Epidemiology 101

Etiology

Epidemiology 101

Ecologic Correlation

Intervention Study

Population Risk Difference

Ecological Fallacy

Chapter 7 Analytic Epidemiology

Odds Ratio

Attributable Risk

Crossover Design

Odds Ratio

Odds ratio measures the strength of an association between an exposure and an event. Example: The odds of a smoker getting lung cancer to a nonsmoker getting lung cancer.

Ecological Fallacy

Ecological fallacy occurs when group-level data is used to incorrectly make assumptions about individuals. Example: A neighborhood with a high crime rate, one might assume every resident is likely to commit a crime.

Attributable Risk

Attributable risk is the difference in disease incidence between the exposed and unexposed. Example: Smokers have a 20% risk of lung cancer, and nonsmokers have a 2% chance. The attributable risk is 18%

Etiology

Etiology is the cause of the origin of a disease. Examples: Parasitic diseases and hereditary diseases

Intervention Study

An intervention study is a research study where participants are to receive one or more interventions to test their effects on health outcomes. Example: A drug trial where they're testing out a new drug. Some of the people get the new drug, whereas others get a placebo.

Crossover Design

A crossover design is a clinical trial structure where participants receive sequential treatments. Example: A trial where half the people receive treatment A than treatment B, while the other half receive B than A.

Ecologic Correlation

An ecologic correlation is a statistical relationship between variables measured at the group level. Examples: Lung cancer across a country and cigarette smokers

Population Risk Difference

Population risk difference is measures the excess number of cases in the total population that can be attributed to a specific exposure.