attendance
FUNDAMENTALS OF LIFE
reminders
Tomorrow 31 oct: 1. Strategic activity 7 2. Quiz 4 Monday 3 november: 1. Prelab 3 Tuesday 4 november: 1. Lab practice (bring labcoat, dresscode, evidence sheet, MATERIALS: 2 BANANAS AND 6 STRAWBERRIES FOR ALL THE GROUP)
Module 8. How can mutations in genes influence the function of a living organism?
Nucleic acids recap
Which where the nucleic acids?
Monomer
Build-a-Nucleotide Challenge!
1. You will be given a card. 2. Move around the classrom as the music plays. 3. When the music stops get together with you classmates to form a nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, nitogenous base)
Build-a-Nucleotide Challenge!
1. Move around the classrom as the music plays. 2. When the music stops get together with you classmates to form a nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, nitogenous base) 3. If the teacher says "CHAIN" you need to form nucleotides and join with the nucleotides of the corresponding nucleic acid.
In DNA to form the double helix... Bases pair with each other:
C G T A
"se jetea"
Moving on
lets remember some concepts
Compact organization of genes."Packages" of genetic material.
CHROMOSOME
It is the unit of genetic information (where the "instructions" for making an organism are).
DNA
GENE
It is a segment of DNA that encodes a specific protein/function.
Moving on
lets remember some concepts
Compact organization of genes."Packages" of genetic material.
CHROMOSOME
It is the unit of genetic information (where the "instructions" for making an organism are).
DNA
GENE
It is a segment of DNA that encodes a specific protein/function.
How do we go from a DNA gene to a protein?
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
REPLICATION
To replicate or duplicate genetic material means to make a copy of the genetic material so that there are two identical copies.
remember the S phase?
DNA molecule
The double helix unwinds. An enzyme called DNA helicase decompresses the DNA so that the two strands are separated.
Each original strand serves as a template for the formation of a new strand. DNA polymerase fills the strands with new DNA. One strand is synthesized continuously, and the other is synthesized discontinuously.
DNA ligase joins the fragments of the discontinuous strand. The two daughter DNA molecules will be identical to the parent molecule.
Replication is "SEMICONSERVATIVE" because each copy contains one old strand and one new strand.
EXERCISE
ATG CCG TTA GCA TTA GCG TAC GAC GGA CTT AAG
TRANSCRIPTION
We go from DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) to RNA (ribonucleic acid)
ARN TYPES
MESSENGER RNA
RNA carries the genetic information from DNA out of the nucleus and begins to produce proteins. Depending on the type of cell, the proteins produced and the quantity vary.
Takes place in the nucleus: 1. A segment of DNA serves as a template for the production of a molecule of mRNA. 2. The DNA helix opens up so that complementary base pairing can occur between the DNA and the mRNA. 3. RNA polymerase (an enzyme) joins new RNA nucleotides in a sequence complementary to that of the DNA.
EXERCISE
Main chain
ATG CCG TTA GCA TTA GCG TAC GAC GGA CTT AAG
Daughter chain
TAC GGC AAC CGT AAC CGC ATG CTC CCT GAA TTC
TRANSLATION
We go from RNA (ribonucleic acid) to proteins
Ribosomes decode mRNA by reading its nucleotides in groups of three, called codons. During TRANSLATION, the tRNA has anticodons whose bases pair with a codon in the mRNA. The codons correspond to a specific amino acid. Three codons signal the end of a protein. A "start" codon, AUG, marks the beginning of a protein.
AUG GUU AUU CUU UAA Met Val Ile Leu Stop
EXERCISE
Main chain
ATG CCG TTA GCA TTA GCG TAC GAC GGA CTT AAG
Daughter chain
TAC GGC AAC CGT AAC CGC ATG CTC CCT GAA TTC
AUG CCG UUA GCA UUA GCG UAC GAC GGA CUU AAG
EXERCISE
AUG CCG UUA GCA UUA GCG UAC GAC GGA CUU AAG
Central dogma of molecular biology
Yessika Andrea Orea Yañez
Created on October 29, 2025
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attendance
FUNDAMENTALS OF LIFE
reminders
Tomorrow 31 oct: 1. Strategic activity 7 2. Quiz 4 Monday 3 november: 1. Prelab 3 Tuesday 4 november: 1. Lab practice (bring labcoat, dresscode, evidence sheet, MATERIALS: 2 BANANAS AND 6 STRAWBERRIES FOR ALL THE GROUP)
Module 8. How can mutations in genes influence the function of a living organism?
