s) in the first sentence to decide which relative pronoun you are using: John plays football. He is 26 years old. John plays football. Who is 26 years old 3) Move the second sentence next to the word(s) in the first sentence: John who is 26 years old plays football. 4) As the word(s) in the first sentence is a proper noun, add commas: John, who is 26 years old, plays football.
more examples: Non-defining relative clauses
Proper noun
I live in London.
London has fantastic parks.
I live in London, which has fantastic parks.
Possessive
I live with her.
My sister knows a lot about cars.
My sister, who I live with, knows a lot about cars
Do you have any questions?
END OF THE PRESENTATION
THANKYOU!
Relative pronouns & clauses
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Transcript
Relative pronouns & clauses
INDEX
Which one to use
When do we use them?
can we drop them?
Where do we use them?
Non-defining Relative Clause
Relative pronouns
Defining Relative Clauses
Questions
When do we use a relative Pronoun?
What's a relative Clause?
A relative pronoun is used to identify, define or give additional information about a noun.The information that follows the pronoun is inside a relative clause.
Where do we use them?
After a noun. As the subject of the second verb.
Relative Pronouns
That
Whose
Where
Who
When
Which
Whom
Defining Relative clause
A defining relative clause is used to identify or define the noun we are talking about.
Which one to use?
Objects
Animals
People
Examples
Examples
how to combine defining clauses
Example 1: The woman works in a bank. She lives next door. 1) Find a word in each sentence referring to the same person /thing/animal... The woman works in a bank. She lives next door 2) Delete the word in the second sentence and place a relative pronoun at the beginning of that sentence. Obviously, mind the word(s) in the first sentence to decide which relative pronoun you are using: The woman works in a bank. She lives next door The woman works in a bank. Who lives next door 3) Move the second sentence next to the word(s) in the first sentence: The woman who lives next door works in a bank.
how to combine defining clauses
Example 2: This is the man. I work with his daughter. 1) Find a word in each sentence referring to the same person /thing/animal... This is the man. I work with his daughter. 2) Delete the word in the second sentence and place a relative pronoun at the beginning of that sentence. If the word in the second sentence is a possessive adjective, you must use the relative pronoun WHOSE, accompanied by the noun after the possessive adjective: This is the man. I work with his daughter. This is the man. Whose daughter I work with. 3) Move the second sentence next to the word(s) in the first sentence: This is the man whose daughter I work with.
more Examples: People
This is the woman. She stole my heart.This is the woman who/that stole my heart
This is the man. I borrowed his book.This is the man whose book I borrowed
When the word(s) in the first sentence is a person, and after the relative pronoun we have a subjet + a verb, we use the relative pronoun WHOM:
Whom
That's the guy whom she married
Ghandi is a person whom most people admire
more Examples: Objects and Animals
This it the dog.It bit me
This it the dog which/that bit me
This is the camera. Ann bought it
This is the camera that/which Ann bought
This is the cat. I adopted it
This it the cat which/that I adopted
more examples: Places and time
Where and whencan be used as relative pronouns
This is the library. We met there.
The library where we met.
That was the day. We met then.
That was the day when we met.
Bye Pronoun!
Can we drop the relative pronoun?
If the information is in a defining clause and after the relative we already have a subject they can be dropped:
You can't drop:
Examples
Examples
Example: When to drop it
The cat which/that I adopted
The cat I adopted
The day when/that we met
The day we met
The reason I was at the library
The reason why/that I was at the library
That's the guy she married
That's the guy whom she married
Example: when you can't drop it
No subject
The dog which/that bit me
Whose
The man whose book I borrowed
No subject
This is the woman who/that stole my heart
non-defining relative Clauses
A non-defining relative clause gives additional information about a person, thing or animal. We don't need this information to understand the sentence. You have to use a comma ',' and you cannot use "that".
You can't use 'that' instead of 'who' or 'which'
Examples
non-defining relative Clauses
If the word(s) we are going to select in the first sentence, is/are a PROPER NOUN, or includes a demonstrative pronoun (THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE) or a possessive adjective (MY, YOUR, HIS, HER, ITS, OUR, THEIR), the clause is going to be NON DEFINING
Examples
how to combine non-defining clauses
Example 1: John plays football. He is 26 years old 1) Find a word in each sentence referring to the same person /thing/animal... John plays football. He is 26 years old 2) Delete the word in the second sentence and place a relative pronoun at the beginning of that sentence. Obviously, mind the word(s) in the first sentence to decide which relative pronoun you are using: John plays football. He is 26 years old. John plays football. Who is 26 years old 3) Move the second sentence next to the word(s) in the first sentence: John who is 26 years old plays football. 4) As the word(s) in the first sentence is a proper noun, add commas: John, who is 26 years old, plays football.
more examples: Non-defining relative clauses
Proper noun
I live in London.
London has fantastic parks.
I live in London, which has fantastic parks.
Possessive
I live with her.
My sister knows a lot about cars.
My sister, who I live with, knows a lot about cars
Do you have any questions?
END OF THE PRESENTATION
THANKYOU!