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12IP Cell Cycle Cancer

Jeff Haight

Created on October 18, 2025

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Transcript

Learn: Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Cancer

Lecture Goals:

  • To examine the steps of the cell cycle
  • Understand the process that cells divide and how that relates to growth
  • Examine the impacts of when this cycle is no longer able to regulate, resulting in cancer growth

Course Competencies: 16. Compare and contrast the biological processes of binary fission, mitosis and meiosis.(IX) 17. Describe the process of DNA replication and its relationship to cell division. (VII, IX)

Day 1

Day 2

Presentation Links

Cell CycleOverview

Interphase

Mitosis

Cancer: When Cell Cycle Breaks

Cell Cycle

Cell Replication and Division
  • Cell Cycle is the process of cells growing, performing required metabolic functions, and replicating.
  • It has two major phases, each of which have subphases.

Cell Cycle

Cell Replication and Division
  • Mitotic Phase
    • Cell is activily dividing
    • Composed of the subphases mitosis and cytokinesis
  • Interphase
    • Cell is growing and performing its function
    • Composed of growth and DNA synthesis phases

Check your notes

01:00

Define Cell Cycle

Interphase

Cell Function, Growth, DNA Synthesis
  • G1: First Gap Phase
    • Little change is visible
    • Accumulating the material for DNA replication
  • S: Synthesis of DNA
    • DNA remains in a semi-condensed chromatin form
    • S phase creates identical pairs of DNA molecules, called sister chromatids, that are firmly attached at the centromere
  • G2: Second Gap Phase

Recall: Nucleic Acids

Homologous Chromosomes VS Sister Chromatids

Interphase

Cell Function, Growth, DNA Synthesis
  • G2: Second Gap Phase
    • Cell replenishes its energy stores
    • Grows larger to prepare to become two cells
    • Synthesizes proteins/organelles necessary for chromosome movement (e.g., centrosomes)
    • Organelles are duplicated
    • Just before mitosis the cytoskeleton is dismantled

Check your notes

  • Explain the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromotids
  • Provide an overview of the three stages of interphase

03:00

Mitosis (also known as Karyokinesis)

  • The steps that a eukaryotic cell takes to divide into two identical cells, called daughter cells.
  • Phases
    • prophase
    • prometaphase
    • metaphase
    • anaphase
    • telophase
  • Concludes with cytokinesis (the actual splitting of the two cells)

Mitosis (also known as Karyokinesis)

Prophase
  • nuclear envelope "disappears" by become small vesicles
  • membranous organelles fragment and are moved to edge of cell
  • centrosomes begin moving to opposite ends of cell
  • microtubules that form the mitotic spindle extend between the centrosomes
  • sister chromatids begin to coil more tightly with the aid of condensin proteins (visible under a light microscope).

Mitosis (also known as Karyokinesis)

Prometaphase
  • mitotic spindle continues to develop
  • chromosomes become even more condensed
  • Each sister chromatid develops a protein structure called a kinetochore
  • some of the microtubules bind to the kinetochores
  • spindle microtubules that do not engage the chromosomes are called polar microtubules. These are used to elongate the cell.

Mitosis (also known as Karyokinesis)

Metaphase
  • the spindle causes the sister chromatids to line up at the metaphase plate (middle of the cell)

Mitosis (also known as Karyokinesis)

Anaphase
  • The sister chromatids now seperate, forming daughter chromosomes
  • The daughter chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of the cell by the spindle

Mitosis (also known as Karyokinesis)

Telophase
  • chromosomes begin to decondense (unravel) into the looser chromatin configuration
  • mitotic spindles are depolymerized into tubulin monomers
    • used to assemble the cytoskeleton in each daughter cell.
  • nuclear envelopes form around the chromosomes and nucleoli appear within the nuclear area.

Cell Division

  • During cytokinesis, the cell pinches inward, separating the cell into two daughter cells
  • Plant mitosis works slightly differently
    • Cell plate forms between the two cells during cytokinesis
    • No centromeres involved; spindles attach elsewhere
  • Prokaryotes reproduce and divide by binary fission rather than mitosis (less DNA and organelles to split up; no spindles needed)

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

A story to help remember steps (This is NOT a true story)
  • prophase
  • prometaphase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Visual of the process

Check your notes

  • What the stages of mitosis and cytokinesis are
  • Major events that happen at each stage

03:00

Cancer

Unregulated Cell Growth