THE RISE OF THE MONGOL EMPIRE
start
Overview
- Around CE 1162, in a yurt on the windswept steppes of Mongolia, a child was born.
- Young Temujin grew up regarding savage violence as a way of life.
- As an adult, he was responsible for the deaths of millions of people. By then, Temujin was known as Genghis Khan.
- His name would inspire terror, but he would establish an empire larger than any the world had ever known.
- Kublai Khan kept the Silk Road secure, which meant that trade continued freely. He also welcomed the Italian adventurer Marco Polo.
GER
Info
Info
from temujin to genghis khan
Temujin’s warlord father Yesugei was a khan, or leader. When Temujin was nine, his father was assassinated by an enemy clan, and his own clan abandoned him and his family to avoid having to care for them. But by the time he was 20, Temujin was respected as a fierce warrior. He gathered followers and convinced the bickering tribesmen to cast aside their differences and unite for their common benefit.
In 1206, a tribal council declared him the Great Khan of the Mongols. Temujin became Genghis Khan. Soon the Great Khan’s mounted hordes, up to 80,000 strong, raged across Asia.
Ruling by Blood, Fire, and Fear
Genghis Khan’s tactics in warfare were fearsome. He targeted a kingdom, then he offered its people the chance to surrender peaceably and submit to his rule. If they refused him, he was merciless. His mounted raiders would sweep down upon the town with slashing swords and put the entire city to the torch.
Info
Info
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Ruling by Blood, Fire, and Fear (continued)
The Mongols killed as many as 40 million people, although exact figures are elusive, given the shortage of primary sources from that time. The Mongols may have killed 10 percent of the world’s inhabitants and reduced the population of Persia by 75 percent.
Info
However, Genghis Khan was also a highly effective ruler. His accomplishments included:
- religious tolerance in the empire
- establishment of the first international postal system
- adoption of a writing system
- institution of a system of laws to maintain order and regulate behavior in occupied territories
- expansion of the Silk Road to connect Europe and China
Info
The Mongol Empire Expands
Under his rule, Mongolia underwent a cultural, scientific, and economic transformation. Historians speculate that ancient Greek and Roman thought mixed with classical Chinese wisdom, and Buddhist mixed with Hinduism, Islam, and animism. In fact, Kublai Khan was fascinated by Christianity and requested priests from the Vatican to come to his court.
The descendants of Genghis extended the borders to the Middle East and Central Europe, until Mongol territory covered nearly 12 million square miles, making it the largest empire in the world. But because of infighting and power grabs, the massive empire held together for only a century after Genghis’s death. By 1368, it collapsed and split into three large empires—Chinese, Persian, and Russian—and several smaller Central Asian states.
On the death of Genghis Khan, his Mongol Empire stretched from the Caspian Sea to the Yellow Sea. Kublai ascended to Great Khan in 1260. He finally conquered the entire Chinese Empire in 1279, expanding the Yuan Dynasty and reigning as the first Mongol emperor of China. Kublai ruled China in the Confucian tradition.
Kublai kept the Silk Road secure, which meant that trade continued unabated. He also welcomed the Italian adventurer Marco Polo. Polo, with his father and uncle, paved the way for increased trade between the East and West. Goods from Asia, especially silk and spices, flowed westward through the Khan’s Empire. Likewise, ideas and innovations flowed east. Kublai welcomed outside ideas.
Info
Info
Info
THE END
Mongol Religion
- Mongol worshiped many gods and believed that good and evil spirits controlled the world.
- They believed in a supreme god, called Tengri, who ruled all spirits.
- Every ger had small idols made of felt.
- The Mongols believed that certain men, called shamans, had power over the spirits.
- The shamans were the priests of the traditional Mongol religion, which is called shamanism.
- The Mongols showed religious tolerance toward the people they conquered.
Mongol Conquest & Army
- Warfare was the Mongol way of life
- Genghis organized his men into a strong, disciplined army.
- The Mongol army was a splendid fighting force.
- Archers were trained to ride at a young age.
- Mongol forces overwhelmed city after city.
- Weapons that the Mongols used included bows and arrows, lances, and swords.
-When everything of value had been removed from teh town, it would be destroyed.The Mongols were ruthless. -Many people chose to surrender rather than face certain destruction. -Men would be forced to fight for the Mongols. -Women and children became slaves.
Mongol Tactics
-The Mongols practiced siege warfare.-In siege warfare, Mongol soldiers fired arrows and flaming objects into cities for weeks. -They would also keep food from going into the city. -They fired gunpowder-filled bamboo rockets into the towns. -The Mongols practiced pretend retreat. -In a pretend retreat, Mongols would appear to desert their camp, then reappear and surprise the unprepared defenders.
