Barriers to Girls’ Secondary Education in Iran’s Peripheral Provinces: A Case Study of Sistan and Baluchestan Focusing on Socio-Cultural, Economic, and Institutional Challenges and the Role of Educational Policies and Community-Based Practices
Università degli Studi di Padova
Dipartimento di Scienze Storiche, Geografiche e dell’Antichità Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Local Development
October 2025
Author: Faranak S Madani Supervisor: Prof. Chiara Rabiossi CO-Supervisor: Dr. Farnaz Farahi
The Crisis of Capability: A Metaphor for Lost Potential
Sistan & Baluchestan: A Critical Case 1. 53% dropout before secondary completion. 2. 62% Absolute Poverty Rate. 3. 8.77% Child Marriage Rate (under 15).
Fundamental Capability
The Critical Link (Root Cause): The tree was cut due to Social Conflict over public space and the enforcement of Cultural Control (anti-hijab tourists). This mirrors how Systemic Suppression targets girls’ freedom and potential.
Severe Deprivation (The Reality)
Bridging the Gap: Our Integrated Theoretical Framework
CRITICAL PEDAGOGY: CONSCIOUSNESS & DIALOGU
CAPABILITY: FREEDOM & DEPRIVATION
Focus: Critiques the system as a "Banking Model" that imposes a "Culture of Silence". Tool: Advocates for Dialogue to foster Critical Consciousness and empower girls to challenge oppression.
Focus: Views education as a Fundamental Freedom (Capability). Role: Identifies barriers (e.g., early marriage, poverty) as Deprivations of Core Capabilities (e.g., Bodily Integrity, Practical Reason).
INTERSECTIONALITY: GENDER & PERIPHERY
POSTCOLONIAL FEMINISM: STRUCTURAL NEGLECT
Focus: Contextualizes local struggles within a larger history of Structural Oppression. Role: Frames poverty and ethnic marginalization not as cultural destiny, but as the legacy of State Neglect of the Periphery.
Focus: Analyzes how overlapping identities (Gender, Ethnicity, Rurality) create Compounded Vulnerability. Role: Explains why girls' exclusion is rooted in the Centre-Periphery Power Dynamics.
The Exclusionary Cycle: Barriers are Mutually Reinforcing
Sub-Question 1: What are the main socio-cultural barriers? Barrier 1: Socio-Cultural Crisis: Child Marriage & Namus (Honor) Culture.
Sub-Question 2: How do economic factors contribute to dropout? Barrier 2: Economic Challenges: Poverty-Survival Cycle & Sacrifice of Girls' Education.
Sub-Question 3: Which institutional policies undermine equitable access? Barrier 3: Institutional Failures: Centralized Neglect & Discriminatory Policies.
The Synthesis: These factors create a Compounded Disadvantage fueled by Centre-Periphery Power Dynamics.
Barrier 1: Socio-Cultural Crisis – The Early Marriage Epidemic
Key Mechanisms: 1. Patriarchal Norms: Prioritizing Namus (Honor) over education. 2. Economic Strategy: Marriage as a perceived solution to household poverty (to be expanded in Barrier 2). 3. Cultural Endorsement: Weak formal education seen as less valuable than marriage.
A high school in Zahedan, Center of S&B
a baluchi under-aged mother
Barrier 2: Economic Challenges – The Poverty-Survival Cycle
Poverty as the Structural Enabler of Cultural Harm
Absolute Poverty Rate: 62% in S&B (Nearly double the national average of 31%).
This poverty is interpreted as a structural legacy of Centre-Periphery neglect, not merely local lack.
Barrier 3: Institutional Challenges – Centralized Neglect & Policy Gaps
The State as an Enabler of Exclusion
Structural Failures: 1. Resource Allocation: Severe teacher and school shortages. 2. Inadequate Infrastructure: Lack of secondary schools and safe transportation in rural areas.
Discriminatory Policies: 1. Pro-Natalist Laws 2. Legal Loopholes 3. The Banking Model
Centre-Periphery Strain: The influx of undocumented migrants places an immense, unbudgeted strain on already scarce resources, an issue exacerbated by central policy neglect.
