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The Origins of judaism

World History

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Ancient land of Canaan-Setting the stage:

• Region on the eastern end of the mediterranean sea

• Phoenicians, Philistines and Israelites lived here

• Their history, legends and moral laws are a major influence on Western culture, and began a tradition also shared by Christianity and Islam.

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The Search For a Promised Land:

• Canaan’s location made it a cultural crossroad of the ancient world
• It connected Asia and Africa by land but also 2 empires, eager to expand.
• to the east lay Babylonia and to the west Egypt
• The seaports opened the 2 most important waterways during that time: Mediterranean sea and Red sea
• Israelites settled in Canaan, in which lay between the Jordan River and Mediterranean sea
• Fun fact: Israelites used the word Canaan to refer to all ancient Canaan, according to the Hebrew Bible, Canaan was the land God had promised to them

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From Ur to Egypt:

• The history of Israelites is mostly contained in the first 5 books of the hebrew bible, jews called these books Torah and considered them the most sacred writings in their traditions

• Christians consider them as part of the old testament
• In the “Torah”, God chose Abraham to be the father of jewish people
• Abraham: Shepherd who lived in the city of Ur, in Mesopotamia.
• The book of Genesis tells that God commanded him to move his people to Canaan.

• Around 1800BC, Abraham, his family, and his herds made their move to Canaan, the his descendants moved to Egypt

• Quote: “The lord said to Abraham, ‘go forth from your native land and from your father’s house to the land I will show you. I will make of you a great nation, and I will bless you; I will make your name great; and you shall be a blessing’”- Genesis 12:1-2( Hebrew Bible)

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The God of Abraham:

• The hebrew bible tells how Abraham and his family migrated over the years from Mesopotamia to Canaan to Egypt and back to Canaan, all while God watched over them
• Gods worshiped by other people were often local, and were associated with a specific place
• Israelites were monotheists, unlike many groups of people around them, who were polytheists.
• Monotheism- Belief in a single god, comes from the Greek words mono, meaning one, and theism, meaning “god-worship”.
• Israelites proclaimed there was only one god.
• In their eyes, god= power over all, everywhere. For them he was not a physical being, and no physical images were made of him
• They asked God for protection from their enemies, just as other people prayed their gods to defend them
• Hebrew Bible says- God looked after the jews not because of their rituals and ceremonies but because Abraham promised to obey him
• Covenant- mutual promise between god and the founder of the jews

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Moses and The Exodus:

• Israelites migrated to Egypt due to threats of a famine and drought.
• In the beginning Israelites were giving places of honor, later on were forced into slavery.
• Israelites fled Egypt Between 1300-1200 BC, this event is called “The Exodus”, it is celebrated every year in the festival of the Passover
• In an Era where Egyptians felt threatened by the amount of Israelites, all male babies born were ordered dead.
• Moses' mother hid him in the reeds of the Nile where an Egyptian princess adopted him.
• He never forgot where he came from, even if raised in luxury.
• God ordered Moses to take Israelites out of Egypt, he obeyed.
• Moses was the man in charge of liberating Israelites out of slavery.

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A New Covenant:

• During the period Israelites, where travelling through the Sinai, Moses climbed to the top of of Mount Sinai to pray, speaking to God.
• When he came down he brought with him the Ten commandments.
• These commandments and other teachings by Moses became civil and religious laws of Judaism.
• Jews believed these laws formed a new covenant between God and Israelites, God offered protection, Jews followed laws.

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The Ten Commandments:

-Believed to be given by God to israelites1.I The Lord am your God who brought you out of the land of Egypt, the house of bondage.2. You shall have no other Gods before me. You shall not make for yourself a sculptured image3. You shall not swear falsely by the name of the Lord God4. Remember the sabbath day and keep it holy5. Honor your father and your mother6 You shall not kill7. You shall not commit adultery8. You shall not steal9. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor10. You shall not covet… anything That is your neighborIn the following page, you will see how it differentiates to the catholic version we are used to

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Comparision:

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The Land and People of The Bible:

• Israelites traveled 40 years in the Sinai desert.
• The hebrew bible tells the story of Israelites after migration
• After the death of Moses they returned to Canaan, where Abraham lived. They learned from the ancient peoples of Canaan, and now they were finally settled, and not constantly moving around.
• When they reached Canaan they were organized into 12 tribes, which lived in separate territories and were self governed.
• God used to raise up judges, they would unite the tribes and provide judicial and military power leadership during a crisis
• In the course of time god chose a series of Judges, most prominently a woman named Deborah.

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Israelite Law:

Main Points:

• Deborah was a judge of the Israelites also sometimes called the mother of Israel
• Her leadership was unusual for Israelite women
• This is because overall Israelite women's main role was to raise their child and provide moral leadership for them.

Info about Deborah:

• Deborah was one of the judges of Israel during a time of oppression. She is called a prophetess and the

wife of Lappidoth. The Lord spoke through her as she held court under a tree called “the Palm of Deborah” in Ephraim. The Lord also used her to set her people free and defeat the king of Canaan. Deborah’s story is found in Judges, chapters 4 and 5.

• Deborah was Israel’s only female judge. Some scholars have suggested that her position as judge was itself a judgment on the weak-willed men of Israel.

