Ap Euro U 3

Commercial and Agricultural captialism

Absolute Monarchy

Religious Reformations

Differing Sovereignty models

Religious institutional Power

Different models came

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New political power to 17th and 18th century Europe

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Contextualizing State building

What was the context in which different forms of political power develped form 1648 to 1815 in Europe?

Challenge monarchs

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Struggles against political centralization

Developments of agricultural revolution

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Conflicts

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Started bcs Stuart Monarchs

English Bill of rights

The English Civil War

The English Bill of Rights

Son of James I

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Parliament wanted to change/ control king

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English Civil War and Glorious Revolution

What were the causes and consequences of the English Civil War?

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Restored Monarchy

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Restoration and Abdication

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++ food production

Innovation

Agricultural Revolution

Revolutionizing industry

Enclosure Movement

Le Chapelier Law

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Transportation and Land Conversions

Development

Continuities and Changes to Economic Practice and Development

What were the continuities and changes in commerical and economic developments form 1648 to 1815?

Agricultural Changes + Euorpean Nutrition

Property Rights and Protections

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Expanding the Cottage Industry System

Development of Market Economies

B4 System

Insurance

Developments in Labor and Trade

Banking

Worldwide Economic Network Develops

Things

Consumer and Market Impact

Mercantilism and Colonies

Mercantilism Colonies

New products

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Greater Prosperity

Sugar

Economic Development and Mercantilism

What were the continuities and changes in commerical and economic developments form 1648 to 1815?

Labor system and Middle passage

Tobacco Rum Fabrics

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Transatlantic Slave-Labor system

Development of Market Economies

Triangle trade

Tea and coffee

Plantation Economies

New opportunities

dutch republic

Things

Consumer and Market Impact

Dutch rrebpublic

ogliarcy

New products

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dutch east india company

Sugar

Dutch golden age

what factors contributed to the dutch being lowkey goated?

Tobacco Rum Fabrics

society

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GOlden age duch

Development of Market Economies

religion + arts

Tea and coffee

philosopy and science

New opportunities

balkance of power

Things

Consumer and Market Impact

New diplomacy and new warfare

ogliarcy

cahllenge

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dutch east india company

Catalan revolt spain

Balance of power

HOw did european states estabisha d maintain a balcne of power on the continent form these times

fronde in france

Spain under habsburgs

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COuntries having problesm

Challegnes to monarchs

sweden and gustavus adolphus

Czech identity in holy roman empire

France

New opportunities

end of ottoman expansion

european wars and dplomacy

Wars of Louis XIV

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Prussian and habsburg ruleres

Balance of power

Continued!

lowkey like didnt like each oterh

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POland being split

sweden and gustavus adolphus

France

How tsars worked

Backgounrd

Westernization of Russia

Western europe study

Monarchs and aristocrayc

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Great northern war

Philip II of Spain

Absolutee Booty Monarchies

what factors contributed to the dutch being lowkey goated?

James I of England

reforms

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Russia getting better

Absolute monarchys

recognized institutions

Louis XIV OF FRANCE

Catherine the great

french economy

Goods

• Raw matierals for americas, india, and asia = lots of raw goods
• slave labor = costs for goods low
• good tech made items affordable + abundant
• people had higher social status and wanted to have it so they had good furnishings and clothes

Bro was long reign

• fought in dutch war in gain spanish netherlands
• dutch stopped advances
• Also fought nine years war - basically everybody tryna shoot down france => dutch republi c, psian, england, austria, the holy roman emprie, and the duchy of savoy
• ended insigne dtreaty whtat stopped fighitng but no stop louis xXIV tryna fight eervybody
• fought in war of spanish succession - louis xiv wanted his grandon philip, duke of anjou or philip V
• basiclaly emperor leopold I of austria had equaly stonrg calim so dtuch and austria teamed up so that france would not get to strong
• war ended with peace of utrecht =britina won frick ton of territories and right to import enslaved poeple into spanish colonies
• philip V was ing of spian

Monarchs and Aristocracy

• state power directly connected to strength of ruler under absolutism
• no restrictions to authority by nobles legislatures, churches, citizen, the courts, the military or agencies
• gave problems for reasons
• incompetent monarchs = chaoes
• no checks on ruler = royal decisions on whims for favoritism instead of efficivency
• nobility who stood best at limited monarhcs power did not represent needs and viewpoints of vast majoriy of subjects
• Louis basically oppposite bcs he is the state but nowadays the nations belong to the people for the public good.