Pillar 1: Institutional & Legal Reform
Raise Legal Age (18) & End Loopholes. Decentralize Budget to Provincial Level. Reverse Pro-Natalist Policies (Protect Reproductive Rights).
Pillar 2: Economic & Community Empowerment
Recommendations: A Three-Pillar Transformative Approach
Targeted Financial Support (Conditional Cash Transfers - CCT). Invest in Safe Infrastructure (Hostels & Transport). Dialogue Platforms with Elders/Clerics (Challenge Namus).
Pillar 3: Educational Transformation
Shift from 'Banking Model' to Critical Pedagogy. Culturally Responsive Curriculum (Include Baluch Language/Culture). Train Local Teachers in Critical Consciousness.
Key Actions & Global Accountability (SDG 4 & 5)
Pillar 4: Geopolitical Accountability
Address Migrant Strain (Afghanistan border)Demand Equitable Resource Allocation.
Global Alignment
Align national laws (Civil Code/CRC) with SDG 4 (Quality Education) and SDG 5 (Gender Equality).
International Collaboration
Seek support for Curriculum & Teacher Training.
Acknowledging Limitations and Charting the Future
Limitations
Secondary Data Reliance: Lacks direct access to girls' lived experiences. Data Opacity: Lack of reliable/disaggregated statistics (political issue). Policy Evaluation Gap: Inability to assess long-term impact of past interventions.
Future Research Path
Ethnographic Studies: Need fieldwork (if feasible) to document Baluch girls' narratives. Inter-Provincial Comparison: Comparative analysis (e.g., Khuzestan/Kurdistan) to test the model. Longitudinal Studies: Track the long-term impact of legal/economic reforms.
Martian mountains, S&B
Darak Beach, whre the desert meet the sea, S&B
Conclusion: From Deprivation to Educated Hope
Final Synthesis
Exclusion is a Mutually Reinforcing Cycle (Culture + Poverty + Neglect).
Theoretical Impact
Intersectionality shows who is cut down; Postcolonial Feminism explains why (Centre-Periphery). Critical Pedagogy shows how to rebuild.
Call to Action
Ensuring access is a Moral Imperative. Policy must foster Educated Hope and girls' collective Agency to rebuild what has been cut down.
Thank youfor your attention
'Use this space to write a quote. And remember: always mentionthe author.'
Author name
Index
01. Summary
10. Bibliography
07. State of the issue
04. Hypotheses
02. Introduction
05. Theoretical framework
08. Development
11. Figures and tables
12. Attachments
09. Conclusion
06. Methodology
03. Objectives
03. Summary
Keywords
Here you can put a highlighted title
When carrying out a presentation, there are two objectives to pursue: conveying information and avoiding yawns. To achieve this, it can be a good practice to create an outline and use words that will be etched into your audience's brains.
- Interactivity
- Animation
- Creativity
- WOW Effect
- Awesome Interactivity
07.
State ofthe issue
Results
Discussion
Use graphics in your presentation. Interactive visual communication enhances communication outcomes on any topic and in any context you can imagine. Make numbers turn into stories.
Bring your creation elements to life with animation. It's impossible not to pay attention to moving content!
08. Development
Write an awesome headline
The visual content is a cross-cutting, universal language, like music. We are capable of understanding images from millions of years ago, even from other cultures.
Write a great headline
We better capture visual content. Visual content is associated with cognitive and psychological mechanisms. Things enter through the eyes, the first image is what matters. We associate visual contentwith emotions.
08. Development
A great title
- Generate experiences withyour content
- Measure results and experiment
- It has a WOW effect. Very WOW
- Activate and surpriseyour audience
- Make your audience rememberthe message
- It is organized, hierarchicaland structured
Write a great headline
Our brain is ready to consume visual content. Some data: 90% of the information we process comes through our sight, and we process visual content up to 60,000 times faster than text. That's why visual communication ismore effective.
