- movement
- stability
- control of openings and passageways
- heat production
- glycemic control
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What are the major functions of muscle?
Subtitle
responsiveness to:- chemical signals
- stretch
- electrical changes across the plasma membrane
What does it mean that a muscle exhibits excitability?
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Subtitle
What does it mean that a muscle exhibits conductivity?
Title
local electrical change triggers a wave of excitation that travels along the muscle fiber
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Subtitle
What does it mean that a muscle exhibits contractility?
Title
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Shortens when stimulated
Subtitle
What does it mean that a muscle exhibits extensibility?
Title
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Capable of being stretched between contractions
Subtitle
Title
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What does it mean that a muscle exhibits elasticity?
Returns to its original rest length after being stretched
Subtitle
Title
Skeletal muscle
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Which types of muscles are controlled voluntarily?
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Which types of muscles are striated?
Skeletal and cardiac muscles
Subtitle
a repeating pattern of the regular arrangement of myofilaments (actin and myosin)
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What produces the striations?
Subtitle
Title
Cardiac and smooth muscle
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Which types of muscles do not require innervation?
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is a muscle origin?
a less movable attachment
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is a muscle insertion?
a more movable attachment
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is a muscle direct (fleshy) attachments?
CT fibers are short
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is a muscle indirect attachments?
CT forms a tendon or flat sheet called an aponeurosis
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
stores and releases calcium
Subtitle
allows electrical nerve transmissions to reach deep into interior of each muscle fiber
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is the role of the T-tubule?
Subtitle
Title
two terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum on either side of a T-tubule
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is a muscle triad?
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What are the thin myofilaments made of?
actin
Subtitle
Title
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What are the thick myofilaments made of?
myosin
Subtitle
What are the two regulatory proteins in muscle contraction?
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Subtitle
regulatory proteins bound to actin
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
blocks binding sites on actin at rest
What do tropomyosin do?
Subtitle
When Ca2+ binds to troponin, it changes shape, moving tropomyosin out of the way to expose binding sites for myosin (active sites) on the thin filaments.
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What do troponin do?
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it supplies
What is a motor unit?
Subtitle
- innervate fewer muscle fibers
- good for fine motor control
Title
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What is a small motor unit?
Subtitle
- innervate many muscle fibers
- good for producing greater strength
Title
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What is a large motor unit?
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?
the axon terminal forms a synapse with the muscle
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What neurotransmitter is used at the NMJ?
Acetylcholine
Subtitle
Title
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What is the NMJ packaged in?
the synaptic vesicles
Subtitle
a difference in charge across the cell membrane due to unequal distribution of charge
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is resting membrane potential?
Subtitle
- about (−90) mV in skeletal muscle cells
- more negative on the inside of the cell
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is THE resting membrane potential?
Subtitle
hydrolyzed to cock the myosin head to be able to form a cross bridge during contraction
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is ATP?
Subtitle
- used for detachment of the myosin head from actin in the cross bridge cycle during muscle contraction
- used to pump Ca2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum for muscle relaxation
Title
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What is ATP used for in muscles?
Subtitle
- Two ACh molecules bind to each ligand-gated receptor to open its channel
- Lack of receptors causes weakness in myasthenia gravis
- Na+ enters; shifting membrane potential from −90 mV to -75 mV
- K+ exits and potential returns to −90 mV
- The quick voltage shift is called an end-plate potential (EPP)
- Voltage change in end-plate region (EPP) opens nearby voltage-gated channels
- producing an action potential that spreads over muscle surface
What happens when ACh stimulates its receptors at the neuromuscular junction?
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Subtitle
Title
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The attachment of myosin heads to actin
What is a cross bridge?
Subtitle
- Voltage-gated calcium channels
- Chemically-gated ion channels
- Voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels on muscle for action potential
- Voltage-gated calcium channels on muscle
- Mechanically-coupled calcium release channels on sarcoplasmic reticulum
What are the different types of channels necessary for muscle contraction?
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Subtitle
Title
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Voltage-gated calcium channels
on axon terminal
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Acetylcholine receptors on muscle
Chemically-gated ion channels
Subtitle
Smallest contractile unit (functional unit) and structural unit of muscle fiber; extends from one z disc to the next
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is the sarcomere?
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What are the regions of the sarcomere?
