Genially_copy - Macromolecules

Quick Write: 60 seconds

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Macromolecules

• Food that you eat is made of macromolecules.

• Macromolecules are large molecules that are critically important to all living things.

• “Macro” means large.

• Your body breaks down these macromolecules and uses them build other essential molecules in your body.

Macromolecules

• Most macromolecules are made of smaller units called monomers.

• “mono”=one “mer”=part

• A monomer is one unit of a macromolecule.

• These monomers join together to form polymers.

• “poly”= many “mer”= parts

• A polymer is a strand of many monomers.

• Monomers are like beads, and the polymers are like a necklace.

Making and Breaking Macromolecules

• Joining monomers happens through a process called dehydration synthesis.

• Removing a molecule of water to create a bond

• Breaking down a polymer occurs through hydrolysis.

• Adding a molecule of water to break a bond

dehydration synthesis

polymer

monomers

hydrolysis

Think Pair Share

• Imagine you are a nutritionist. Your job is to advise people on the most nutritious food to eat.

• Make a list of food you would recommend.

Types of Macromolecules

• If you have ever looked at a nutrition label before, you will recognize some of these terms.

• Types of macromolecules:
• carbohydrates
• lipids
• proteins
• nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

• elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (C, H, O)

• monomers: monosaccharide

• mono= one, saccharide= sugar

• function: energy and structure

• examples:
• sugar
• starch
• fiber
• Hint: Most end in –ose!

Watch this video!

Carbohydrates-Types

Carbohydrates differ by how many monomers they have:

• monosaccharides- 1 sugar
• glucose

• disaccharides- 2 sugars
• sucrose

• polysaccharides- many sugars
• starch
• glycogen
• cellulose
• chitin

monosaccharide

monosaccharide

disaccharide

monosaccharide

monosaccharide

monosaccharide

monosaccharide

monosaccharide

monosaccharide

monosaccharide

monosaccharide

polysaccharide

What type of carbohydrate?

Is this a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide?

disaccharide! This is sucrose, AKA table sugar.

Foods high in Carbohydrates

• Candy

• Fruits

• Pasta

• Bread

Watch this video

Lipids

• Elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (C, H, O)

• Types: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

• Common parts: glycerol, fatty acids

• Function: energy storage, forms cell membranes, body insulation

• Examples:

• fats
• oils
• waxes
• steroids

• All lipids are hydrophobic.
• Do not mix with water!

Watch this video

Lipids: Fats

• Fats: aka triglyceride
• 1 glycerol
• 3 fatty acids

• Function: energy storage
• more energy than carbs!

• Fats can be:
• saturated
• solid at room temperature
• ex: butter

• unsaturated
• liquid at room temperature
• ex: oil

fat (triglyceride)

Lipids: Phospholipids

• forms the cell membrane of cells

• glycerol + phosphate group + 2 fatty acids

• has two parts:
• head- hydrophilic
• tail- hydrophobic

Watch this video

Foods High in Lipids

Which of these do you think are the best for you?

Some are good and some are not

• Oils

• vegetable oil
• olive oil
• coconut oil
• Fats
• butter
• cheese
• meats (bacon)
• avocado
• nuts

Click here to see how you did!

Protein

• Elements:
• carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
• (C, H, O, N)

• Monomers: amino acids

• Function: (a little bit of everything) muscle contraction, cell transport, enzymes

• Examples:
• insulin, keratin, melanin
• Hint: A lot of proteins end with –in.

• Enzymes end in -ose.

Protein Structure

• There are 20 common amino acids that can link together to form proteins.

• Long chains of amino acids are called polypeptides.

• Polypeptides fold into a protein.

Click here to watch the video!

Foods high in Protein

• meats
• nuts
• eggs
• beans

Watch this video

Nucleic Acids

• Elements:
• carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
• (C, H, O, N, P)

• Monomers: nucleotides

• Function: storing and transmitting instructions to make proteins

• Examples:
• DNA
• RNA

Nucleic Acids

• The monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides.

• There are three parts to a nucleotide
• a sugar
• Deoxyribose
• Ribose

• a phosphate group

• a nitrogenous base
• A,T,G,C
• A,U,C,G

phosphate

sugar

DNA vs. RNA

• DNA is double-stranded and contains Thymine.

• RNA is single-stranded and contains Uracil.

Watch this video

Food and Nucleic Acids

• All living things have DNA and/or RNA.

• Therefore, all food has nucleic acids.

• It is not included in nutritional labels because your food is NOT a source of nucleic acids for you.

Nutritional Label

Click the food label to match each part with its macromolecule.

lipids

carbohydrates

proteins