Opportunities for Foreign trade

• Colonial expansion = economic and social grwoth in europe
• import side= european facotires and industries benefitted form influx of raw materials
• cheap labor from enslaved people = big money
• export side = mercantilist monopolies and tariffs = ready markets for european finished goods

Spain under habsburgs

• Spain under habs dominated politically and militarily'habsburgs made emperors and kings for holy roman empire and euorpe
• 1648 spian suppressed revoles in naples and sivily over taxes for war efferts
• 1648 also ecognized independece of united provines of netherlands
• second half off 3 wars with france
• spain los territory and ifnluence
• chlares II last habsburg of spapin died with no kid left throne to Grandson of louis XIV of france

Sugar

• Sugar was most importtant
• carribbean plantations for htis
• Britian used mercantilist policies for this
• Navigation acts protected the monopoly the sell british goods
• sugar tariffs for richer gov

Sugar

• Sugar was most importtant
• carribbean plantations for htis
• Britian used mercantilist policies for this
• Navigation acts protected the monopoly the sell british goods
• sugar tariffs for richer gov

New foods!

• bASICALLY cOMLUMBIAN EXCHANGE IS great
• Corn, potatoes, and cassava new carbs instead of just wheat!
• Ohter new world foods like avocaods, potatoes, peppers, tomatoes, and turkeys
• benefitted cuz => starvation mostly gone
• tastes and diet diversity expanded! better health + longevity
• new poulation = more immigration to new world

Dutch east india company

• Dutch company - joint stock company
• dutch east india company ( VOC)
• made the standard of living for normal ppl rlly good and ruch
• investors dumped shares later bcs of wrooies of british competiton in 18th centry => bankrupt

BIll of rights!

• When william and mary took power in 1689 => parliament FORCED bros to sign the bill of rights becuase brah charles and james were AZZZA
• Established some Parliamenttary Soverignty => limited the powers of the kigns and queens and gave parliament more rights!!!
• THey could - meet frequentky, AND needed to approve any change of the law, and needed to approve taxes ( so basically the monarch can't just solo ringo needs approval from them state!)
• Basically made the gov a constitutional monarchy + influence the US constitution and Bill of rights

Developments in Labor and trade

• Britain made combinations of factors making self-sustaining growth with good market economy with high level of prosperity

Textile Industry

• Britain had large wool industry because of AMAZING grazing grass for healthy fleece and uinsg the cottage industryto mkae textiles
• there were new jobs from the textile industry and made money based economy!
• Wool industry = money paid to workers
• they could increase productivity and used waged to buy food and household goods!
• London was getting richer and there were new and specialized jobs

Gustavus adolphus

• inhereited wars with denmark, poland and russia ( DAMN BRUH )
• setllted crisis between boility and gov by enlisting htem in his gov
• created supreme court , national trasury, and war office ! most modern administration in euorpe
• mad emlitary like machines => organized usper well with mobile artillary and linear formations of soldiers

• The revolution began in britian => gave it an advantage to more food in 18th century
• 19th century britian was op had 80 percent higher than average european countries
• Less and less people worked on farms => moving to cities ( cant find no mo jobs in farms if farm output so good) => output tripled from 1500 to 1700 ( feed 1 person per farmer to 3!!!) ONLY IN BRITAIN THOUGHH

