THE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

THE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

Name:EkraCurso Profissional de Gestão e Programação de Sistemas Informáticos Prof. Paulo Rocha

WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM?

Fundamental software that manages computer hardware and software resources • Acts as a bridge between the user and the hardware MAIN FUNCTIONS: • Process Management - controls program execution • Memory Management - manages RAM usage • Device Management - communicates with peripherals • File Management - organizes data on storage • User Interface - provides interaction methods (GUI or Command Line)

Used PUNCHED CARDS as main input/output • Herman Hollerith (1890) - US census with punched cards • Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1801) - first used punched cards for looms • No operating systems - programs loaded manually • Very slow and inefficient process

The Beginning (Pre-1950s)

THE PRE-OS ERA Before Operating Systems

Problem: Manual loading was too slow • Solution: Batch Systems • How it worked: Group similar jobs together, process sequentially • No user intervention during processing • Greatly improved efficiency by reducing setup time

1950s - Batch Systems

1950s: BATCH PROCESSING SYSTEMS The First Step Toward Modern OS

1960s - Multiprogramming & Time-Sharing

'1960s: MULTIPROGRAMMING & TIME-SHARING The Interactive Revolution • Multiprogramming: Multiple programs in memory at once • CPU switches between programs when one waits for I/O • Time-Sharing: Multiple users access computer simultaneously • Beginning of INTERACTIVE COMPUTING • Much better resource utilization'

1970s - The UNIX Revolution

• UNIX created at AT&T Bell Labs • Key Features: - Modular structure - Portable across different hardware - Multi-user support • Became foundation for many modern systems • Influenced Linux, macOS, and many others

1970s: THE UNIX REVOLUTION Foundation of Modern OS

1980s - Personal Computers & GUI

1980s: PERSONAL COMPUTERS & GUI Computers for Everyone

PC Revolution - computers become affordable • Key Systems: - MS-DOS (command-line) - Windows (GUI) - Mac OS (GUI) • Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) with windows, icons, mouse • Computers become accessible to general public

1990s - Networks and Security

Networking: OS integrate internet connectivity • Resource sharing: printers, files over networks • Security becomes priority with internet growth • Features added: user accounts, firewalls, access control • Responding to increasing digital threats

1990s: NETWORKS AND SECURITY The Connected World

2000s - Present: Modern Era

2000s - PRESENT: MODERN ERA Mobility, Cloud & Open Source

Mobility: Android and iOS for mobile devices • Cloud Computing: OS integrate with cloud services • Virtualization: Multiple virtual machines on one computer • Open Source: Linux becomes major force • Flexibility and active community development

EVOLUTION TIMELINE

Batch Systems

1950s

Multiprogramming & Time-Sharing

1960s

UNIX Revolution

1970s

Personal Computers & GUI

1980s

Mobility, Cloud & Open Source

2000s+

CONCLUSION Constant Evolution

OS evolved from simple batch processors to complex systems • Driving forces: Efficiency, Accessibility, Connectivity, Security • Now manage everything from supercomputers to smartwatches • Future: AI integration, IoT, advanced cloud systems • Operating systems continue to evolve with technology

THANK YOU!