Occupational Health and Safety Management in Industry
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LEGISLATION
Ordinance no. 53/71
Decree-Law No. 50/2005
Law No. 102/2009
February 3rd
February 25th
September 10th
Decree-Law No. 103/2008
Law no. 7/2009
February 12th
June 24th
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employer's obligations
Provide workers with appropriate information and training to prevent accidents and occupational illnesses
Establish measures to be adopted and identify the workers responsible for their implementation regarding first aid, firefighting, and building evacuation
Prevent occupational risks and illnesses, considering the protection of workers' health and safety
Ensure health and safety conditions for workers
Implement measures arising from applicable legal and contractual requirements
Employee's duties
Comply with the safety rules implemented in the workplace
Ensure their own safety and that of others
Follow established work procedures
Attend health examinations
Report malfunctions or deficiencies that may cause hazardous situations
Occupational Health
Occupational Health, also commonly known as “Occupational Medicine”, is responsible for monitoring workers' health with the aim to: This responsibility lies with the occupational physician. The performance of duties depends on certain requirements, as stated in Article 25 of the Annex to Decree-Law no. 102/2009 of September 10, amended and republished by Law no 3/2....... of January 28, Article 103 (Portuguese original version). Admission, periodic and occasional medical examinations should be conducted.
- Assess their aptitude to perform their duties
- Evaluate the effects that working conditions have on their health
Law no 3/2014
Admission
periodic
Admission
periodic
occasional
occasional
The (Portuguese original version) must be filled in by the occupational doctor, who assesses the worker’s medical fitness for a specific job.
Occupational Health Form
Types of medical EXAMINATIONS
Whenever there are changes in work materials that may adversely affect the worker’s health, as well as upon return to work after an absence of more than 30 days due to illness or accident.
Whenever there are changes in work materials that may adversely affect the worker’s health, as well as upon return to work after an absence of more than 30 days due to illness or accident.
Annual examinations for minors and employees over 50 years old, and every2 years for all other workers.
Annual examinations for minors and employees over 50 years old, and every2 years for all other workers.
Before starting work, or within 15 days thereafter if urgent admission is required.
Periodic exams
Occasional exams
Occasional exams
Periodic exams
Admission exams
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Occupational Health and safety
The occupational health service contributes to the promotion and monitoring of workers’ health by understanding the demands of job positions and professional risks, combined with knowledge of the individual worker.
Safety at work involves a set of methodologies designed to prevent accidents, with the primary aim of controlling risks. The identification and management of risks are associated not only with work sites and environments but also with the tools, machinery, materials, substances, and agents in contact (chemical, physical, and biological).
Occupational Health
Promotion and monitoring of workers' health
Occupational Safety
Prevention of workplace accidents
Occupational diseases
An occupational disease results directly from working conditions, is listed in the Occupational Diseases List, and causes incapacity to perform the profession or death. The (Portuguese original version) of July 17 presents the current list of occupational diseases along with the coded index.
Regulatory Decree No. 76/2007
The law also considers that bodily injury, functional impairment, or diseases not included in the list may be compensable, provided it is proven that they are a necessary and direct consequence of the work performed and do not represent normal wear and tear of the body (Labor Code, Article 283, No. 3).
Examples of Occupational Diseases
Dermatitis
Tendinitis
Hearing loss
Occupational diseases
Factors that determine an occupational disease:
Disease-causing agent
Individual characteristics
Duration of exposure
Occupational diseases
What to do in the event of suspected occupational disease?
What to do in the event of suspected occupational disease?
What to do in the event of suspected occupational disease?
If the occupational physician has strong suspicions that a worker’s illness may be work-related (presumptive diagnosis), they must complete the Mandatory Occupational Disease Report and submit it to the Department for Protection Against Occupational Risks
Department
Department
for Protection Against Occupational Risks.
The DPRP is an institution belonging to the Ministry of Labor and Social Solidarity, whose mission is to ensure the prevention, treatment, and recovery of illnesses or disabilities resulting from occupational hazards, certifying illnesses.
SOCIAL SECURITY
Occupational diseases
Mandatory reporting of occupational disease (Diagnosis Presumption)
Employee
Doctor
Hierarchical Superior
Mandatory Participation
Employer
National Center for Protection against Occupational Risks (CNPRP)
Occupational disease?
Definitive Diagnosis of Occupational Disease
Common Disease
Yes
No
Accidents at Work
An accident at work...
- Occurs at the workplace and during working hours
- Is an unexpected event that happens suddenly
- Interrupts the normal course of work
- Causes injury to workers (directly or indirectly resulting in bodily harm, functional impairment, or illness that leads to death or reduced work capacity)
The term “during working time” is defined as during the course of professional activity or during periods of travel. This includes travel, transport, or traffic accidents from home to work and from work to home, as well as traffic accidents during working hours.
The term “during working time” is defined as during the course of professional activity or during periods of travel. This includes travel, transport, or traffic accidents from home to work and from work to home, as well as traffic accidents during working hours.
An acident at work may occur:
During the commute to and from the workplace, between the employee’s home and the designated work location, as determined by the employer On the way to or from the location where wages are paid During travel between the worksite and the location where meals are taken While moving between different jobs (in cases of multiple employment), with responsibility assigned to the employer of the destination worksite While seeking employment during the legally granted job-search hours for workers undergoing contract termination In attendance at a vocational training course, provided it is authorized by the employer
Law No. 98/2009
* (PT original version) of September 4, regulates the compensation system for workplace accidents and occupational diseases
Decharacterization of a Work Accident
An accident at work is not considered if...
It was intentionally caused by the injured party
It arises from an act or omission by the injured person that entails a violation, without justification, of the safety conditions established by the employer or laid down by law
It results exclusively from gross negligence on the part of the victim
It arises from a situation of force majeure
CAUSes of accidents at work
The day-to-day life of a company is not risk-free. Accidents are not the result of bad luck or chance, they have one or more causes:
Fortuitous
Technical
Human
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Compensation
Insurance risk aggravation
Productivity loss
Assistance to victims
direct costs
Administrative costs
indirect costs
Reinstatement of the injured worker
Discreditation of the company's reputation
ACCIDENTS AT WORK
A workplace accident may be classified either as non-lost time or lost time.It is considered a lost-time accident if the worker does not return to work on the following day.