Barrier 1: Socio-Cultural Crisis – The Early Marriage Epidemic
Here you can put a highlighted title
Do you feel like your text is still missing something? Give it animation to captivate your audience.
Barrier 1: Socio-Cultural Crisis – The Early Marriage Epidemic
The Immediate Cause of Exclusion: Deprivation of Bodily Integrity
Child Marriage Rate (Girls under 15): 8.77% in S&B (vs. 5.64% National Average).
09. Conclusion
Write an awesome headline
Disciplines like Visual Thinking facilitate the creation of visually rich notes thanks to the use of images, graphs, infographics, and simple drawings. Let's go for it!
1. Present your genially...
- With tranquility and conciseness. Synthesize the content.
2. Show enthusiasm!
- Take a deep breath and count what you have come to say.
3. After practicing a lot
- The best improvisation is the one that is worked on!
10. Bibliography
Book Title
Book Title
- Last Name, Last Name, Author (20xx). Place of publication: Publisher
- Last Name, Last Name, Author (20xx). Place of publication: Publisher
Book Title
Book title
- Last Name, Last Name, Author (20xx). Place of publication: Publisher
- Last Name, Last Name, Author (20xx). Place of publication: Publisher
Book title
Book Title
- Last Name, Last Name, Author (20xx). Place of publication: Publisher
- Last Name, Last Name, Author (20xx). Place of publication: Publisher
11. Figures and tables
Fig. 04
Fig. 03
Fig. 02
Fig. 01
Graph 01
Table 01
Fig. 05
11. Annex
Write an awesome headline
Did you know that Genially allows you to share your creation directly, without the need for downloads? Ready for your audience to view it on any device and spread it anywhere.
Write a great headline
We don't like to bore. We don't want to be repetitive. Communicating as always bores and doesn't captivate. We do it differently. We sabotage boredom. We create what the brain likes to consume because it stimulates it.
With this function...
You can add additional content that excites your audience's brain: videos, images, links, interactivity... Whatever you want!
With this function...
You can add additional content that excites your audience's brain: videos, images, links, interactivity... Whatever you want!
With this function...
You can add additional content that excites your audience's brain: videos, images, links, interactivity... Whatever you want!
With this function...
You can add additional content that excites your audience's brain: videos, images, links, interactivity... Whatever you want!
Barriers to Girls’ Secondary Education in Iran’s Peripheral Provinces : A Case Study of Sistan and Baluchestan Focusing on Socio-Cultural, E
chatGPT
Created on October 6, 2025
Start designing with a free template
Discover more than 1500 professional designs like these:
View
Newspaper Presentation
View
Audio tutorial
View
Pechakucha Presentation
View
Desktop Workspace
View
Decades Presentation
View
Psychology Presentation
View
Medical Dna Presentation
Explore all templates
Transcript
Barriers to Girls’ Secondary Education in Iran’s Peripheral Provinces: A Case Study of Sistan and Baluchestan Focusing on Socio-Cultural, Economic, and Institutional Challenges and the Role of Educational Policies and Community-Based Practices
Università degli Studi di Padova
Dipartimento di Scienze Storiche, Geografiche e dell’Antichità Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Local Development
October 2025
Author: Faranak S Madani Supervisor: Prof. Chiara Rabiossi CO-Supervisor: Dr. Farnaz Farahi
The Crisis of Capability: A Metaphor for Lost Potential
Sistan & Baluchestan: A Critical Case 1. 53% dropout before secondary completion. 2. 62% Absolute Poverty Rate. 3. 8.77% Child Marriage Rate (under 15).
Fundamental Capability
The Critical Link (Root Cause): The tree was cut due to Social Conflict over public space and the enforcement of Cultural Control (anti-hijab tourists). This mirrors how Systemic Suppression targets girls’ freedom and potential.
Severe Deprivation (The Reality)
Bridging the Gap: Our Integrated Theoretical Framework
CRITICAL PEDAGOGY: CONSCIOUSNESS & DIALOGU
CAPABILITY: FREEDOM & DEPRIVATION
Focus: Critiques the system as a "Banking Model" that imposes a "Culture of Silence". Tool: Advocates for Dialogue to foster Critical Consciousness and empower girls to challenge oppression.