What it do

• Manual tools and labor were swapped for tech
• 1701 Seed drill and mechanical hoe => seed drill metered out seeds in straighte lines + covered them with dirt
• Horse carried the mechanical hoe and removed weeds from between seed rows ( woah )
• 1730 Cast-iron plow ( +300 durability + 600 efficiency from wodden plows)
• 1784 => Thresher - machine seperating grains from plants

Farm machinery

• Climate was warmer and dryer
• They used selective breeding on cattle a sheep farmers
• Crop rotations => letting land fallow for a while after some use made soil quality better! more food to produce
• Mixed farming => livestock and crops ( animals could eat crops and animal poo could feed the soil)

Food increase ways

Market Economies

• Middle ages => Italian merchants and bankers dominating international trade and finance
• Genoese bankers => venture capitalists who funded endeavors of foreign nations - these ppl got right when they gave credit to spain to make an empire in exchange for silver later
• economic tarnsition took place due to stimulation of economy from these things => new financial institutions and pracices!
• also happened becuase protestant kings lowkey stole prperty and money from catholic church! making themselves rich ex: king louis VIII

Restoration

• Charles II became king in something known as the Restoration
• after bro died his brother James II become the monarch
• but then james began appoiting catholics to positions in church + gov and ignoring the will of Parliament => appoiting catholics in church and gov
• Called James II's Dutch son-in=law william of orange to invade and depose the king
• James II fled and he was king William III with wife Mary II and they became known as the Glorious Revoloution

• Middle passage=> transatlantic slave-trade from hourney form west afria to west indies
• very terrible conditions

Middle Passage

• Europeans first tried to use natives but they died form diseases + not suit for hot labor of mining or plantation => needed africans
• 12.5 million transported 2 milion died of africans

Slave system

Triangle Trade

• Trade through europe, africa, to americas
• First leg > south to get enslaved peole
• then africa to new world traded and sold enslaved people for the products they producted =? sugar, molasses, and stuff
• amercias to europe
• matieral and crops sold and profits used to purchase fiished goods => sold back to colonies or traded in africa for more enslaved people

French economy

• to expand borders he needed a stronger army, meaning he neeced a strong economy making tax revenues.
• Minister jean-baptiste colbert made mercanitlist policies decreasing france's debt and revitalizing its industries
• made mor emoney but lowkey like didnt owkr becuase of how mnany wars bro got into
• absolutist rule taxes the poor people but not the nobility
• led to capitation from wars => tax for all citizens but nobility foiund ways around it so like lowkey they pooor

Rum

Frabrics

• Britian and france first made rum
• alchohole made form sugar byproducts
• 17th centry euopean coonists drank it on sugar islants
• 18th century other european colonised started drinking
• three developments = rum less profitable
• american revloption- no trade between britain and colonies
• comepttion from europe and us reduced demand for birtish rum
• antisalvery sentients turned peole against goods like this

• Britain => specialize in cotton and wool
• France => specialized in silk
• Silk orig in cina until silk roads
• Joseph marie jacquared- invented macine for patterned silk textiles for luxury clohings and furnishing

Tobacco

• Spanish and portugese sailors spread tobacco
• key itme in triangel trade went into cuba and brazil
• JOhn rolfe planted tobacco in virginia => boomed used as currency to buy goods, exnslaved people, and pay taxes in england

• Spread quickly otu of asia minor
• ottomans attacke dvienna
• lost battle of vienna and lost reust of hungary over next ocuple years

End of expansion

• Dutch lawyer Hugo Grotius => saying the state has "supreme ownership"of all property => state could take your "private property" but only for common/public use and if they pay you ( compensation)
• Samuel von Pufendorf says that individual ownership of property has to be approved by the state
• Locke says that whatever a person works on means their rights ( ex farming) => the state protects these rights but its natural and does not need approval.