Temporary disability
Total
Lost-time accident
Partial
Partial
Total for specific work
Permanent disability
Total for anywork
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Accidents at Work
Prevention, both at work and in life, is essential:
Be aware of the RISKS
Know theRULES
Respect the SAFETY REGULATIONS
An accident at work causes damage, which can be classified as either human or material.
Human damage (injuries) refers to death, permanent or temporary disability - whether partial or total, as well as psychological effects. Material damage may result in equipment breakdowns and damaged structures.
ONLINE PARTICIPATION
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HAZARD Risk
A hazard is an intrinsic property or capability of a work component that can potentially cause harm. It is inherent to an activity, material, or equipment with the potential to cause injury or death.
Risk is the probability of damage or adverse health effects depending on the conditions of exposure to the hazard. The potential effect of the hazard is measured according to the likelihood of its occurrence and its severity.
HAZARD + RISK = Damage / injury
Example
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HAZARDS AND RISKS
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processes to control risk
2 - Involve the risk
1 - Limit or eliminate the risk
4 - Protect the person
3 - Drive the person away
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Professional Risks
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Physical Risks - NOISE
Noise is any acoustic phenomenon that produces an unpleasant and disturbing auditory sensation.
It acts through the ear on the central nervous system, which can withstand sounds with frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. Infrasound refers to sound waves with frequencies below 20 Hz, which are outside the audible range and can be harmful to health. Ultrasound refers to sounds above 20,000 Hz, also harmful to human health. When sound stimuli exceed certain limits, they can cause hearing loss.
Physical Risks - NOISE
Noise is a significant occupational risk factor, affecting workers’ physical and psychological health, as well as their safety, while also reducing work quality and productivity. It has been proven that every decibel above the permissible limit of 85 dB (A):
- Decreases productivity by 1%
- Increases hearing loss risk by 1.5%
- Increases cardiovascular disease risk by 0.5%
Physical Risks - NOISE
Physical Risks - NOISE
Physical Risks - NOISE
Preventive Measures
Preventive Measures
Source control
Use of insulating and absorbing materials
Preventive measures
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PHYSICAL risks – THERMAL ENVIRONMENT
Changes in ambient temperature can lead to consequences for those who in cold environments, or in the opposite context, working outdoors:
- Cold exposure: Hypothermia and gradual reduction of all physiological activities - Heat exposure (especially outdoor work): Thermal stress
To avoid harmful effects, prevent measures must be adopted.
prevent measures
PHYSICAL risks – THERMAL ENVIRONMENT
Preventive and protective measures
Preventive and protective measures
Ensure adequate temperature and relative humidity levels: 18–22ºC and 50–70%, respectively Guarantee continuous and well-distributed ventilation (temperature control devices) Have installations periodically inspected by specialized technicians Reduce exposure time by introducing breaks Use appropriate PPE (thermal suits, boots, protective gloves) when necessary Ensure easy access to water and avoid the consumption of alcoholic beverages
PHYSICAL risks – VIBRATIONS
Decree-Law 46/2006 of February 24 transposes Directive No. 2002/44/EC into national law and establishes the minimum requirements for the protection of workers’ health and safety exposed to vibrations.
Decree-La
46/2006
establishes
the minimum requirements for the protection of workers’ health and safety exposed to vibrations
Vibration is any movement executed by a body around a fixed point. Vibrations are harmful physical agents caused by the operation of motorized machines or hand-held tools. They are divided into two types:
Hand–arm transmitted vibrations: Cause neurological, muscular, vascular, and osteoarticular disorders
Whole-body transmitted vibrations: Cause lumbar pathologies, spinal injuries, lower back pain, and spinal trauma
Preventive measures
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PHYSICAL risks – Radiations
Radiation is a form of energy that, depending on its capacity to interact with matter, can be divided into two categories: ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.
Ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation has enough energy to ionize the atoms and molecules with which it interacts. The most well-known types include:
- X-rays and gamma rays (electromagnetic radiation)
- Alpha rays, beta rays, neutrons, protons (corpuscular radiation)
Health effects of exposure: Anemia, leukemia, mucosal lesions, carcinomas, sarcomas.
PHYSICAL risks – Radiations
Radiation is a form of energy that, depending on its capacity to interact with matter, can be divided into two categories: ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.
Non-Ionizing radiation
Non-ionizing radiation does not have sufficient energy to ionize atoms or molecules. Examples include:
- Infrared radiation
- Ultraviolet radiation
- Microwave heating
- Microwave telecommunications
- Electric current
PHYSICAL RISKS – LIGHTING
Proper lighting in the workplace prevents both psychological and physiological strain on workers. It therefore increases productivity, motivation, and overall performance, while reducing visual fatigue. Lighting can be natural or artificial, with natural light being the ideal source whenever possible.
WARM NATURAL COOL
Kelvin Scale – Color Temperature
PHYSICAL RISKS – LIGHTING
According to ISO 8995:2002
PHYSICAL RISKS – LIGHTING control
The quality of workplace lighting depends on factors such as the type of lighting, the arrangement of luminaires, glare factor, and contrast factor. To ensure adequate lighting conditions in the workplace, it is necessary to consider the specific characteristics of the tasks being performed and the required level of visual acuity. Proper lamp distribution and harmonization of light color with the workplace colors are essential.
Good lighting should preferably be natural, diffuse, and uniform, well distributed across the work surface, without causing glare, sufficient, steady (non-flickering), and free from stroboscopic effects.
Inadequate lighting in the workplace can result in increased strain and eye fatigue, nervous tension, headaches, blurred vision, muscle contractions, poor body posture, lack of concentration, as well as anxiety or nervousness. It may also lead to reduced productivity and a consequent increase in occupational accidents.
