Evoluzione delle batterie tra 2000 e 2020

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2000-2020

L'Era degli Ioni di Litio e della Mobilità Sostenibile

“Le batterie al litio non sono solo tecnologia: sono la speranza di un futuro più pulito.” - Akira Yoshino

Riccardo Ietti Aurelio Marini Lapo Menichetti Federico Santi Andrea Surace

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VEICOLI ELETTRICI

BMS E ML

NMC, LFP, NCA

ESTRAZIONE MINERALI

CASE STUDY

L'Era degli Ioni di Litio e della Mobilità Sostenibile

Sitografia e fonti

Prompt intelligenza artificiale

Informazioni dal web

• Prompt 1

Elabora un testo di ricerca o di presentazione che esplori l’evoluzione delle batterie agli ioni di litio e il loro ruolo nello sviluppo della mobilità sostenibile tra il 2000 e il 2020. Considera questo periodo come una fase di trasformazione tecnologica e culturale, in cui la ricerca sui materiali, l’elettronica di controllo, le politiche pubbliche e la percezione sociale si sono intrecciate. Spiega in che modo l’innovazione scientifica (chimica dei materiali, gestione dell’energia, digitalizzazione) ha dialogato con fattori economici, politici e ambientali. Mantieni uno stile chiaro e sintetico, adatto a una presentazione universitaria di primo anno, ma evita semplificazioni eccessive.

• Prompt 2

Elabora un testo che racconti come, tra il 2000 e il 2020, la tecnologia delle batterie agli ioni di litio abbia cambiato il modo di produrre e usare l’energia, unendo scienza, informatica, economia e ambiente. Descrivi come la ricerca chimica sui nuovi materiali come NMC, LFP e NCA abbia migliorato la densità energetica e la sicurezza, aprendo la strada alle prime sperimentazioni sulle batterie a stato solido. Mostra come l’informatica abbia trasformato le batterie in sistemi intelligenti, grazie ai BMS e agli algoritmi di machine learning che ne prolungano la vita e ne aumentano l’affidabilità. Richiama anche il valore della comunicazione: campagne pubbliche e messaggi di marca che hanno cambiato la percezione sociale dei veicoli elettrici. Infine, evidenzia l’altra faccia della transizione: l’impatto ambientale dell’estrazione di litio e cobalto e la sfida geopolitica del controllo delle risorse.

BMS

• Battery Management System
• Bilanciamento termico e dell'alimentazione

MACHINE LEARNING

• Stime predittive
• Pattern di degrado
• Riduzione rischi e sprechi

CASE STUDY

• Metodo di comunicazione
• Incentivi, accessi privilegiati

• Norvegia 2010
• 2/3 delle auto vendute elettriche
• Cambiamento nella domanda

• https://www.midtronics.com/it/blog/what-to-know-about-lfp-batteries/

• https://cris.unibo.it/retrieve/e1dcb335-a5ea-7715-e053 1705fe0a6cc9/2020_Mastragostino_2_9_ca.pdf
• https://insideevs.it/news/675494/batterie-stato-solido-come-funzionano/
• https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/en/publications/ipac-policies-in-practice_22632907-en/norway-s-evolving-incentives-for-zero-emission-vehicles_22d2485b-en.html
• https://thesis.unipd.it/retrieve/5d01d66b-9632-43f1-8015-326b0e0bed96/Matrella_Samuel_1167014.pdf (Università di Padova)
• https://www.nature.com/articles/s44296-024-00011-1
• https://earth.org/lithium-and-cobalt-mining/
• https://environment.ec.europa.eu/news/new-law-more-sustainable-circular-and-safe-batteries-enters-force-2023-08-17_en

ESTRAZIONE DI MINERALI

• Litio e cobalto
• Cile, Argentina e Bolivia
• Repubblica Democratica del Congo

• Danni ambientali
• Sfruttamento del lavoro
• Colonialismo energetico

Evoluzione dei materiali active

• LFP: sicuro, economico
• NMC e NCA: molta energia ma costosi e difficoltà di stabilità
• Sed do eiusmod tempor-

SOLID STATE

• Solid-state: elettroliti solidi
• Più energia immagazzinabile e batterie più sicure

Veicoli elettrici

• Batterie nichel-metallo idruro

• Densità energetica (60-250Wh)

• Innovazione del Litio

• Diffusione dei veicoli elettrici