LE LEGGI DI MENDEL

LE LEGGI DI MENDEL

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LE LEGGI DI MENDEL

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START

LA GENETICA

La genetica è la branca della biologia che studia l'ereditarietà, ovvero come i caratteri biologici vengono trasmessi da una generazione all'altra. Si occupa dell'analisi dei geni, delle variazioni genetiche (ovvero del DNA) e delle loro conseguenze, sia per i tratti visibili che per quelli legati alla salute

CELLULA

NUCLEO

CROMOSOMI

DNA

GENE

ALLELI

APLOIDE

DIPLOIDE

Le cellule somatiche hanno due set di cromosomi (2n)

I gameti (spermatozoi e cellule uovo), che hanno un solo set di cromosomi (n)

GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL

1822-1884

Nascita e studi:

• Nato nel 1822 nell'attuale Repubblica Ceca
• Mostrò un'attitudine precoce all'apprendimento

Vita monastica:

• Diventò un monaco agostiniano
• Svolse la sua attività nell'Abbazia di San Tommaso a Brno (Repubblica Ceca)

Esperimenti con i piselli:

• Esperimenti meticolosi studiando l'ereditarietà dei caratteri in diverse piante di pisello

• Utilizzò la coltivazione per la sua ricerca

Prima legge o legge della dominanza

Incrociando individui con caratteri diversi, la prima generazione manifesta un unico tratto (dominante)

DIPLOIDE

APLOIDE

I gameti (spermatozoi e cellule uovo), che hanno un solo set di cromosomi (n)

Le cellule somatiche hanno due set di cromosomi (2n)

OMOZIGOTE

ETEROZIGOTE

Un individuo con due alleli UGUALI per lo stesso gene

Un individuo con due alleli DIVERSI per lo stesso gene

GENOTIPO

FENOTIPO

GENOTIPO

FENOTIPO

GENOMA

E' il patrimonio genetico di ogni individuo, ovvero l'insieme di tutti i geni

Seconda legge o legge della segregazione

I due alleli di un singolo carattere si separano (segregano) durante la formazione dei gameti (cellule riproduttive), in modo che ciascun gamete ne riceva solo una copia

Terza legge o legge dell'assortimento indipendente

Analisi di due caratteri contemporaneamente (es. colore e forma del seme) Questi caratteri come si trasmettono ai figli?

Quanti genotipi?

In che proporzioni?

Quanti fenotipi?

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THANKS!

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PRIMA LEGGE O LEGGE DELLA DOMINANZA

Tutti gli individui della prima generazione filiale (F1), manifestano uno solo dei caratteri alternativi presenti nella generazione parentale (P)

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Seconda legge

Ogni carattere è controllato da una coppia di alleli che si separano (o segregano) al momento della formazione dei gameti

Terza legge

Durante la meiosi ogni coppia dialleli segrega nei gameti indipendentemente da ogni altra coppia di alleli