CHEMICAL risks
Chemical contaminants are toxic substances that can be absorbed by the body and cause long-term harmful effects on health, through one or more routes of entry:
Digestive
Dermal
Respiratory
CHEMICAL risks
Chemical risks are associated with the handling of chemical products and may be present in the atmosphere in different states:
Solid (dust, fibers, and fumes)
Liquid (aerosols and mists)
Gaseous (gases and vapors)
Identification of chemical products
Identification of chemical products
- When handling chemicals, the first step is to observe and read the
instructions provided on the label:
R phrases > Risks
H phrases > Hazard
P phrases > Precaution
S phrases > Safety
CHEMICAL risks
When absorbed by the body, chemical agents may cause toxic reactions and health damage, such as:
- Skin and eye irritation
- Burns
- Chronic respiratory diseases
- Kidney and liver diseases
- Nervous system disorders
- Cancer
- Fire or explosion hazards
Safety Data Sheets (SDS) comprise 16 sections providing essential information about chemical products and substances, including hazards and risks, emergency response procedures, required PPE, as well as handling and storage recommendations.
Chemical risks
Potentially Fatal
Flammable
Hazardous
Corrosive
Product that presents a serious fire hazard when exposed to heat, sparks, or flames.
Product that causes burns to the skin and eyes and is corrosive to metals.
Product that irritates eyes and skin, harmful to the ozone layer, and with negative health effects.
Toxic product, even when used in small quantities and during brief exposure.
Labeling through symbols and texts contains essential safety precautions.
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CHEMICAL risks
Preventive and protective measures
Preventive and protective measures
Identify the type of hazardous substance
Assess the safety of the packaging, considering the risk of leaks or slow evaporation and consequent air contamination
Define the necessary precautions for handling
Replace hazardous substances or processes with less aggressive alternatives whenever possible
Verify the compatibility/incompatibility of different chemical products and store them according to their technical characteristics to prevent spontaneous combustion
Avoid direct exposure to sunlight
Separate agrochemical products by class: herbicides – insecticides – fungicides
CHEMICAL risks
Preventive and protective measures
Preventive and protective measures
Store liquids on lower shelves and solids on upper shelves
Clearly label storage areas, including “No Smoking,” “No Open Flames,” and “Flammable Substances” warnings
Store cleaning and disinfecting chemicals in closed cabinets, preferably with washable, resistant, and non-degradable shelving
Hazardous, toxic, or infectious substances must be stored in separate compartments, not directly connected to workplaces
Ensure proper ventilation to prevent the dangerous accumulation of gases or vapors
Riscos Químicos
Preventive and protective measures
Preventive and protective measures
Keep containers tightly sealed to avoid the spread of odors, gases, or vapors
Workstations releasing unpleasant or hazardous products must be equipped with local exhaust systems to prevent their spread into the work environment
Equipment generating dust must be equipped with effective collection or extraction devices, installed close to the emission source
BIOLOGICAL risks
Biological agents, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites (such as genetically modified microorganisms, cell cultures, and human endoparasites), are capable of causing infections, allergies, or intoxications. The entry routes for biological agents include the respiratory system, digestive system, skin, and eyes. These may result in diseases such as influenza, intestinal infections, hepatitis, tuberculosis, and meningitis.
Preventive measures
Preventive measures
- Knowledge of procedures and modification of work methods
- Limiting the number of workers exposed
- Implementation of collective and individual protection and hygiene measures
- Establishment of emergency and action plans in case of accidents involving biological agents
- Use of proper collection, storage, transport, and disposal methods for waste, ensuring no risk, along with the use of adequate signage and secure containers
ERGONOMIC risks
Ergonomic risks depend on several aspects, including load handling, adopted postures, physical effort, repetitive movements, and monotonous activities.
Manual Load Handling (MLH) refers to the operation of transporting or supporting a load, carried out by one or more workers. It includes movements such as lifting, pushing, carrying, and moving objects. The risks associated with MLH involve falling objects, overexertion, improper movements, possible cuts, crushing, or entrapment.
To correctly handle a load manually, it is necessary to know the:
Characteristics of the load – weight, shape, size and grips
Displacement to be performed – from where and to where, duration of transport and frequency of movements
ERGONOMIC risks
According to Decree-Law no. 330/93, of September 25 (Article 5), risk assessment must be carried out when handling loads:
30 kg for occasional handling and 20 kg for regular handling.
30 kg for occasional handling 20 kg for regular handling.
Incorrect manual load handling can cause pain and musculoskeletal disorders (affecting the musculoskeletal, peripheral nervous, or neurovascular systems), often aggravated by occupational exposure to ergonomic risks.
Errors to avoid:
Errors to avoid:
- Bending the spine - Standing too far from the load - Keeping legs fixed to the floor and twisting the torso with the load - Resting the load on the leg or knee
ERGONOMIC risks
Another ergonomic risk relates to the posture adopted in the workplace.
Seated work may cause stiff neck, tendinitis, tense and hunched shoulders, headaches and eye strain, lower back pain, tennis/golfer’s elbow, and leg swelling.
Seated work
Standing work may result in back pain, leg inflammation and swelling, as well as circulation problems.
Standing work
ERGONOMIC risks
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ERGONOMIC risks - Standing work
For safe standing work:
- The worker should be able to stand upright, close to the work surface, with body weight evenly distributed on both feet
- Controls and tools should be located below shoulder height
- Appropriate footwear should be worn to reduce strain on legs and lower back
- Alternate between sitting and moving
- Workstations should be adjusted to proper height levels (click to see the )
- should be used in areas where prolonged standing is required, reducing impact on joints
picture
Anti-fatigue mats
PSYCHOSOCIAL risks
Psychosocial factors can be defined as “the characteristics of working conditions, and especially their organization, that affect people’s health through psychological and physiological mechanisms, commonly referred to as stress” (ISTAS, 2002).Such factors influence individual behavior, cause psychological harm, and have repercussions at the organizational level.