Focus: Views education as a Fundamental Freedom (Capability). Role: Identifies barriers (e.g., early marriage, poverty) as Deprivations of Core Capabilities (e.g., Bodily Integrity, Practical Reason).
INTERSECTIONALITY: GENDER & PERIPHERY
POSTCOLONIAL FEMINISM: STRUCTURAL NEGLECT
Focus: Contextualizes local struggles within a larger history of Structural Oppression. Role: Frames poverty and ethnic marginalization not as cultural destiny, but as the legacy of State Neglect of the Periphery.
Focus: Analyzes how overlapping identities (Gender, Ethnicity, Rurality) create Compounded Vulnerability. Role: Explains why girls' exclusion is rooted in the Centre-Periphery Power Dynamics.
The Exclusionary Cycle: Barriers are Mutually Reinforcing
Sub-Question 1: What are the main socio-cultural barriers? Barrier 1: Socio-Cultural Crisis: Child Marriage & Namus (Honor) Culture.
Sub-Question 2: How do economic factors contribute to dropout? Barrier 2: Economic Challenges: Poverty-Survival Cycle & Sacrifice of Girls' Education.
Sub-Question 3: Which institutional policies undermine equitable access? Barrier 3: Institutional Failures: Centralized Neglect & Discriminatory Policies.
The Synthesis: These factors create a Compounded Disadvantage fueled by Centre-Periphery Power Dynamics.
Barrier 1: Socio-Cultural Crisis – The Early Marriage Epidemic
Key Mechanisms: 1. Patriarchal Norms: Prioritizing Namus (Honor) over education. 2. Economic Strategy: Marriage as a perceived solution to household poverty (to be expanded in Barrier 2). 3. Cultural Endorsement: Weak formal education seen as less valuable than marriage.
A high school in Zahedan, Center of S&B
a baluchi under-aged mother
Barrier 2: Economic Challenges – The Poverty-Survival Cycle
Poverty as the Structural Enabler of Cultural Harm
Absolute Poverty Rate: 62% in S&B (Nearly double the national average of 31%).
This poverty is interpreted as a structural legacy of Centre-Periphery neglect, not merely local lack.
Barrier 3: Institutional Challenges – Centralized Neglect & Policy Gaps
The State as an Enabler of Exclusion
Structural Failures: 1. Resource Allocation: Severe teacher and school shortages. 2. Inadequate Infrastructure: Lack of secondary schools and safe transportation in rural areas.
Discriminatory Policies: 1. Pro-Natalist Laws 2. Legal Loopholes 3. The Banking Model
Centre-Periphery Strain: The influx of undocumented migrants places an immense, unbudgeted strain on already scarce resources, an issue exacerbated by central policy neglect.
Pillar 1: Institutional & Legal Reform
Raise Legal Age (18) & End Loopholes. Decentralize Budget to Provincial Level. Reverse Pro-Natalist Policies (Protect Reproductive Rights).
Pillar 2: Economic & Community Empowerment
Recommendations: A Three-Pillar Transformative Approach
Targeted Financial Support (Conditional Cash Transfers - CCT). Invest in Safe Infrastructure (Hostels & Transport). Dialogue Platforms with Elders/Clerics (Challenge Namus).
Pillar 3: Educational Transformation
Shift from 'Banking Model' to Critical Pedagogy. Culturally Responsive Curriculum (Include Baluch Language/Culture). Train Local Teachers in Critical Consciousness.
Key Actions & Global Accountability (SDG 4 & 5)
Pillar 4: Geopolitical Accountability
Address Migrant Strain (Afghanistan border)Demand Equitable Resource Allocation.
Global Alignment
Align national laws (Civil Code/CRC) with SDG 4 (Quality Education) and SDG 5 (Gender Equality).
International Collaboration
Seek support for Curriculum & Teacher Training.
Acknowledging Limitations and Charting the Future
Limitations
Secondary Data Reliance: Lacks direct access to girls' lived experiences. Data Opacity: Lack of reliable/disaggregated statistics (political issue). Policy Evaluation Gap: Inability to assess long-term impact of past interventions.