-Armies from Christian Armednia and Georgia joined the Mongols.-The thirteen-day siege of Baghdad was exceptionally brutal battle. -Baghdad's defeated marked the end of the Islamic Golden Age. -Mongol forces did not attempt to invade western Europe. -Some believe they did not invade because there were not enough open plains to supply food for their horses.
Division of the empire
Genghis Khan
-Genghis Khan had four sons -He wanted Ogodei to take his position as Great Khan -The territory each brother was given to rule was called khanate. -khanate: a division of the Mongol Empire ruled by a khan -In 1258 Hulegu Khan led the Iikhanate and conquered Baghdad and the Abbasid Caliphate in the Middle East -caliphate: an Islamic state ruled by a successor of Muhammad
Mongol Unification
- Genghis unified the Mongols by developing a government, common laws, and an orgnaized military.
- He wrote a law code called Great Yasa.
- Great Yasa- a Mongolian law code written by Genghis Khan
- Every Mongol was subject to the law.
GENGHIS KHAN (Temujin)-Temujin and his brother became rivals for Mongol rule. -Temujin: the son of a Mongolian tribal chieftain, born around 1163, who became Genghis Khan -In 1206, Temujin defeated his brother. -The Mongols gave Temujin the title of Genghis Khan, meaning "Great Ruler" -Ghenghis Khan: a Mongol title meaning "Great Ruler" that was given to the Mongol Empire's founder
3.2 The RISE OF THE MONGOL EMPIRE
OVERVIEW
-The Mongols were nomads who lived in trives on the Mongolian plateau north of China. -They lived in movable tent-like structures called gers. -Due to a cooling climate and the birth of Temujin, the Mongols became a great empire.
Trading in the Mongol Empire
- The Mongols manufactured nothing beyond what they needed for daily living.
- They rarely grew crops.
- The Mongols restorted to trading to obtain other goods.
Mongol Armour
- Mongol horsemen wore stiff armor made from animal hides.
- Genghis ordered his men to wear silk shirts that could not be easily penetrated by arrows.
- Protected from teh arrow tip by the silk, a wound stayed cleaner and healed quicker
-Marco Polo reported Nestoria churches along the Old SIlk Road-Marco Polo: the most famouse European to witness the Mongol Empire and the Mongol rule of China
Pax Mongolica
-The Mongol conquest of Eurasia ensured unified rule over much of the known world.-This stability was called Pax Mongolica. -Pax Mongolica: a period of stability and trade caused by Mongol rule -Kublia Khan asked Niccolo and Matteo Polo to send additional Christian missionaries. -Marco Polo accompanied his father and uncel on a second trip.
GENGHIS KHAN (Temujin)-Temujin and his brother became rivals for Mongol rule. -Temujin: the son of a Mongolian tribal chieftain, born around 1163, who became Genghis Khan -In 1206, Temujin defeated his brother. -The Mongols gave Temujin the title of Genghis Khan, meaning "Great Ruler" -Ghenghis Khan: a Mongol title meaning "Great Ruler" that was given to the Mongol Empire's founder
3.2 The RISE OF THE MONGOL EMPIRE
OVERVIEW
-The Mongols were nomads who lived in trives on the Mongolian plateau north of China. -They lived in movable tent-like structures called gers. -Due to a cooling climate and the birth of Temujin, the Mongols became a great empire.
THE RISE OF THE MONGOL EMPIRE
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Transcript
THE RISE OF THE MONGOL EMPIRE
start
Overview
GER
Info
Info
from temujin to genghis khan
Temujin’s warlord father Yesugei was a khan, or leader. When Temujin was nine, his father was assassinated by an enemy clan, and his own clan abandoned him and his family to avoid having to care for them. But by the time he was 20, Temujin was respected as a fierce warrior. He gathered followers and convinced the bickering tribesmen to cast aside their differences and unite for their common benefit. In 1206, a tribal council declared him the Great Khan of the Mongols. Temujin became Genghis Khan. Soon the Great Khan’s mounted hordes, up to 80,000 strong, raged across Asia.
Ruling by Blood, Fire, and Fear
Genghis Khan’s tactics in warfare were fearsome. He targeted a kingdom, then he offered its people the chance to surrender peaceably and submit to his rule. If they refused him, he was merciless. His mounted raiders would sweep down upon the town with slashing swords and put the entire city to the torch.
Info
Info
Info
Ruling by Blood, Fire, and Fear (continued)
The Mongols killed as many as 40 million people, although exact figures are elusive, given the shortage of primary sources from that time. The Mongols may have killed 10 percent of the world’s inhabitants and reduced the population of Persia by 75 percent.