Individuals
Organization
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PSYCHOSOCIAL risks
Preventive measures
Preventive measures
Reduce task monotony
Ensure regular breaks
Maintain good communication and encourage reporting of difficulties
Clearly define workload, deadlines, and requirements
Motivate and engage the work team
Manage tasks and working hours effectively
Reduce overtime
Provide appropriate training
ELECTRICAL risks
Dangers
Poor maintenance of electrical equipment
Improper use of electrical equipment
Electrical overload
Risk of death
Use of adhesive tape for insulation
Moving devices with live cables
Plugs and/or sockets stepped on or left on the floor
ELECTRICAL risks
In electrical installations, the most frequent accidents result from contact with live parts of installations or equipment. Direct electrical contact occurs when there is contact with a live part. Electric shock may result from insulation failure, rupture of insulating parts, or careless handling.Indirect electrical contact occurs when there is contact with a metallic structure, casing, or conductor that accidentally becomes energized due to a fault.
Direct electrical contact
Direct electrical
contact
Indirect
electrical
contact
Indirect
electrical
DIRECT ELECTRICAL CONTACT
INDIRECT ELECTRICAL CONTACT
ELECTRICAL risks
There are two types of electrical risks:
a) Personal risks Those related to the effects of electric current passing through the human body, directly affecting individuals
b) Material risks Those related to the destruction of property, usually resulting from fires and/or explosions caused by faulty or misused installations, which may indirectly affect people
Preventive measures
Prevention to void abnormal heating and sparking:
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ELECTRICAL risks
The five golden rules for electrical installations and maintenance:
five golden rules
five golden rules
Disconnect all sources of power
Lock out circuit breakers
Verify the absence of voltage
Ground and short-circuit all power sources
Delimit and signal the work area
These five principles ensure the proper and safe maintenance of installations.
ELECTRICAL risks
When using electrical tools, the following precautions must be observed: - Avoid leaving cables scattered on the floor - Prevent cables from being crushed by corners or objects during use - Store equipment properly when not in use
Well-organized tools: Are easier to locate Are safer Last longer
MECHANICAL risks
Mechanical risks are associated with the physical environment surrounding the worker and include:
Crushing
Burns
Falls
Cuts/amputations
MECHANICAL risks
When acquiring machinery, the company must:
- Require and verify that the machines purchased are “inherently safe” (compliant with legal requirements, CE marked)
- Ensure that the machine includes an instruction manual in Portuguese and English, which must always accompany the machine
- Confirm that the machine can safely perform all routine or occasional operations: adjustment, use, cleaning, and maintenance
- Draft and disseminate work procedures that enhance or optimize the safety measures to be applied during different operations
MECHANICAL risks
Worker training should focus on:
- Machine operating procedures
- Risks associated with machine use
- Protection systems – Operation, maintenance, and emergency procedures
- Basic safety rules – Avoid removing protections, Lock-out/Tag-out procedures
- Proper clothing – Avoid loose garments that may get caught in machines
- Use of protective tools (such as grips and handles)
- Automatic stop devices and safety signage
Safety procedures in maintenance: Lock-Out / Tag-Out
Maintenance should always be carried out with the machine stopped whenever possible
Power supply must be disconnected (and locked if possible)
The intervention must be signaled both at the intervention site and at the power source
During maintenance, special attention must be given to machine controls – unexpected startup may cause accidents
If protections were removed for repair, they must be reinstalled immediately afterward
Safety procedures in maintenance: Lock-Out / Tag-Out
Machines must never remain without guards, not even temporarily
Lubrication should be performed with the machine stopped. When this is not possible due to technical requirements, it must be carried out with extreme caution and using appropriate methods to prevent accidents
Operators must follow the manufacturer’s instructions and all occupational health and safety regulations
At the end of the intervention, the machine should be restarted, and all signage removed
MECHANICAL risks
Dangers and risks of compressed air on the human body
Dangers and risks of compressed air on the human body
Compressed air directly on the human body can cause subcutaneous emphysema or air embolism (air in soft tissues). It must never be used to clean work clothes, arms, or hair dust due to risks such as:
Eardrum rupture
Internal bleeding from air entering skin pores
Retinal detachment
Skin infections
Inflammation of connective tissues caused by impurities in compressed air
MECHANICAL risks
Equipment Inspection
Equipment Inspection
Employers must perform extraordinary inspections of work equipment when exceptional events occur, such as modifications, accidents, natural phenomena, or prolonged inactivity that may have serious consequences.
A competent person must carry out inspections and tests to ensure proper installation and safe operation.
Start and stop devices
Start and stop devices
Start and stop devices must be easily accessible and operated, prevent unintentional startup, and allow rapid shutdown in an emergency.
MECHANICAL risks
Preventive measures
Preventive measures
Do not transport people in equipment designed for loads (elevators, cranes, forklifts, etc.)
Ensure machines cannot be inadvertently activated during cleaning or maintenance
Report and signal any detected anomalies or defects
Never remove or disable safety devices
FIRE risks
A fire is defined as an uncontrolled combustion in space and time. Occupants of burning premises are exposed to two main dangers:
- Heat (flames and hot products)
- Smoke and gases (responsible for most fatalities)
Combustion is a chemical reaction that releases heat and/or light, altering the substance being burned.Common causes include the storage of flammable products, the use of damaged electrical equipment during operations, and unsafe behaviors.
FIRE risks
Buildings must be equipped with firefighting resources that enable immediate intervention by occupants and support a rapid response by firefighters. The most common extinguishers are:
Water
CO2
Dry Chemical Powder
ABF
FIRE risks
Fire Triangle
Fire Triangle - For combustion (fire) to occur, three elements must be present simultaneously:
HeatSource
OxygenSource
Heat Source: Sun, Hot Surface, Sparks, Friction, Electrical energy...
Oxygen Source: A concentration of 16% is sufficient. Fuel may also contain oxygen
FuelSource
Fuel Source: Can be a solid, liquid or gas
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FIRE risks
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
There are two types of protective equipment: Collective Protective Equipment (CPE) and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Their objectives are:
To design facilities, workplaces, and work processes in such a way that foreseeable risks are identified, eliminated at the source, or minimized, thereby ensuring an effective level of protection
To prioritize collective protection over individual protection
Law no. 102/2009
(Portuguese original version) - General obligations of the employer
COLLECTIVE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Collective Protective Equipment (CPE) measures benefit all workers potentially exposed to occupational risks. CPE includes all devices, systems, fixed or mobile means, signals, images or sounds designed to collectively preserve the physical integrity and health of workers and third parties.