Subtitle
- length of thick filaments
- dark region
- does not change with contraction
What changes occur in the anatomy of the sarcomere from the relaxed to the contracted state? (A band)
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Subtitle
- region containing thin filaments
- light region
- from z disc to z disc
- gets narrower/smaller with contraction
What changes occur in the anatomy of the sarcomere from the relaxed to the contracted state? (I band)
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Subtitle
- contains thick filaments
- lighter region in the middle of the A band
- gets narrower or disappears with contraction
What changes occur in the anatomy of the sarcomere from the relaxed to the contracted state? (H zone)
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Subtitle
Title
Length of the thin and thick filaments does not change
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What does not change in the sarcomere?
Subtitle
breaks down acetylcholine to terminate its activity at a synapse
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is the function of acetylcholinesterase?
Subtitle
-55mV; the voltage required to open voltage-gated ion channels to trigger an action potential
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is the threshold stimulus for contraction?
Subtitle
- A greater number of muscle fibers stimulated (recruitment)
- Larger muscle fibers
- Higher frequency of stimulation
- A sarcomere length between 2.0-2.25um of normal resting length
Title
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What factors lead to greater force production?
Subtitle
- (multiple motor unit summation)
- the process of bringing more motor units into play with stronger stimuli
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is recruitment?
Subtitle
- an increase in muscle force produced in response to increased frequency of stimulation
- each new twitch rides on the previous one generating higher tension
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is temporal summation?
Subtitle
Title
a sustained contraction of maximum tension in which contractions “fuse” into one smooth sustained contraction plateau
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is complete tetanus?
Subtitle
- a sustainedquivering contraction
- some periods of relaxation are seen
Title
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What is incomplete tetanus?
Subtitle
contractions the force applied is constant and the muscle length changes
Title
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Isotonic
Subtitle
Title
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contractions the muscle length and sarcomeres shorten
Isotonic concentric
Subtitle
Title
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contractions the muscle length and sarcomeres lengthen
Isotonic eccentric
Subtitle
Title
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contraction the muscle length does not change
Isometric
Subtitle
ATP is synthesized quickly by Anaerobic pathway ans Aerobic respiration (mitochondria)
Where does the ATP come from for muscle contraction?
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Subtitle
Title
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glycolysis and lactic acid formation
What is Anaerobic pathway
Subtitle
- Potassium accumulation in the T tubules reduces excitability
- Excess ADP and Pi slow cross-bridge movements, inhibit calcium release and decrease force production in myofibrils
What are common causes of muscle high intensity fatigue?
Title
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Subtitle
- Fuel depletion
- Electrolyte loss
- Central fatigue
What are common causes of muscle low intensity fatigue?
Title
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Subtitle
- Slow-twitch, slow oxidative (SO)
- Fast-twitch, fast glycolytic (FG),
Title
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What are the major fiber types?
Subtitle
- Well adapted for endurance
- resist fatigue by oxidative (aerobic) ATP production
- Important for muscles that maintain posture (e.g., erector spinae of the back, soleus of calf)
- Abundant mitochondria, capillaries, myoglobin: deep red color
- Contain a form of myosin with slow ATPase, and a SR that releases calcium slowly
- Relatively thin fibers
- Grouped in small motor units controlled by small, easily excited motor neurons allowing for precise movements
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Slow-twitch, slow oxidative (SO)
Subtitle
- Fibers are well adapted for quick responses
- Important for quick and powerful muscles: eye and hand muscles, gastrocnemius of calf and biceps brachii
- Contain a form of myosin with fast ATPase and a large SR that releases calcium quickly
- Utilize glycolysis and anaerobic fermentation for energy
- Abundant glycogen and creatine phosphate
- Lack of myoglobin gives them pale (white) appearance
- Fibers are thick and strong
- Grouped in large motor units controlled by larger, less excitable neurons allowing for powerful movements
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Fast-twitch, fast glycolytic (FG)
Subtitle
- (aerobic exercise)
- Improves fatigue-resistance of muscles
- Slow twitch fibers produce more mitochondria, glycogen, and acquire a greater density of blood capillaries
Title
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Endurance training
Subtitle
- Muscle growth from cellular enlargement: hypertrophy
- Muscle fibers synthesize more myofilaments and myofibrils and grow thicker
- Ex. weightlifting
Title
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Resistance training
Subtitle
What's more common, single or multi unit smooth muscle?