Property Rights and Protections

Glorious Revolution

• Glorius revolution british government tried to protect and preserve private property
• With this assurance the elites would get more land and make it good without it being taken away. This made them make their land better = economic growth
• Britains wealthy calss would share power with monarch and this made aristocratic of nobles and commerical class
• British aristocrats invested in comerical and industrial ventures willing to tax themselves and fund public works if they could profit => tried to get cheaper transportation costs
• opposite of france hen they had no parliament and taxes were used to fund teh palace at Versailles

James I

• france had participatory system at local + parliamentary levels w/ two chambers :
• house of lords : nobles and bishops of church of england
• House of commons: lower chamber of members elected to represent legislative regions
• Frequen conflicts between monarchs and parliament
• james I believed in devine right so he only answered to god and not parliament
• overspent and wanted parliament to cover his butt
• parliament disapproved and mde rules over kings finance
• james also needed tax money for war against spain => agreed because members of parliament were anticatholic and anti spanish but said James sonchalres would marry a protestant
• james said they going to far and made charles marry a cahtolic => laid groundwork for failure of his son lowkeya nd english civil way

Control

• Parliament wanted to get control of army from king
• Charles rejected demands => civil war coming
• There was Parliamentarians ( roundheads wanting cahnge)
• + the friggin royalists/cavaliers supporting monarchy
• Parliamentarian army with Oliver cromwell won!!!! yahoozas and they killed charles ( think they gave him an offer to just chill out or he'd die and bro rejected it)

New Cahllege

• Challenges rose to resist centralization
• struggle for power caused varied types of gov systems across europe
• eastern and sotuhern eruope especially seeked monarches seeked enhanced power

PHilosy and sceince

• flourished during this time
• spnoze => lead rationalism and englightenment
• french rene descartes => two decades in netherlands
• christiaan huygens => physicist made wave theory of light + shape of saturn's rings discovered
• microbiologigst antonie van leeuwenhoek => groudnowrk of bacteriology and protzoology

extreme reorganize

• triple taxes for warfare and modernization
• forced peasants to work in mines, manufactoring, or lifetime service in army
• nobles serve for life in army or gov
• boyars and clergy resisted so he punished them
• regrganized the russianorthodox churcuh and abolished patriarch making HOly synod => officials and priests obedient to tsar

Le Chapelier law

• Britain was lowkey eatin it up with those economic policies and business was booomiiinnnnn
• the othes hos france and german states did not thik that far in their governments
• but then french revolution national assembly passed the Le Chapelier law - bans workers' associations like guilds + trade unitons => free enterprise was the new status quo
• banned the right to strike too gawd damn => they thought there wa slowkey a national crisis so yall shut up and stop tryna get higher wages
• put own in 1884 bcs wdym no striking guys
• rights of workers to strike + associate = restored!

poland

• Prusssia rose as great military power but commonwelath of poland was lowkey gonna collapse
• too many ethnic gorousp
• lots of elites controlling representative assembly and leaderhsip postiions in gov
• elites defied taxes and exploited the peasantry
• 1652 plish legistalure / sejm made liberum veto a practice
• single negative vote blocke dproceedings to safeguard against tyranny but then basically ntohing got done guys
• king stanislaw II was king and tried to strengthen and modernize the place but elties didnt like so there was civil way
• other countries took advantage and annexted through the 2nd and thired paritions

Dutch east india company

• Dutch company - joint stock company
• dutch east india company ( VOC)
• made the standard of living for normal ppl rlly good and ruch
• investors dumped shares later bcs of wrooies of british competiton in 18th centry => bankrupt

Catherine the great

• Empress catherine II
• replensihed state treasury by seizing property of clergy
• attempted a constitution that was never adopted
• tried to emancipate serfs but gave up because of rebellions
• uprisings was trheat to her regime
• added more than 200000 miles to russia teritoy and crimea from ottoman empire

New products

• New productsin consumer culture biggest = sgugar, silkes, fabircs, tobacco , rum, tea, and coffee

• First from china
• became super popular
• was 10 percent of reenues
• mercantilist policies british so dutch and russian could not copete
• tea act => treid to help british east india company ( they could sell direclty to north america)
• angered colonists