Exhaust systems that remove gases, vapors or dust from the workplace
COLLECTIVE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Guards (fixed, adjustable, and self-adjusting)
Adjustable guard
Fixed guard
Self-adjusting guard
COLLECTIVE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Stair and area protections
Protections in areas with slippery floors
Handrails, baseboards, and non-slip flooring
Covers for trenches or pits that may cause falls
COLLECTIVE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Guardrail protection to prevent the fall of people and materials:
Guardrails must ensure stability and resistance and must include three horizontal elements (tubes, metal bars, or wooden planks):
- Toe board – 0,15 meters
- Intermediate rail – 0,45 meters
- Top rail – 1 meter
COLLECTIVE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Main objectives of CPE use:
- Prevent accidents involving workers or other people present in the workplace
- Minimize losses and increase company productivity by improving working conditions
- Eliminate or reduce risks that were previously common in a given work environment
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
After identifying the risks present in each workstation ( version, October 6), appropriate PPE must be selected.
Annex I, Ordinance No. 988/93 - Portuguese original
Requirements for PPE:
Requirements for PPE:
Comfortable Durable Lightweight Adaptable
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is intended to be worn by workers to protect them against one or more risks that may threaten their safety or health at work, as well as any accessories or complements designed for this purpose. PPE requires workers to exert considerable effort in performing their duties (weight, general discomfort).
Considerations when selecting PPE:
Considerations when selecting PPE:
The risks to which the worker is exposed The conditions of the work environment The part of the body to be protected (equipment is for individual use) The worker’s characteristics, considering ergonomic and health requirements When using more than one PPE simultaneously, their compatibility and effectiveness must be ensured
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Hands and arms
Head
Feet and legs
Face and eyes
Torso and abdomen
Respiratory system
Hearing
Standards and specifications for safety footwear
Safety toe cap that protects against impacts equivalent to an energy level of 200 J and crushing risk up to a maximum load of 1500 daN.
SB - Basic requirements: innocuousness, comfort, durability. Shock resistance up to 200 J S1 - Same as SB + anti-static properties + heel energy absorption + closed back S2 - Same as S1 + water penetration and absorption resistance S3 - Same as S2 + puncture resistance + cleated sole S4 - Basic requirements + anti-static properties + heel energy absorption S5 - Same as S4 + puncture resistance + cleated sole
* EN ISO 20345
Standards and specifications for safety footwear
Toe cap that protects against impacts equivalent to an energy level of 100 J and crushing risk up to a maximum load of 1000 daN.
PB - Basic requirements P1 - Same as PB + anti-static properties + heel energy absorption + closed back P2 - Same as P1 + water penetration and absorption resistance P3 - Same as P2 + puncture resistance + cleated sole P4 - Basic requirements + anti-static properties + heel energy absorption P5 - Same as P4 + puncture resistance + cleated sole
* EN ISO 20346
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Directive No. 89/686/EEC outlines the procedures that manufacturers must follow in order to obtain a CE Declaration of Conformity for their equipment.
Directive
No. 89
/686
/EEC
Decree-Law No. 118/2019 ensures compliance with
/2019
Regulation (EU) 2016/425
Decree-Law
No. 118
Thus, PPE must be used whenever risks cannot be avoided or sufficiently minimized through collective protective measures, technical solutions, or organizational methods.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
EMPLOYER’S DUTIES
Provide adequate PPE and ensure availability for workers
Provide information and training on the correct use, maintenance, and cleaning of PPE
Monitor compliance with proper use and maintenance
Prevent the use of defective or damaged Personal Protective Equipment
Keep records of PPE distribution
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Training in the use, maintenance, and cleaning of Personal Protective Equipment should include:
Indications on which PPE to use and when How to wear, adjust, and use each item of PPE Knowledge of the limitations of each PPE Guidelines on care and maintenance during the equipment’s lifespan A practical demonstration, ensuring that workers understand the instructions and are capable of using PPE correctly
SAFETY SIGNAGE
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SIGNAGE BOARDS
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SIGNAGE BOARDS
Prohibition signs
Prohibit certain behaviors and indicate dangerous actionsCircular shapeBlack pictogram on a white background, with a red border and diagonal stripe
Warning signs
Warn of hazards or risksTriangular shapeBlack pictogram on a yellow background with a black border
SIGNAGE BOARDS
Mandatory signs
Impose specific behaviorCircular shapeWhite pictogram on a blue background
Information signs
Provide general information and useful directionsRectangular or square shape
White pictogram on a blue background
SIGNAGE BOARDS
Firefighting signs
Indicate the location of firefighting equipmentRectangular or square shapeWhite pictogram on a red background
Emergency and rescue signs
Indicate emergency exits and first aid or rescue equipmentRectangular or squareWhite pictogram on a green background
TRAFFIC ROUTE SIGNAGE
When necessary to ensure worker safety, vehicle traffic routes must be clearly marked with continuous lines that are an integral part of the flooring.
Requirements:
Lines may be white or yellow, depending on the floor color Location of lines must consider safety distances between vehicles, workers, and nearby installations Outdoor routes may be marked with barriers or paving instead of painted lines Pedestrian routes must have adequate lighting, non-slip flooring, and distinct markings (yellow or white lines)
OBSTACLE AND HAZARDOUS AREAs SIGNAGE
Obstacles and hazardous areas must be clearly identified to avoid collisions, falling objects, or falls. Markings consist of alternating yellow and black or red and white stripes.