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
- Single-unit smooth muscle
Subtitle
blood vessels, in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Single-unit smooth muscle occurs in most...
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Single-unit smooth muscle is also called?
visceral muscle
Subtitle
two layers(inner circular and outer longitudinal)
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Single-unit smooth muscle are often one or two layer?
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
...electrically coupled to each other by gap junctions
Myocytes of single-unit smooth muscle are ...
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
...each other and a large number of cells contract as one unit
Single-unit smooth muscle diretcly stimulate...
Subtitle
some of the largest arteries and air passages, in piloerector muscles, and in iris of the eye
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Multiunit smooth muscle occurs in...
Subtitle
motor units- Terminal branches of a nerve fiber synapse with individual myocytes
- Each motor unit contracts independently of the others
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Autonomic inervation forms what in multiunit smooth muscle?
Subtitle
Where does most calcium come from in smooth muscle activation?
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
extracellular fluid for smooth muscle contraction
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What does calcium bind to in smooth muscle?
calmodulin
Subtitle
just beneath the sarcolemma, where it links actin in outermost myofilaments to membrane proteins that link to endomysium
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Where is dystrophin normally found?
Subtitle
a mutation in gene for muscle protein dystrophin leads to actin not being linked to sarcolemma and cell membranes get damaged during contraction; necrosis and scar tissue result
Title
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What happens in muscular dystrophy?
Subtitle
drooping eyelids and double visiondifficulty swallowing weakness of the limbs strabismus: inability to fixate on the same point with both eyes
Title
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What are symptoms of myasthenia gravis?
Subtitle
- Cholinesterase inhibitors retard breakdown of ACh allowing it to stimulate the muscle longer
Immune system related treatments:
- Immunosuppressive agents suppress the production of antibodies that destroy ACh receptors
- Thymus removal (thymectomy) helps to dampen the overactive immune response that causes myasthenia gravis
- Plasmapheresis: technique to remove harmful antibodies from blood plasma
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
How myasthenia gravis treated?
Subtitle
- Excitation
- Excitation-contraction coupling
- Contraction
- Relaxation
What are the major phases of contraction and relaxation?
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Subtitle
- Nerve signal opens voltage-gated calcium channels in synaptic terminal
- Calcium enters and stimulates release of ACh from synaptic vesicles into synaptic cleft
- ACh diffuses across cleft
- Two ACh molecules bind to each ligand-gated receptor to open its channel
- Lack of receptors causes weakness in myasthenia gravis
- Na+ enters; shifting membrane potential from −90 mV to -75 mV
- K+ exits and potential returns to −90 mV
- The quick voltage shift is called an end-plate potential (EPP)
- • Voltage change in end-plate region (EPP) opens nearby voltage-gated channels producing an action potential that spreads over muscle surface
What are the steps for excitation?
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Subtitle
- Action potential spreads down T tubules
- • Opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in T tubules and Ca+2 channels in SR
- • Ca+2 leaves SR and enters cytosol
- • Calcium binds to troponin in thin filaments
- • Troponin–tropomyosin complex changes shape and exposes active sites on actin
What are the steps for excitation-contraction coupling?
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Subtitle
- ATPase in myosin head hydrolyzes an ATP molecule
- Activates the head “cocking” it in an extended position
– ADP + Pi remain attached– Head binds to actin active site forming a myosin–actin cross-bridge
- Myosin releases ADP and Pi, and flexes pulling thin filament with it—power stroke
- Upon binding more ATP, myosin releases actin and the process can be repeated
– Recovery stroke recocks head
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What are the steps for contraction?
Subtitle
- Nerve stimulation and ACh release stop
- • Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks down ACh and fragments are reabsorbed into synaptic terminal
- Stimulation by ACh stops
- Ca+2 pumped back into SR by active transport
- Ca+2 binds to calsequestrin while in storage in SR
- Tropomyosin reblocks the active sites of actin
- Muscle fiber ceases to produce or maintain tension
- Muscle fiber returns to its resting length
- Due to recoil of elastic components and contraction of antagonistic muscles
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What are the steps for relaxation?
Subtitle
- Effort applied at one end; load is at the opposite end; fulcrum is located between load and effort
- Some operate at a mechanical advantage and others do not
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
First class lever
Subtitle
- seesaws
- scissors
- lifting your head off your chest
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What are examples of First class lever?