Tea

• Introduced by venetianmerchants
• dutch found first coffee estate
• for protests agains britains tea monopolies coffe was more pupolar in ameirca

Coffe

Restoration

• Charles II became king in something known as the Restoration
• after bro died his brother James II become the monarch
• but then james began appoiting catholics to positions in church + gov and ignoring the will of Parliament => appoiting catholics in church and gov
• Called James II's Dutch son-in=law william of orange to invade and depose the king
• James II fled and he was king William III with wife Mary II and they became known as the Glorious Revoloution

• act of abjuration it god independecne from spain
• it was unhappy with the rleigious conformity forced bcs they were calvinist
• habsburgs rulers used the inquision to get rid of protestn=antistm => they wanted independence

spain

dutch republic

• came during eighty years war
• dutched battled for independence from spain
• came form union of utrecth => dutch republic is northern provinces of netherlands getting independence
• after independenece ie was rlly rich from cargo shipping => fought with britains ometimes

Banking

• Modernbanking was from Italy => moneylenders
• Medici family got good political power
• Genoa's banks fund spanish empire
• Fugger company in ausburg financed the wars of holy roman emperors
• Loans ofr short-term expenses
• Capital fueled expansions allowing businesses to start
• Bank of england ( chartered by William and Mary in 1694) => got lots of money from private investors so government coiuld borrow 1.2 million lbs at 8 percent interest with a service charge of 4000 peryear
• Britian used half the money to grow nay => navy quadrupled in size + britain was worlld power could build overseas empire
• The bank then became a limited-liability corporation => had the sole right to issue governemnt notes - used as readily available paper money secure dby gov bonds / gold depositts

• peter the great also made mdoernizing to sceince, tech, indsutry , and education
• found st. petersburg academy of sceinces/ laer russian acadme of sceinces
• invtied foreign experts to teach at st petersburg academy
• made guilds
• sponsered secular educatoni

Reforms to modernize

Rum

Frabrics

• Britian and france first made rum
• alchohole made form sugar byproducts
• 17th centry euopean coonists drank it on sugar islants
• 18th century other european colonised started drinking
• three developments = rum less profitable
• american revloption- no trade between britain and colonies
• comepttion from europe and us reduced demand for birtish rum
• antisalvery sentients turned peole against goods like this

• Britain => specialize in cotton and wool
• France => specialized in silk
• Silk orig in cina until silk roads
• Joseph marie jacquared- invented macine for patterned silk textiles for luxury clohings and furnishing

Tobacco

• Spanish and portugese sailors spread tobacco
• key itme in triangel trade went into cuba and brazil
• JOhn rolfe planted tobacco in virginia => boomed used as currency to buy goods, exnslaved people, and pay taxes in england

Plantations

• Usually the younger sons from primogeniture coming to mkae palntations
• made cash crops like suga and tobacco
• worked 1/3 of slaves to death within three years for max profit

2nd phase

Fronde

• nobles tired to gain power
• french gov was able to supress
• sccarred young Luois XIV and cuased intense absolutism
• contrasts grwoing power of englands parliament

• erupted because of french attempts to weaken influence of bobles and reudce power of Parlements => judicial bodies
• ateempted by cardinal jules mazarin
• violent uprsiing caused Fronde
• trying to check the power of royal gov

first phase

• parlement of paris refused to approve gov's revenue measure while france at war with spain
• gov initally gave in bcs figitng

ogliaryc

• it was an ogliarchy
• estates represnting seven proviens each selected a leader
• they met in a legistalive body called estates general
• decided policies this way
• not representative body => ogliarcy - select calss within society controlling the gov
• oligarchy made up of rural landholders + urban gentry - upper=-class townspeple profesionals or merchants
• basically ruled by merchants and financers

• First from china
• became super popular
• was 10 percent of reenues
• mercantilist policies british so dutch and russian could not copete
• tea act => treid to help british east india company ( they could sell direclty to north america)
• angered colonists

