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Chapter 9 A&P

Dayla Solis

Created on October 25, 2025

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Transcript

  • bony joint
  • fibrous joint
  • cartilaginous joint
  • synovial joint

What are the major categories based on suture (binding)?

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Bony joints are found in the...

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left and right mandible bones

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fused together and have no joint cavity

Bony joints are...

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  • suture
  • syndesomoses
  • gomphoses

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What are the three types of fibrous joints?

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An example of sutures is...

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between the bones of the skull

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An example of syndesmoses is...

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the distal tibiofibular joint

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An example of gomphoses is...

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tooth in the bony socket

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Fibrous joints are joined by...

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fibrous connective tissue

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Do fibrous joints have a joint cavity?

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No

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What are two cartilaginous joints?

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synchrondroses and symphses

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Synchondroses is joind by...

hyaline cartilage

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epipheseial plate and first rib with the sternum

An example of synchondroses is ...

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fibrocartilage

Symphses is joined by...

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intervertebral joints and pubic symphysis

An example of symphses is ...

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Cartilaginous joints are joined by...

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cartilage

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Do cartilaginous joints have a joint cavity

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no

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  • Plane joint
  • hinge joint
  • pivot joint
  • condylar joint
  • saddle joint
  • ball and socket joint

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What are the six classes of Synovial joints?

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How many axes of rotation does the Plane joint have and what movements are allowed?

  • Nonaxial
  • gliding movement

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  • Monoaxial
  • flexion and extention movement

How many axes of rotation does the Hinge joint have and what movements are allowed?

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How many axes of rotation does the Pivot joint have and what movements are allowed?

  • monoaxial
  • rotation movement

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  • Biaxial
  • flexion/extension, adduction/adbuction movement

How many axes of rotation does the Condylar joint have and what movements are allowed?

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  • Biaxial
  • flexion/extension, adduction/abduction movement

How many axes of rotation does the Saddle joint have and what movements are allowed?

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  • Multiaxial
  • flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, rotation movement

How many axes of rotation does the Ball-and-Scocket joint have and what movements are allowed?

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Do synovial joints have a joint cavity?

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yes

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  • synarthroses joint
  • amphiarthroses joint
  • diarthroses joint

What are the major joint catergories based on movement?

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Is synarthroses a freely moveable, slightly movable, or immovable joint?

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immovable joints

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Is amphiarthroses a freely moveable, slightly movable, or immovable joint?

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slightly movable joint

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Is diarthroses a freely moveable, slightly movable, or immovable joint?

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freely movable joint

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  • Articular cartilage
  • joint cavity
  • joint capsule
  • synovial fluid
  • reinforcing ligaments
  • nerves and blood vessels

What are the anatomical characteristics of synovial joints?

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A fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid

What is a bursa?

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between muscles where tendons pass over bone or between bon and skin

Where is a bursa located?

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  • Cushions muscles
  • helps tendons slide more easily over joints
  • modifies direction of tendon pull

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What does a Bursa do?

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an elongated cylindrical bursa wrapped around a tendon

What is a Tendon sheath?

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Where is a Tendon sheath found?

hand and foot

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  • Suture of articular surface (minor role)
  • Strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules (limited role)
  • Action of muscles and tendons as they cross joints (most important)

What are the three factors that determine range of motion of a joint?

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Intercarpal and intertarsal joints are an example of which six classes of synovial joints?

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Plane joint

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Elbow, knee, and interphalangeal joints are an example of which six classes of synovial joints?

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Hinge Joint

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Proximal radioulnar joints and atlantoaxial joints are an example of which six classes of synovial joints?

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Pivot Joint

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Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints and radiocarpal joints are examples of which six classes of synovial joints?

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Condylar joint

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Trapeziometacarpal joint of the thumb and sternoclavicular joints are examples of which six classes of synovial joints?

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Saddle joint

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Shoulder and hip joints are examples of which six classes of synovial joints?

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Ball-and-socket joint

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Flexion

decreases the angle of the joint

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increases the angle of the jointstraightens a joint and returns a body part to the zero postion

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Extension

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movement along frontal plane, away from the midline

Abduction

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movement along frontal plane, toward the midline

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Adduction

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toward midline

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Medial rotation

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Medial rotation

toward midline

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Lateral rotation

away from midline

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Inversion

sole of foot faces medially

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Eversion

sole of foot faces laterally

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anterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane

Protraction

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Retraction

posterior movement

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Dorsiflexion

bending foot toward shin

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Platar flexion

pointing toes downward

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palms face anteriorly; radius and ulna are parallel

Supination

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palms face posteriorly; radius rotates over ulna

Pronation

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lifting body part superiorly

Elevation

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lowering body part

Depression

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touching thumb to tips of other fingers on same hand or any graspingmovement

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Opposition

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Which bones form the Jaw joint?

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mandibular fossa of temporal bone, mandibular condyle of mandible

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Which bones form the Elbow joint?

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capitulum and trochlea of humerus, trochlear notch of ulna and head of radius

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Which bones form the Coxal (hip) joint?

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head of femur, acetabulum of hip bone

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medial and lateral condyles of femur and tibia, and patella

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Which bones form the knee joint?

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Which bones form the Ankle joint?

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tibia, and talus

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What is the largest and most complex diarthrotic joint in the body?

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the knee

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  • Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
  • Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
  • Tibial (medial) collateral ligaments (TCL)
  • Fibular (lateral) collateral ligaments (FCL)

What are the major ligaments of the knee and their functions?

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What does the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) attach to and prevent?

attaches to anterior tibia and prevents forward sliding of tibia and stops hyperextension of knee

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What does the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) attach to and prevent?

attaches to posterior tibia and prevents backwards sliding of tibia and forward sliding of femur

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What does the Tibial (medial) collateral ligament (TCL) and fibular (lateral) collateral ligaments prevent?

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side-to-side movement of the knee

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What is the most common arthritis?

Osteoarthritis (OA)

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What arthritis is irreversible?

Osteoarthritis (OA)

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What arthritis is degenerative (wear and tear)?

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Osteoarthritis (OA)

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What arthritis is usually in older individuals?

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Osteoarthritis (OA)

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What arthritis is chronic?

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

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What arthritis usually arises between ages 40 and 50?

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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a _______ type of disease.

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autoimmune disease of unknown cause

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  • joint pain and swelling (usually bilateral)
  • anemia
  • osteoporosis
  • muscle weakness
  • cardiovascular problems

What are the signs and symptoms of Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

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Ankylosis

solidly fused, immobilized joint

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Ankylosis appears in what arthritis?

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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

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