Subtitle
- Effort applied at one end; fulcrum is at the opposite end; load is between the effort and fulcrum
- All work at a mechanical advantage
- A small effort exerted over a large distance can move a large resistance over a small distance
- Movement is slower and more stable; used where strength is a priority
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Seocnd class lever
Subtitle
Title
- wheelbarrow
- standing on tiptoe
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What are examples of Seocnd class lever?
Subtitle
- Effort is applied between the load and the fulcrum
- Works speedily, but always at a mechanical disadvantage
- This exemplifies most skeletal muscles of the body
- It permits a muscle to be inserted very close to the joint across which movement occurs
- Allow fast, extensive movements with relatively little shortening of the muscle
- The effort must be greater than the resistance to be moved
- Force is lost, but a greater speed and range of movement is gained
Title
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Third class lever
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What class lever is uncommon?
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What class lever is common?
Subtitle
Chapter 11 A&P
Dayla Solis
Created on October 26, 2025
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Transcript
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What are the major functions of muscle?
Subtitle
responsiveness to:- chemical signals
- stretch
- electrical changes across the plasma membrane
What does it mean that a muscle exhibits excitability?
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Subtitle
What does it mean that a muscle exhibits conductivity?
Title
local electrical change triggers a wave of excitation that travels along the muscle fiber
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Subtitle
What does it mean that a muscle exhibits contractility?
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Shortens when stimulated
Subtitle
What does it mean that a muscle exhibits extensibility?
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Capable of being stretched between contractions
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What does it mean that a muscle exhibits elasticity?
Returns to its original rest length after being stretched
Subtitle
Title
Skeletal muscle
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Which types of muscles are controlled voluntarily?
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Which types of muscles are striated?
Skeletal and cardiac muscles
Subtitle
a repeating pattern of the regular arrangement of myofilaments (actin and myosin)
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What produces the striations?
Subtitle
Title
Cardiac and smooth muscle
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Which types of muscles do not require innervation?
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is a muscle origin?
a less movable attachment
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is a muscle insertion?
a more movable attachment
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is a muscle direct (fleshy) attachments?
CT fibers are short
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is a muscle indirect attachments?
CT forms a tendon or flat sheet called an aponeurosis
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
stores and releases calcium
Subtitle
allows electrical nerve transmissions to reach deep into interior of each muscle fiber
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is the role of the T-tubule?
Subtitle
Title
two terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum on either side of a T-tubule
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is a muscle triad?
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What are the thin myofilaments made of?
actin
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What are the thick myofilaments made of?
myosin
Subtitle
What are the two regulatory proteins in muscle contraction?
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Subtitle
regulatory proteins bound to actin
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
blocks binding sites on actin at rest
What do tropomyosin do?
Subtitle
When Ca2+ binds to troponin, it changes shape, moving tropomyosin out of the way to expose binding sites for myosin (active sites) on the thin filaments.
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What do troponin do?
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it supplies
What is a motor unit?
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is a small motor unit?
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is a large motor unit?
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?
the axon terminal forms a synapse with the muscle
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What neurotransmitter is used at the NMJ?
Acetylcholine
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is the NMJ packaged in?
the synaptic vesicles
Subtitle
a difference in charge across the cell membrane due to unequal distribution of charge
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is resting membrane potential?
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is THE resting membrane potential?
Subtitle
hydrolyzed to cock the myosin head to be able to form a cross bridge during contraction
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is ATP?
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is ATP used for in muscles?
Subtitle
What happens when ACh stimulates its receptors at the neuromuscular junction?
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
The attachment of myosin heads to actin
What is a cross bridge?
Subtitle
What are the different types of channels necessary for muscle contraction?
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Voltage-gated calcium channels
on axon terminal
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Acetylcholine receptors on muscle
Chemically-gated ion channels
Subtitle
Smallest contractile unit (functional unit) and structural unit of muscle fiber; extends from one z disc to the next
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is the sarcomere?
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What are the regions of the sarcomere?
Subtitle
What changes occur in the anatomy of the sarcomere from the relaxed to the contracted state? (A band)
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Subtitle
What changes occur in the anatomy of the sarcomere from the relaxed to the contracted state? (I band)
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Subtitle
What changes occur in the anatomy of the sarcomere from the relaxed to the contracted state? (H zone)
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Subtitle
Title
Length of the thin and thick filaments does not change
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What does not change in the sarcomere?