Tea

• Introduced by venetianmerchants
• dutch found first coffee estate
• for protests agains britains tea monopolies coffe was more pupolar in ameirca

Coffe

New products

• New productsin consumer culture biggest = sgugar, silkes, fabircs, tobacco , rum, tea, and coffee

Insurance

• There was property insurance => helped entrepreneaurs get wealth in factories, Helped maritime trade, security to merchants engaged in commerical shipping
• Insurance industry making investment opportunities

• Colonies = new opportunies for trade
• resources for european manufacutring and markets for europe's finished goods
• economies shifted from feudal model of traditional farming to system with wages and consumer demand
• more demand for products = more quick technological advancements to supply it
• Physical and material well-being of europeans rose to a level that was good
• at the price of sacrifice of africans and divison of richer atlantic trade states and poorer less developed eastern states

Greater Properity

ogliaryc

• it was an ogliarchy
• estates represnting seven proviens each selected a leader
• they met in a legistalive body called estates general
• decided policies this way
• not representative body => ogliarcy - select calss within society controlling the gov
• oligarchy made up of rural landholders + urban gentry - upper=-class townspeple profesionals or merchants
• basically ruled by merchants and financers

France

• after thirty years war french army = europes dominant land force
• adopted infantry formation from gustavus adolphus's swedes with lots of poeple
• louis xiv helped by making noew fortresses for armies on march

Banking

• Modernbanking was from Italy => moneylenders
• Medici family got good political power
• Genoa's banks fund spanish empire
• Fugger company in ausburg financed the wars of holy roman emperors
• Loans ofr short-term expenses
• Capital fueled expansions allowing businesses to start
• Bank of england ( chartered by William and Mary in 1694) => got lots of money from private investors so government coiuld borrow 1.2 million lbs at 8 percent interest with a service charge of 4000 peryear
• Britian used half the money to grow nay => navy quadrupled in size + britain was worlld power could build overseas empire
• The bank then became a limited-liability corporation => had the sole right to issue governemnt notes - used as readily available paper money secure dby gov bonds / gold depositts

Stuart Monarchs

• Started bcs of stuarts wanting to make england where the king/queen has infinite opness and power => absolute monarchy
• Assigned throne bcs elizabeth died w/o heir oops and hes actually from scotland wattt
• Because of absolutist ideas the common people did not like him => House of commons ( Parliament ) clashed with him
• oops i forget to say this is james I

• Agricultural products needed to be transported into cities bcs less subsistence farming! There was a new line of econimic activity with merchants, middlemen, transporters and banks and stuff
• Internal tariffs hurting sutff => made people within a country pay taxes for items/properties sold => made essential goods more expensive - getting rid means yay! Jean Baptiste colbert ( lowkey the goat) reduced these in france ! mercanitlism!
• External tariffs imposed by britian on france wines => more internal production beer brewers and whiskey distillers

National Markets

• Basically before it was like shared ( publicly used land ) and called commons that these richio landowners would buy and make em larger landholdings
• This made more landless peasants => some just moved out and some just work on larger farms
• Some small farmers lost land losing to independent yeoman farmers

Enclosure Movement

Catalan revolt spain

• spain got increased militayr threat from france
• kign philip iv wnated to riase taxes to fund wards
• count olivares into catalonia to enlist peopoela nd resources to fight the french
• Catalan did not like that made a revolt

Gustavus adolphus

• inhereited wars with denmark, poland and russia ( DAMN BRUH )
• setllted crisis between boility and gov by enlisting htem in his gov
• created supreme court , national trasury, and war office ! most modern administration in euorpe
• mad emlitary like machines => organized usper well with mobile artillary and linear formations of soldiers

• Peace of westphalia made new things to balance of power
• they need to maintain balance of power to make sure they are similar to other nations
• advances in military tactics and warefare changed war
• great military revolution from formation of newwer weapons favoring monarchys who could fight the most and had taxes to supprot big military