Requirements:
Markings consist of alternating yellow and black or red and white stripes The size of the obstacle or hazardous area must be considered Stripes must form a 45º degrees angle and have equal surface areas Electrical supply must be autonomous in illuminated signs
Road and Obstacles Signage
illuminated SIGNAge
Illuminated signals must:
Provide adequate contrast without causing glare or poor visibility Use flashing lights instead of continuous ones to indicate high danger or urgency Have an autonomous power supply
ACOUSTIC SIGNAge
Acoustic signals must be:
Intense enough to attract attention without causing pain Clearly distinguishable from background noise and other signals Easily recognizable through duration and pulse intervals
If signals vary in intensity or frequency, they indicate higher danger or urgency. Verbal signals may also be used, such as short commands: “Start,” “Forward,” “Back.”
PIPE MARKING
Substances transported through pipelines must be clearly labeled:
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hand gesture signage
Hand signals result from a movement or position of the arms or hands, or any combination of them It occurs through a coded form The main objective is to guide the execution of maneuvers that pose a risk or danger to workers
Hand gesture signage
General signals:
Meaning - Start (Attention; Start of command) Description - Both arms are extended horizontally with the palms facing forwards
Meaning Description
Start
Meaning - Stop (Interruption; End of movement) Description - The right arm points upwards with the palm facing forwards
Meaning Description
Stop
Hand gesture signage
General signals:
Meaning - End of the operation Description - Both hands are clasped at chest height
Meaning Description
End
Meaning - Raise Description - The right arm points upwards with the palm facing forward and slowly makes a circle
Meaning Description
Raise
Hand gesture signage
General signals:
Meaning - Lower Description - The right arm points downwards with the palm facing inwards and slowly makes a circle
Meaning Description
Lower
Meaning - Vertical distance Description - The hands indicate the relevant distance
Meaning Description
Vertical distance
Hand gesture signage
General signals:
Meaning - Move forwards Description - Both arms are bent with the palms facing upwards, and the forearms make slow movements towards the body
Meaning Description
Move forwards
Meaning - Move backwards Description - Both arms are bent with the palms facing downwards, and the forearms make slow movements away from the body
Meaning Description
Move backwards
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Protect the person
- Individual worker protection
- Individual measure
- Acts on humans
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Temporary partial disability - A situation in which the injured or ill person is able to attend work but is still unable to perform their normal duties.
Temporary total disability – A condition in which the injured or ill person is temporarily unable to attend work due to being unfit to perform their normal duties.
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- Process, machine, or component substitution
- Use of quieter equipment
- Application of silencers and sound attenuators
- Improved structural design
- Proper sizing, finishing, and material selection
- Reduced rotation speeds and impact between components
- Isolation
- Regular maintenance
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Limit or eliminate the risk
- Risk prevention during the project phase
- Constructive or engineering measure
- Acts on the working environment (space, machine, layout)
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Psychosocial Risks
- Pressure/Stress
- Precariousness
- Fatigue
- Time management
- Work-life imbalance
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Limit or eliminate the risk
- Risk prevention in the project phase
- Constructive or engineering measure
- Acts on the working environment (space, machine, layout)
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Physical Risks
- Noise
- Vibrations
- Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation
- Lighting
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Human causes
- Fatigue
- Stress
- Alcohol/drug use
- Failure to comply with safety rules
- Lack of attention
- Overconfidence
- Lack of training/information
- Incorrect positions when performing tasks
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Technical causes
- Equipment/tools in poor condition or without safety devices
- Breakdown
- Inadequate storage
- Collective Protection Equipment incorrectly assembled
- Poor working conditions
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electrical risks
- Electrical overload
- Damaged equipment
- Upkeep
- Electrical installations
- Maintenance
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Solids - Coal, wood, paper, leather, plastic, sugar, grainLiquids - Gasoline, alcohol, plant, olive oil Gases - Natural gas, propane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide
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Drive the person away
- Protection against sources of risk
- Organizational and collective measures
- Acts on the system Man - Machine - Environment
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Fortuitous causes
- Risks not foreseeable due to factors outside the work
- Actions by third parties
- Weather conditions
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Examples
- Cork and cork derivatives (agglomerates, granules, linoleum)
- Cellular glass (decorative panels, special finishing pieces)
- Fiberglass and mineral fibers
- Acoustic steel plates
- Gypsum panels, wood fiber panels
- Plastic foam insulation
- Polyurethane-core panels and polystyrene decorative boards
- Lightweight concrete, siporex, ytong
- Vermiculite and expanded clay
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Protect the person
- Individual worker protection
- Individual measures
- Acts on humans
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Negative consequences for individuals
- Burnout (exhaustion)
- Emotional changes: irritability, feeling on edge, loss of self-confidence
- Behavioral changes: isolation, job dissatisfaction, increased smoking and drinking
- Cognitive changes: repetitive thoughts, difficulty concentrating, difficulty making decisions
- Physiological symptoms: frequent headaches, elevated blood pressure, and sleep disorders
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Mechanical risks
- Machine operation
- Maintenance
- Compressed air
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Ergonomic Risks
- Manual handling of loads
- Incorrect postures
- Use of unsuitable tools
- Repetitive movements
- Monotonous activities
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Chemical Risks
- Fog
- Chemical products
- Chemical agents
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Frequently check sockets and cables
Tag or remove any damaged electrical material
When unplugging equipment, always pull from the plug, not the cable
Do not handle equipment or machines with wet or damp hands
Ensure all electrical equipment is properly installed
Avoid overloading power outlets and protect them against overcurrent
Identify and correct insulation defects
Maintain adequate ventilation (check for obstructions)
Prevent electrostatic discharges in ATEX environments
Use appropriate PPE and non-sparking tools
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Hazard: Electricity Risk: Probability of electrocution
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- Periodic assessments and records
- Medical surveillance and audiometry
- Noise source isolation and substitution
- Worker rotation
- Availability of adequate protective equipment
- Training of workers exposed to noise
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Negative consequences for Organizations
- Decreased productivity
- Absenteeism or reduction in the number of employees
- Need for higher productivity
- Workplace accidents
- Strained and precarious work relationships
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- Purchase machines, tools, and vehicles that comply with CE standards
- Keep equipment and machines properly lubricated
- Separate fixed machines from the floor using vibration-absorbing materials
- Reduce ground irregularities
- Properly place loads
- Install noise and vibration-absorbing panels in the workplace
- Alternate tasks between those exposed and not exposed to vibration risks
- Limit the duration and intensity of exposure
- Define appropriate work schedules with frequent rest breaks
- Provide workers with adequate training and information
- Ensure proper medical surveillance
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Examples
- Cork and cork derivatives (agglomerates, granules, linoleum)
- Cellular glass (decorative panels, special finishing pieces)
- Fiberglass and mineral fibers
- Acoustic steel plates
- Gypsum panels, wood fiber panels
- Plastic foam insulation
- Polyurethane-core panels and polystyrene decorative boards
- Lightweight concrete, siporex, ytong
- Vermiculite and expanded clay
Click on the icon to close the tab
Fire risks
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Involve the risk
- Elimination of the hazard source
- Constructive/engineering and organizational measure
- Acts on the working environment (machine, layout)
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Biological Risks
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Permanent partial disability – A condition that results in the permanent impairment of the worker, leading to a lasting reduction in their overall earning capacity.