Subtitle
breaks down acetylcholine to terminate its activity at a synapse
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is the function of acetylcholinesterase?
Subtitle
-55mV; the voltage required to open voltage-gated ion channels to trigger an action potential
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is the threshold stimulus for contraction?
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What factors lead to greater force production?
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is recruitment?
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is temporal summation?
Subtitle
Title
a sustained contraction of maximum tension in which contractions “fuse” into one smooth sustained contraction plateau
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is complete tetanus?
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What is incomplete tetanus?
Subtitle
contractions the force applied is constant and the muscle length changes
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Isotonic
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
contractions the muscle length and sarcomeres shorten
Isotonic concentric
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
contractions the muscle length and sarcomeres lengthen
Isotonic eccentric
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
contraction the muscle length does not change
Isometric
Subtitle
ATP is synthesized quickly by Anaerobic pathway ans Aerobic respiration (mitochondria)
Where does the ATP come from for muscle contraction?
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
glycolysis and lactic acid formation
What is Anaerobic pathway
Subtitle
What are common causes of muscle high intensity fatigue?
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Subtitle
What are common causes of muscle low intensity fatigue?
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
What are the major fiber types?
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Slow-twitch, slow oxidative (SO)
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Fast-twitch, fast glycolytic (FG)
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Endurance training
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Resistance training
Subtitle
What's more common, single or multi unit smooth muscle?
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Subtitle
blood vessels, in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Single-unit smooth muscle occurs in most...
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Single-unit smooth muscle is also called?
visceral muscle
Subtitle
two layers(inner circular and outer longitudinal)
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Single-unit smooth muscle are often one or two layer?
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
...electrically coupled to each other by gap junctions
Myocytes of single-unit smooth muscle are ...
Subtitle
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
...each other and a large number of cells contract as one unit
Single-unit smooth muscle diretcly stimulate...
Subtitle
some of the largest arteries and air passages, in piloerector muscles, and in iris of the eye
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Multiunit smooth muscle occurs in...
Subtitle
motor units- Terminal branches of a nerve fiber synapse with individual myocytes
- Each motor unit contracts independently of the others
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
Autonomic inervation forms what in multiunit smooth muscle?
Subtitle
Where does most calcium come from in smooth muscle activation?
Title
Use this side to give more information about a topic.
extracellular fluid for smooth muscle contraction
Subtitle
Title
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What does calcium bind to in smooth muscle?
calmodulin
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just beneath the sarcolemma, where it links actin in outermost myofilaments to membrane proteins that link to endomysium
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Where is dystrophin normally found?
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a mutation in gene for muscle protein dystrophin leads to actin not being linked to sarcolemma and cell membranes get damaged during contraction; necrosis and scar tissue result
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What happens in muscular dystrophy?
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drooping eyelids and double visiondifficulty swallowing weakness of the limbs strabismus: inability to fixate on the same point with both eyes
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What are symptoms of myasthenia gravis?
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- Cholinesterase inhibitors retard breakdown of ACh allowing it to stimulate the muscle longer
Immune system related treatments:Title
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How myasthenia gravis treated?
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What are the major phases of contraction and relaxation?
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What are the steps for excitation?
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What are the steps for excitation-contraction coupling?
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- ATPase in myosin head hydrolyzes an ATP molecule
- Activates the head “cocking” it in an extended position
– ADP + Pi remain attached– Head binds to actin active site forming a myosin–actin cross-bridge- Myosin releases ADP and Pi, and flexes pulling thin filament with it—power stroke
- Upon binding more ATP, myosin releases actin and the process can be repeated
– Recovery stroke recocks headTitle
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What are the steps for contraction?
Subtitle
- Stimulation by ACh stops
- Ca+2 pumped back into SR by active transport
- Ca+2 binds to calsequestrin while in storage in SR
- Tropomyosin reblocks the active sites of actin
- Muscle fiber ceases to produce or maintain tension
- Muscle fiber returns to its resting length
- Due to recoil of elastic components and contraction of antagonistic musclesTitle
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What are the steps for relaxation?
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Title
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First class lever
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What are examples of First class lever?
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Seocnd class lever
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What are examples of Seocnd class lever?
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Third class lever
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What class lever is uncommon?
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What class lever is common?
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