Peace of Westphalia

• New infrastructure such as more inland waterways with a new canal system => tripled! usable roadways = all for da market to move prducts to market better!
• Created water meadows => field of grass near rivers that would flood the meadows sometimes => gave it some nutrients => farmers feed their animals => better animal meat, milk and hides + the poo poo improved the summer grasses for iwnter hay feeding

Transportation and Land Conversions

• Basically before it was like shared ( publicly used land ) and called commons that these richio landowners would buy and make em larger landholdings
• This made more landless peasants => some just moved out and some just work on larger farms
• Some small farmers lost land losing to independent yeoman farmers

Enclosure Movement

help russia

• trying to help russia he allied with saxony and denmark-norwya in great northern war against sweden to compete for trade and naval power
• he got st petersburg and called it his " window on europe" made it his magnificent new capital.

religoin

• offical religion calvinist reformed churchs
• otehr protestnats like ltuehrans and anabaptists
• spainish and porutgese jews
• roman catholicism forbiddien

arts

• artists lke rembrandt and johannes vermeer were there during this time
• literature regvaligne ngladn and france but ppl couldnt rly read dutch

Louis XIV

• Inherited throne when he was five => ruled for 72 years
• mother and godfather rulerd until he could
• Cardinal Richelieu was minister of previous ing louisx XIII and originally made sytem of intendants - basiclaly fovernemtn officials enforcing rules instead of loclas ( displacing local authorities ) and led to the fronde
• Louis XIV surrounded himself with courtiers => wealthy bobles tyring to get his favor

Banking

• Modernbanking was from Italy => moneylenders
• Medici family got good political power
• Genoa's banks fund spanish empire
• Fugger company in ausburg financed the wars of holy roman emperors
• Loans ofr short-term expenses
• Capital fueled expansions allowing businesses to start
• Bank of england ( chartered by William and Mary in 1694) => got lots of money from private investors so government coiuld borrow 1.2 million lbs at 8 percent interest with a service charge of 4000 peryear
• Britian used half the money to grow nay => navy quadrupled in size + britain was worlld power could build overseas empire
• The bank then became a limited-liability corporation => had the sole right to issue governemnt notes - used as readily available paper money secure dby gov bonds / gold depositts

Studied western europe

• went on a mission with the grand embassy
• toured arsenals ,factories, musceums, schools , and hsipyard s
• relized that russia was super medieval and needed to advance
• returned tryingto make them modernize

Restoration

• Charles II became king in something known as the Restoration
• after bro died his brother James II become the monarch
• but then james began appoiting catholics to positions in church + gov and ignoring the will of Parliament => appoiting catholics in church and gov
• Called James II's Dutch son-in=law william of orange to invade and depose the king
• James II fled and he was king William III with wife Mary II and they became known as the Glorious Revoloution

France

• after thirty years war french army = europes dominant land force
• adopted infantry formation from gustavus adolphus's swedes with lots of poeple
• louis xiv helped by making noew fortresses for armies on march

Absolutism

• rose as old medieval order broke up
• catholic curch weakened by protest movements so could not resist
• exapnsion of trade had merchant and middle classes hoping absolutism would bring stability
• absolutiest rulers favoring merchant and middle class weakekning nobility
• new eaponry like gunpowder giving monarchs more power to destroy nobles stuff

• Mercantile system => idea that it was a system to build economic and potlitcal strength of nation
• Idea that the wealth was finite

Mercantile System

• Modern europe began to emerge around 1500 commerical revolution made me have unprecedented expansion of commerce and trade
• seeds for epansion because of desire for asian prodcuts
• atlantic port cities took advantage and made colonies

Worldwide Economic Network Develops

Philip II of Spain

• reigned at the height of spains power
• solidified and united spain
• revolt in netherlands and loss of spanish armada started the eakness
• he made decisions on everting so the work of governemnt slowed done
• suspicious and allowed murder of enemies so court was treacherous
• wanted power for spain and catholicism but created enimies all aounrd
• spain was slowly declining after philip II died