Permanent total disability – A condition in which the worker is permanently unable to perform their normal duties or carry out any type of work.
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Monitor
- Positioned approximately 60 centimeters (about 24 inches) from the face
- The top edge of the monitor should be at eye level
- Attention should also be given to the size and color of characters, clarity of contours (well defined), spacing between characters, background color of the screen, and reflections from peripheral light sources
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Footrest
- Should be used when proper foot support on the floor is not possible
- Adjustable in height
- Non-slip surface
- Inclination between 10° and 25°
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Work desk
- The desk should be designed so that it is approximately level with the elbows and forearms, ensuring comfort while seated
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General requirements
- Avoid forward sliding of the pelvis, which causes spinal curvature and consequently increases tension on the posterior spinal ligaments
- Ensure that all objects and tools required to perform tasks can be reached without sudden movements or excessive extension of the arms or hands
- Adopt a posture that allows the spine to remain in a straight position relative to the thighs
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Mouse
- Positioned according to the user’s handedness (left- or right-handed) within reach
- Placed on a flat, even surface
- Preferably an ergonomic mouse
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Keyboard
- Must be tiltable
- Independent from the monitor
- Should have a non-reflective surface
- Key symbols must be legible
- Keys must be of sufficient size
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Work chair
- Adjustable (to accommodate anthropometric measurements)
- Seat wide enough, with rounded edges (to allow changes in the position of the lower limbs and avoid obstructing venous circulation)
- Backrest high enough to support the lumbar spine (following the physiological curves of the vertebral column)
- Armrests properly sized
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Interactive PDF - OSH in Industry
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Transcript
Occupational Health and Safety Management in Industry
START
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LEGISLATION
Ordinance no. 53/71
Decree-Law No. 50/2005
Law No. 102/2009
February 3rd
February 25th
September 10th
Decree-Law No. 103/2008
Law no. 7/2009
February 12th
June 24th
Hover over the icons to read the information
employer's obligations
Provide workers with appropriate information and training to prevent accidents and occupational illnesses
Establish measures to be adopted and identify the workers responsible for their implementation regarding first aid, firefighting, and building evacuation
Prevent occupational risks and illnesses, considering the protection of workers' health and safety
Ensure health and safety conditions for workers
Implement measures arising from applicable legal and contractual requirements
Employee's duties
Comply with the safety rules implemented in the workplace
Ensure their own safety and that of others
Follow established work procedures
Attend health examinations
Report malfunctions or deficiencies that may cause hazardous situations
Occupational Health
Occupational Health, also commonly known as “Occupational Medicine”, is responsible for monitoring workers' health with the aim to: This responsibility lies with the occupational physician. The performance of duties depends on certain requirements, as stated in Article 25 of the Annex to Decree-Law no. 102/2009 of September 10, amended and republished by Law no 3/2....... of January 28, Article 103 (Portuguese original version). Admission, periodic and occasional medical examinations should be conducted.
Law no 3/2014
Admission
periodic
Admission
periodic
occasional
occasional
The (Portuguese original version) must be filled in by the occupational doctor, who assesses the worker’s medical fitness for a specific job.
Occupational Health Form
Types of medical EXAMINATIONS
Whenever there are changes in work materials that may adversely affect the worker’s health, as well as upon return to work after an absence of more than 30 days due to illness or accident.
Whenever there are changes in work materials that may adversely affect the worker’s health, as well as upon return to work after an absence of more than 30 days due to illness or accident.
Annual examinations for minors and employees over 50 years old, and every2 years for all other workers.
Annual examinations for minors and employees over 50 years old, and every2 years for all other workers.
Before starting work, or within 15 days thereafter if urgent admission is required.
Periodic exams
Occasional exams
Occasional exams
Periodic exams
Admission exams
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Occupational Health and safety
The occupational health service contributes to the promotion and monitoring of workers’ health by understanding the demands of job positions and professional risks, combined with knowledge of the individual worker.
Safety at work involves a set of methodologies designed to prevent accidents, with the primary aim of controlling risks. The identification and management of risks are associated not only with work sites and environments but also with the tools, machinery, materials, substances, and agents in contact (chemical, physical, and biological).
Occupational Health
Promotion and monitoring of workers' health
Occupational Safety
Prevention of workplace accidents
Occupational diseases
An occupational disease results directly from working conditions, is listed in the Occupational Diseases List, and causes incapacity to perform the profession or death. The (Portuguese original version) of July 17 presents the current list of occupational diseases along with the coded index.
Regulatory Decree No. 76/2007
The law also considers that bodily injury, functional impairment, or diseases not included in the list may be compensable, provided it is proven that they are a necessary and direct consequence of the work performed and do not represent normal wear and tear of the body (Labor Code, Article 283, No. 3).
Examples of Occupational Diseases
Dermatitis
Tendinitis
Hearing loss
Occupational diseases
Factors that determine an occupational disease:
Disease-causing agent
Individual characteristics
Duration of exposure
Occupational diseases
What to do in the event of suspected occupational disease?