Info
However, Genghis Khan was also a highly effective ruler. His accomplishments included:
Info
The Mongol Empire Expands
Under his rule, Mongolia underwent a cultural, scientific, and economic transformation. Historians speculate that ancient Greek and Roman thought mixed with classical Chinese wisdom, and Buddhist mixed with Hinduism, Islam, and animism. In fact, Kublai Khan was fascinated by Christianity and requested priests from the Vatican to come to his court. The descendants of Genghis extended the borders to the Middle East and Central Europe, until Mongol territory covered nearly 12 million square miles, making it the largest empire in the world. But because of infighting and power grabs, the massive empire held together for only a century after Genghis’s death. By 1368, it collapsed and split into three large empires—Chinese, Persian, and Russian—and several smaller Central Asian states.
On the death of Genghis Khan, his Mongol Empire stretched from the Caspian Sea to the Yellow Sea. Kublai ascended to Great Khan in 1260. He finally conquered the entire Chinese Empire in 1279, expanding the Yuan Dynasty and reigning as the first Mongol emperor of China. Kublai ruled China in the Confucian tradition. Kublai kept the Silk Road secure, which meant that trade continued unabated. He also welcomed the Italian adventurer Marco Polo. Polo, with his father and uncle, paved the way for increased trade between the East and West. Goods from Asia, especially silk and spices, flowed westward through the Khan’s Empire. Likewise, ideas and innovations flowed east. Kublai welcomed outside ideas.
Info
Info
Info
THE END
Mongol Religion
Mongol Conquest & Army
-When everything of value had been removed from teh town, it would be destroyed.The Mongols were ruthless. -Many people chose to surrender rather than face certain destruction. -Men would be forced to fight for the Mongols. -Women and children became slaves.
Mongol Tactics
-The Mongols practiced siege warfare.-In siege warfare, Mongol soldiers fired arrows and flaming objects into cities for weeks. -They would also keep food from going into the city. -They fired gunpowder-filled bamboo rockets into the towns. -The Mongols practiced pretend retreat. -In a pretend retreat, Mongols would appear to desert their camp, then reappear and surprise the unprepared defenders.
-Armies from Christian Armednia and Georgia joined the Mongols.-The thirteen-day siege of Baghdad was exceptionally brutal battle. -Baghdad's defeated marked the end of the Islamic Golden Age. -Mongol forces did not attempt to invade western Europe. -Some believe they did not invade because there were not enough open plains to supply food for their horses.
Division of the empire
Genghis Khan
-Genghis Khan had four sons -He wanted Ogodei to take his position as Great Khan -The territory each brother was given to rule was called khanate. -khanate: a division of the Mongol Empire ruled by a khan -In 1258 Hulegu Khan led the Iikhanate and conquered Baghdad and the Abbasid Caliphate in the Middle East -caliphate: an Islamic state ruled by a successor of Muhammad
Mongol Unification
GENGHIS KHAN (Temujin)-Temujin and his brother became rivals for Mongol rule. -Temujin: the son of a Mongolian tribal chieftain, born around 1163, who became Genghis Khan -In 1206, Temujin defeated his brother. -The Mongols gave Temujin the title of Genghis Khan, meaning "Great Ruler" -Ghenghis Khan: a Mongol title meaning "Great Ruler" that was given to the Mongol Empire's founder
3.2 The RISE OF THE MONGOL EMPIRE
OVERVIEW
-The Mongols were nomads who lived in trives on the Mongolian plateau north of China. -They lived in movable tent-like structures called gers. -Due to a cooling climate and the birth of Temujin, the Mongols became a great empire.
Trading in the Mongol Empire
Mongol Armour
-Marco Polo reported Nestoria churches along the Old SIlk Road-Marco Polo: the most famouse European to witness the Mongol Empire and the Mongol rule of China
Pax Mongolica
-The Mongol conquest of Eurasia ensured unified rule over much of the known world.-This stability was called Pax Mongolica. -Pax Mongolica: a period of stability and trade caused by Mongol rule -Kublia Khan asked Niccolo and Matteo Polo to send additional Christian missionaries. -Marco Polo accompanied his father and uncel on a second trip.
GENGHIS KHAN (Temujin)-Temujin and his brother became rivals for Mongol rule. -Temujin: the son of a Mongolian tribal chieftain, born around 1163, who became Genghis Khan -In 1206, Temujin defeated his brother. -The Mongols gave Temujin the title of Genghis Khan, meaning "Great Ruler" -Ghenghis Khan: a Mongol title meaning "Great Ruler" that was given to the Mongol Empire's founder
3.2 The RISE OF THE MONGOL EMPIRE
OVERVIEW
-The Mongols were nomads who lived in trives on the Mongolian plateau north of China. -They lived in movable tent-like structures called gers. -Due to a cooling climate and the birth of Temujin, the Mongols became a great empire.