Rarity

• 1700= industry was rare
• but more dmand for products = innovation!
• new tech led people move itout of cottages into mills and factories
• 1750s first factoires that were water powered and there was cotton textile industry growing BIG BIG using new inventions
• Steam engines powered machinery for getting coals + curshing iron ore

• 17th century Bohemian staes
• Habsburgs controlled them
• Habsburgs tried to impose catholicism while they were trying to keep bohemian identity
• The bohemian estates tried to maintain identiy
• Bohemian estaes rose against habsburgs => started thirty years war - defeated at battle of white mountain

czech

Jan hus

• bro was main influence and he was voice for reforming cahtolic church

• European nations colonized large swaths of the globe bcs of mercantilism
• Split through 5 countries ( England, spain, portugal, the netherlands, and france)
• Portugal claimed brazil
• Spain claimed latin America + the Phillipines
• Netherlands claimed parts of indonesia
• France => parts of canada + central part of us
• England => east North america + eastern australia + new zealand
• All five colonial powers had tradiing posts in africa and asia
• Russia = not colonize but eastward towards pacific ocan
• Latin america => mmined for islver and gold
• North ameirca => timer, fish, and furs
• carribean + souither us => plantation sugar , tobacco, cotton
• Asia = Africa was for tea spices and minerals

Colonization

• 16th-18th centuries Europeans believed economic growth was best if they did mercantilism
• Limited import by using tariffs
• only let colonies trade with ruling nations and explotied the colonies for cheap labor and raw materials

Mercantilism and Colonies

Goods

• Raw matierals for americas, india, and asia = lots of raw goods
• slave labor = costs for goods low
• good tech made items affordable + abundant
• people had higher social status and wanted to have it so they had good furnishings and clothes

B4 factories

• Main system => putting out system/ cottage industry => merchants let people make products and home and them paid them based on how much they made - system got bigger
• first called -> proto-industrialization! First example of industrialization in europe
• advantages for workers => only needed time and labor
• Merchnats advantage=> lower wage costs + greater efficiencies

Prussia

• arose from areas in eastern and centaral euroe
• became Frederick I of prussia
• Frederidkc william I => son of frederick one exapnded prussia territoires with large and powerufl armi from taxation + deal with estates for peasants to work the land at minimal pay
• peasants concripted into the army
• by the time he died prussia was a prosperous and efficience nation
• frederickthe great => son of frederick william I so frederick II
• inherited father's prosperous nation => made into europe's leading military power
• when habsburg holy roman emperor charles VI died in 1740 left archduchess maria theresa as heri a daughter
• frederick saw how poor the habsburgs were so they attacked
• alliance with france over mutural hatred of habsburgs
• britain and russia protected gainst frencha nd purssian attack = new alliance
• frederick II invaded savony and bohmeia beginning seven years war
• was saved by britain money and russia ruler dying
• succer signed russo and prussian armistice

Goods

• Raw matierals for americas, india, and asia = lots of raw goods
• slave labor = costs for goods low
• good tech made items affordable + abundant
• people had higher social status and wanted to have it so they had good furnishings and clothes

• not much disparity between classes
• smaller portion of landed nobles than elsewahere
• mostly merchants and financiers
• artisans and smalll business owenrs
• then large working class lowkey well paid

society

Getting powered up

• russia broke free of mongol control
• used tsars to establish control over varied people by granting land back to boyars for ocntrol and married children into boyar families to give them positions of trust and power

Charles I

• litch was like father like son
• Parliament stepped in when he first ruled and did not give him taxation powers of funds without recognition and advancement of rights ( woah what )
• House of commons => was mostly Puritan so rejected the way church of england was
• Charles did NOT like that => did not called off parliament ( fancy word adjourned ) and did not call for 11 years
• Called parliament back when he needed funds for war in scotland => Parliament wanted to reprimand him