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Israelite Law:

• The commandments were part of the code of laws in Israel and delivered by Moses
• The code was later interpreted by religious teachers called prophets
• Prophets taught that jews had a duty to worship God and live justly with one another.
• - The meaning of prophet in Christianity is a bit different than what it means in Judaism
• - This also means they don't have the same number of prophets and don't have the same prophets.
• - But they share some of the same ones.
• They believe the goal was a moral life in accordance with God’s laws
• The worship of one God is called ethical monotheism
• - This influenced human behavior for thousands of years through Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

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Israelite Law:

• The commandments were part of the code of laws in Israel and delivered by Moses
• The code was later interpreted by religious teachers called prophets
• Prophets taught that jews had a duty to worship God and live justly with one another.
• - The meaning of prophet in Christianity is a bit different than what it means in Judaism
• - This also means they don't have the same number of prophets and don't have the same prophets.
• - But they share some of the same ones.
• They believe the goal was a moral life in accordance with God’s laws
• The worship of one God is called ethical monotheism
• - This influenced human behavior for thousands of years through Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

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The sacred writtings of Judaism

In Judaism, one of the most important ways for a person to please God is to study the scriptures or sacred writings, and live according to what they teach. -They put these scriptures in decorative holders: Mezuzah - a scroll attached to a doorpost What are their sacred writings? The Hebrew Bible: It contains: Torah - The first five books in the bible - It recounts origins of humanity and Judaism - Contains the basic laws of Judaism

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Prophets - Stories and writing written by Jewish teachers. Have two divisions:Former Prophets - are the books in the Hebrew bible that narrate Israel's history. Latter Prophets - sections in the TanakThey consist of 4 books: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the Twelve Minor Prophets Writing - A collection of various other writings that includes psalms, poetry, history and stories, proverbs, and philosophical writings called wisdom writings. 2. Talmud - Mishnahwritten record of Jewish oral law Gemara - explanations and interpretations of the Mishnah

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Israelite Law:

Youtube Video:

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The Kingdom of Israel:

Canaan:

• Land promised to Israelites by God
• Combined largely harsh features like arid desert, rocky wilderness, grassy hills, and the dry, hot valley of the Jordan River.
• Water was never plentiful
• After first settling in south-central ancient Canaan, Israelites expanded north and south

Judges and Tribal Unity:

• Israelites were often scattered, with occasional military unification under judges
• They faced ongoing threats from the Philistines and other neighbors.

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Saul and David Establish a Kingdom:

The United Kingdom (1020-922 BC):

• Under three kings—Saul, David, and Solomon
• The Israelites enjoyed their most powerful and independent period.
• This era is known as the Kingdom of Israel.

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Saul and David Establish a Kingdom:

King Saul:

• The first king
• Was chosen for his success driving out the Philistines from the central hills
• His reign was marked by personal struggles, including jealousy and insecurity, which led to his downfall.

King David:

• Saul's son-in-law
• Became king after Saul’s death
• He united the tribes
• Established Jerusalem as the capital
• Started a lasting dynasty

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Solomon Builds The Kingdom:

• King Solomon:
• David's son, who succeeded him in 962 BC.
• Known for his wealth and wisdom
• Built a trading empire and expanded Jerusalem, including constructing the magnificent Temple to house the Ark of the Covenant.

The Kingdom Divides

• After Solomon's death, heavy taxes and forced labor caused unrest.
• By 922 BC, the kingdom split into two: Israel in the north and Judah in the south.
• The northern kingdom eventually fell, leaving Judah as the sole Israelite kingdom.

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Aftermath and Legacy:

• The two kingdoms often faced internal strife and conflict with external enemies.
• This period ultimately led to the rise of Judaism as a distinct religion.

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The Babylonian Captivity:

• Disaster finally struck as the 2 kingdoms lost their independence
• In 738 BC, both Israel and Judah began paying tribute to Assyria
• Tribute- peace money paid by a weaker power to a stronger one
• By paying tribute, Israel and Judah hoped to ensure that the mighty Assyrian empire would not attack
• Israel revolted and withheld tribute and in 725 BC the Assyrians began a relentless siege of Samaria, Capital of Israel
• By 722 BC, the entire northern kingdom had fallen to the Assyrian’s ferocious assault

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Babylonian captivity

• The southern kingdom of Judah resisted for another 150 years before it too was destroyed.
• The destruction of Judah was to come at the hands of the Babylonians. After conquering Israel, the Assyrians rapidly lost power to a rising Babylonian Empire
• . The great Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar ran the Egyptians out of Syria and Judah, and he twice attacked Jerusalem.
• The city finally fell in 586 BC. Solomon's temple was destroyed in the Babylonian victory. Many of the survivors were exiled to Babylon
• During the exile in Babylon, the Hebrew Bible describes how the prophet Ezekiel urged his people to keep their religion alive in a foreign land.
• Then about 50 years after the fall of Judah, another change in fortune occurred: in 539 BC, the Persian King Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon.
• The next year, Cyrus allowed some 40,000 exiles to return to Jerusalem to rebuild the temple. Many, however, stayed in Babylonia.
• Work on the second temple was completed in 515 BC. The walls of Jerusalem were rebuilt in 445 BC. Soon, however, other empires dominated the region-first the Persians, then the Greeks, and then the Romans. These new empires would take control both of Judah, now called Judea, and of the destiny of the Jewish

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You did it!! Your smarter than a newborn!!!

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Thank you for your attention!

You have managed to survive our presentation.

for now...

WHATT!? ACTIVITY!

War has broken out, and the various kingdoms and empires are all fighting against each other for the control of the Israelite Kingdom! Who will come out victorious?

Teams (Empires):

• Assyrian Empire
• Babylonian Empire
• Persian Empire
• Israelite Kingdom (Defense)
• Roman Empire
• Greek Empire

Hint:

When the Israelites stopped doing this, Assyrians attacked the capital and the kingdom fell.

Hint: She is one of God's _____

Key Concepts and People:

MosesIsreal Juadah tribute

CanaanTorah Abraham monotheism covenant

Hint: She is one of God's _____

Hint: She is one of God's _____

Hint: She is one of God's _____

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Israelites were monotheists.

Hint: She is one of God's _____

Hint: She is one of God's _____