Future Research Path
Ethnographic Studies: Need fieldwork (if feasible) to document Baluch girls' narratives. Inter-Provincial Comparison: Comparative analysis (e.g., Khuzestan/Kurdistan) to test the model. Longitudinal Studies: Track the long-term impact of legal/economic reforms.
Martian mountains, S&B
Darak Beach, whre the desert meet the sea, S&B
Conclusion: From Deprivation to Educated Hope
Final Synthesis
Exclusion is a Mutually Reinforcing Cycle (Culture + Poverty + Neglect).
Theoretical Impact
Intersectionality shows who is cut down; Postcolonial Feminism explains why (Centre-Periphery). Critical Pedagogy shows how to rebuild.
Call to Action
Ensuring access is a Moral Imperative. Policy must foster Educated Hope and girls' collective Agency to rebuild what has been cut down.
Thank youfor your attention
'Use this space to write a quote. And remember: always mentionthe author.'
Author name
Index
01. Summary
10. Bibliography
07. State of the issue
04. Hypotheses
02. Introduction
05. Theoretical framework
08. Development
11. Figures and tables
12. Attachments
09. Conclusion
06. Methodology
03. Objectives
03. Summary
Keywords
Here you can put a highlighted title
When carrying out a presentation, there are two objectives to pursue: conveying information and avoiding yawns. To achieve this, it can be a good practice to create an outline and use words that will be etched into your audience's brains.
07.
State ofthe issue
Results
Discussion
Use graphics in your presentation. Interactive visual communication enhances communication outcomes on any topic and in any context you can imagine. Make numbers turn into stories.
Bring your creation elements to life with animation. It's impossible not to pay attention to moving content!
08. Development
Write an awesome headline
The visual content is a cross-cutting, universal language, like music. We are capable of understanding images from millions of years ago, even from other cultures.
Write a great headline
We better capture visual content. Visual content is associated with cognitive and psychological mechanisms. Things enter through the eyes, the first image is what matters. We associate visual contentwith emotions.
08. Development
A great title
Write a great headline
Our brain is ready to consume visual content. Some data: 90% of the information we process comes through our sight, and we process visual content up to 60,000 times faster than text. That's why visual communication ismore effective.
Barrier 1: Socio-Cultural Crisis – The Early Marriage Epidemic
Here you can put a highlighted title
Do you feel like your text is still missing something? Give it animation to captivate your audience.
Barrier 1: Socio-Cultural Crisis – The Early Marriage Epidemic
The Immediate Cause of Exclusion: Deprivation of Bodily Integrity
Child Marriage Rate (Girls under 15): 8.77% in S&B (vs. 5.64% National Average).
09. Conclusion
Write an awesome headline
Disciplines like Visual Thinking facilitate the creation of visually rich notes thanks to the use of images, graphs, infographics, and simple drawings. Let's go for it!
1. Present your genially...
2. Show enthusiasm!
3. After practicing a lot
10. Bibliography
Book Title
Book Title
Book Title
Book title
Book title
Book Title
11. Figures and tables
Fig. 04
Fig. 03
Fig. 02
Fig. 01
Graph 01
Table 01
Fig. 05
11. Annex
Write an awesome headline
Did you know that Genially allows you to share your creation directly, without the need for downloads? Ready for your audience to view it on any device and spread it anywhere.
Write a great headline
We don't like to bore. We don't want to be repetitive. Communicating as always bores and doesn't captivate. We do it differently. We sabotage boredom. We create what the brain likes to consume because it stimulates it.
With this function...
You can add additional content that excites your audience's brain: videos, images, links, interactivity... Whatever you want!
With this function...
You can add additional content that excites your audience's brain: videos, images, links, interactivity... Whatever you want!
With this function...
You can add additional content that excites your audience's brain: videos, images, links, interactivity... Whatever you want!
With this function...
You can add additional content that excites your audience's brain: videos, images, links, interactivity... Whatever you want!