Nucleic acids recap
Which where the nucleic acids?
Monomer
Build-a-Nucleotide Challenge!
1. You will be given a card. 2. Move around the classrom as the music plays. 3. When the music stops get together with you classmates to form a nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, nitogenous base)
Build-a-Nucleotide Challenge!
1. Move around the classrom as the music plays. 2. When the music stops get together with you classmates to form a nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, nitogenous base) 3. If the teacher says "CHAIN" you need to form nucleotides and join with the nucleotides of the corresponding nucleic acid.
In DNA to form the double helix... Bases pair with each other:
C G T A
"se jetea"
Moving on
lets remember some concepts
Compact organization of genes."Packages" of genetic material.
CHROMOSOME
It is the unit of genetic information (where the "instructions" for making an organism are).
DNA
GENE
It is a segment of DNA that encodes a specific protein/function.
Moving on
lets remember some concepts
Compact organization of genes."Packages" of genetic material.
CHROMOSOME
It is the unit of genetic information (where the "instructions" for making an organism are).
DNA
GENE
It is a segment of DNA that encodes a specific protein/function.
How do we go from a DNA gene to a protein?
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
REPLICATION
To replicate or duplicate genetic material means to make a copy of the genetic material so that there are two identical copies.
remember the S phase?
DNA molecule
The double helix unwinds. An enzyme called DNA helicase decompresses the DNA so that the two strands are separated.
Each original strand serves as a template for the formation of a new strand. DNA polymerase fills the strands with new DNA. One strand is synthesized continuously, and the other is synthesized discontinuously.
DNA ligase joins the fragments of the discontinuous strand. The two daughter DNA molecules will be identical to the parent molecule.
Replication is "SEMICONSERVATIVE" because each copy contains one old strand and one new strand.
EXERCISE
ATG CCG TTA GCA TTA GCG TAC GAC GGA CTT AAG
TRANSCRIPTION
We go from DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) to RNA (ribonucleic acid)
ARN TYPES
MESSENGER RNA
RNA carries the genetic information from DNA out of the nucleus and begins to produce proteins. Depending on the type of cell, the proteins produced and the quantity vary.
Takes place in the nucleus: 1. A segment of DNA serves as a template for the production of a molecule of mRNA. 2. The DNA helix opens up so that complementary base pairing can occur between the DNA and the mRNA. 3. RNA polymerase (an enzyme) joins new RNA nucleotides in a sequence complementary to that of the DNA.
EXERCISE
Main chain
ATG CCG TTA GCA TTA GCG TAC GAC GGA CTT AAG
Daughter chain
TAC GGC AAC CGT AAC CGC ATG CTC CCT GAA TTC
TRANSLATION
We go from RNA (ribonucleic acid) to proteins
Ribosomes decode mRNA by reading its nucleotides in groups of three, called codons. During TRANSLATION, the tRNA has anticodons whose bases pair with a codon in the mRNA. The codons correspond to a specific amino acid. Three codons signal the end of a protein. A "start" codon, AUG, marks the beginning of a protein.
AUG GUU AUU CUU UAA Met Val Ile Leu Stop
EXERCISE
Main chain
ATG CCG TTA GCA TTA GCG TAC GAC GGA CTT AAG
Daughter chain
TAC GGC AAC CGT AAC CGC ATG CTC CCT GAA TTC
AUG CCG UUA GCA UUA GCG UAC GAC GGA CUU AAG
EXERCISE
AUG CCG UUA GCA UUA GCG UAC GAC GGA CUU AAG