The overall North–South income gap remained roughly unchanged between 1960 and 2000, but regional outcomes within the South diverged sharply: some regions gained while others suffered major losses.
02.rerouting of capital
Arrighi argues that the neo-liberal counterrevolution in the U.S. rerouted capital and altered demand (notably a U.S. trade deficit that increased demand for cheap manufactured goods). That redistribution advantaged some regions and hurt others.
03. East Asia
Arrighi notes East Asia captured U.S. demand and benefited from capital redirection. Improved external positions meant less exposure to destructive financial competition; China accumulated reserves and credit influence.
04. Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America
When capital flows reversed in the 1980s, many African and Latin American countries faced capital droughts, default pressures, and harsh adjustment programs — outcomes much worse than anticipated.
05. Why China and India differed
Arrighi argues that China and India integrated into structural globalization on terms that preserved national interests: selective liberalization, capital controls, and leveraging large domestic markets and internal diversification. These factors helped them avoid the worst neoliberal outcomes.
06.China’s industrial advantage
Arrighi (via examples) shows China often substituted educated labor for expensive automation and management, enabling competitiveness without large capital investments — a key part of China’s success in that period.
07. conclusion
Neoliberal globalization produced uneven development: its effects depended on how regions and countries entered global markets and what domestic capacities and policies they retained
Arrighi concludes that global rules matter, but so do national choices and capabilities. Regions with autonomy, market size, and strategic policies could capture benefits; those without fell into crises.
'Incluir citas siempre refuerza nuestra presentación. Rompe con la monotonía'
08. Vocabulary
Neoliberal counterrevolution / ideological globalization: The policy shift from c.1980 emphasizing deregulation, privatization and trade/capital liberalization, reshaping global capital flows. Export-Oriented Industrialization (EOI): A strategy emphasizing production for export markets as the engine of growth. Import-Substitution Industrialization (ISI): An earlier strategy focused on replacing imports with domestic production. Balance of payments: A record of a country’s transactions with the rest of the world; crucial for understanding who must compete in financial markets. Capital controls: Restrictions on cross-border capital movement used by some states (e.g., China, India) to limit volatile flows. Financialization: The growing dominance of financial motives, markets and institutions in the economy — background to capital rerouting.
09 Keywords
neoliberal globalization Global South capital rerouting North–South gap regional inequality winners / losers East Asia (China) balance of payments capital controls human capital (education & health) financialization export-oriented industrialization (EOI) debt crises national autonomy
Globalization and Uneven Development
Óscar Geovanni Juarez Valdez
Created on October 30, 2025
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Transcript
Globalization and Uneven Development
Presenta:- JUÁREZ VALDEZ OSCAR GEOVANNI
- MARTÍNEZ CONTRERAS MARIO ALBERTO
30/10/2025
02.rerouting of capital
04.Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America
03.East Asia
01.North–South
05.Why China and India differed
06.China’s industrial advantage
07.conclusion
08.Vocabulary
TABLA DE CONTENIDO
09.CONCLUSIONES
01. North–South
The overall North–South income gap remained roughly unchanged between 1960 and 2000, but regional outcomes within the South diverged sharply: some regions gained while others suffered major losses.
02.rerouting of capital
Arrighi argues that the neo-liberal counterrevolution in the U.S. rerouted capital and altered demand (notably a U.S. trade deficit that increased demand for cheap manufactured goods). That redistribution advantaged some regions and hurt others.
03. East Asia
Arrighi notes East Asia captured U.S. demand and benefited from capital redirection. Improved external positions meant less exposure to destructive financial competition; China accumulated reserves and credit influence.
04. Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America
When capital flows reversed in the 1980s, many African and Latin American countries faced capital droughts, default pressures, and harsh adjustment programs — outcomes much worse than anticipated.
05. Why China and India differed
Arrighi argues that China and India integrated into structural globalization on terms that preserved national interests: selective liberalization, capital controls, and leveraging large domestic markets and internal diversification. These factors helped them avoid the worst neoliberal outcomes.
06.China’s industrial advantage
Arrighi (via examples) shows China often substituted educated labor for expensive automation and management, enabling competitiveness without large capital investments — a key part of China’s success in that period.
07. conclusion
Neoliberal globalization produced uneven development: its effects depended on how regions and countries entered global markets and what domestic capacities and policies they retained
Arrighi concludes that global rules matter, but so do national choices and capabilities. Regions with autonomy, market size, and strategic policies could capture benefits; those without fell into crises.
'Incluir citas siempre refuerza nuestra presentación. Rompe con la monotonía'
08. Vocabulary
Neoliberal counterrevolution / ideological globalization: The policy shift from c.1980 emphasizing deregulation, privatization and trade/capital liberalization, reshaping global capital flows. Export-Oriented Industrialization (EOI): A strategy emphasizing production for export markets as the engine of growth. Import-Substitution Industrialization (ISI): An earlier strategy focused on replacing imports with domestic production. Balance of payments: A record of a country’s transactions with the rest of the world; crucial for understanding who must compete in financial markets. Capital controls: Restrictions on cross-border capital movement used by some states (e.g., China, India) to limit volatile flows. Financialization: The growing dominance of financial motives, markets and institutions in the economy — background to capital rerouting.
09 Keywords
neoliberal globalization Global South capital rerouting North–South gap regional inequality winners / losers East Asia (China) balance of payments capital controls human capital (education & health) financialization export-oriented industrialization (EOI) debt crises national autonomy
thank you for your attention