What to do in the event of suspected occupational disease?
What to do in the event of suspected occupational disease?
If the occupational physician has strong suspicions that a worker’s illness may be work-related (presumptive diagnosis), they must complete the Mandatory Occupational Disease Report and submit it to the Department for Protection Against Occupational Risks
Department
Department
for Protection Against Occupational Risks.
The DPRP is an institution belonging to the Ministry of Labor and Social Solidarity, whose mission is to ensure the prevention, treatment, and recovery of illnesses or disabilities resulting from occupational hazards, certifying illnesses.
SOCIAL SECURITY
Occupational diseases
Mandatory reporting of occupational disease (Diagnosis Presumption)
Employee
Doctor
Hierarchical Superior
Mandatory Participation
Employer
National Center for Protection against Occupational Risks (CNPRP)
Occupational disease?
Definitive Diagnosis of Occupational Disease
Common Disease
Yes
No
Accidents at Work
An accident at work...
The term “during working time” is defined as during the course of professional activity or during periods of travel. This includes travel, transport, or traffic accidents from home to work and from work to home, as well as traffic accidents during working hours.
The term “during working time” is defined as during the course of professional activity or during periods of travel. This includes travel, transport, or traffic accidents from home to work and from work to home, as well as traffic accidents during working hours.
An acident at work may occur:
During the commute to and from the workplace, between the employee’s home and the designated work location, as determined by the employer On the way to or from the location where wages are paid During travel between the worksite and the location where meals are taken While moving between different jobs (in cases of multiple employment), with responsibility assigned to the employer of the destination worksite While seeking employment during the legally granted job-search hours for workers undergoing contract termination In attendance at a vocational training course, provided it is authorized by the employer
Law No. 98/2009
* (PT original version) of September 4, regulates the compensation system for workplace accidents and occupational diseases
Decharacterization of a Work Accident
An accident at work is not considered if...
It was intentionally caused by the injured party
It arises from an act or omission by the injured person that entails a violation, without justification, of the safety conditions established by the employer or laid down by law
It results exclusively from gross negligence on the part of the victim
It arises from a situation of force majeure
CAUSes of accidents at work
The day-to-day life of a company is not risk-free. Accidents are not the result of bad luck or chance, they have one or more causes:
Fortuitous
Technical
Human
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Compensation
Insurance risk aggravation
Productivity loss
Assistance to victims
direct costs
Administrative costs
indirect costs
Reinstatement of the injured worker
Discreditation of the company's reputation
ACCIDENTS AT WORK
A workplace accident may be classified either as non-lost time or lost time.It is considered a lost-time accident if the worker does not return to work on the following day.
Temporary disability
Total
Lost-time accident
Partial
Partial
Total for specific work
Permanent disability
Total for anywork
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Accidents at Work
Prevention, both at work and in life, is essential:
Be aware of the RISKS
Know theRULES
Respect the SAFETY REGULATIONS
An accident at work causes damage, which can be classified as either human or material.
Human damage (injuries) refers to death, permanent or temporary disability - whether partial or total, as well as psychological effects. Material damage may result in equipment breakdowns and damaged structures.
ONLINE PARTICIPATION
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HAZARD Risk
A hazard is an intrinsic property or capability of a work component that can potentially cause harm. It is inherent to an activity, material, or equipment with the potential to cause injury or death.
Risk is the probability of damage or adverse health effects depending on the conditions of exposure to the hazard. The potential effect of the hazard is measured according to the likelihood of its occurrence and its severity.
HAZARD + RISK = Damage / injury
Example
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HAZARDS AND RISKS
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processes to control risk
2 - Involve the risk
1 - Limit or eliminate the risk
4 - Protect the person
3 - Drive the person away
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Professional Risks
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Physical Risks - NOISE
Noise is any acoustic phenomenon that produces an unpleasant and disturbing auditory sensation.
It acts through the ear on the central nervous system, which can withstand sounds with frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. Infrasound refers to sound waves with frequencies below 20 Hz, which are outside the audible range and can be harmful to health. Ultrasound refers to sounds above 20,000 Hz, also harmful to human health. When sound stimuli exceed certain limits, they can cause hearing loss.
Physical Risks - NOISE
Noise is a significant occupational risk factor, affecting workers’ physical and psychological health, as well as their safety, while also reducing work quality and productivity. It has been proven that every decibel above the permissible limit of 85 dB (A):
Physical Risks - NOISE
Physical Risks - NOISE
Physical Risks - NOISE
Preventive Measures
Preventive Measures
Source control
Use of insulating and absorbing materials
Preventive measures
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PHYSICAL risks – THERMAL ENVIRONMENT
Changes in ambient temperature can lead to consequences for those who in cold environments, or in the opposite context, working outdoors:
- Cold exposure: Hypothermia and gradual reduction of all physiological activities - Heat exposure (especially outdoor work): Thermal stress
To avoid harmful effects, prevent measures must be adopted.
prevent measures
PHYSICAL risks – THERMAL ENVIRONMENT
Preventive and protective measures
Preventive and protective measures
Ensure adequate temperature and relative humidity levels: 18–22ºC and 50–70%, respectively Guarantee continuous and well-distributed ventilation (temperature control devices) Have installations periodically inspected by specialized technicians Reduce exposure time by introducing breaks Use appropriate PPE (thermal suits, boots, protective gloves) when necessary Ensure easy access to water and avoid the consumption of alcoholic beverages
PHYSICAL risks – VIBRATIONS
Decree-Law 46/2006 of February 24 transposes Directive No. 2002/44/EC into national law and establishes the minimum requirements for the protection of workers’ health and safety exposed to vibrations.
Decree-La
46/2006
establishes
the minimum requirements for the protection of workers’ health and safety exposed to vibrations
Vibration is any movement executed by a body around a fixed point. Vibrations are harmful physical agents caused by the operation of motorized machines or hand-held tools. They are divided into two types:
Hand–arm transmitted vibrations: Cause neurological, muscular, vascular, and osteoarticular disorders
Whole-body transmitted vibrations: Cause lumbar pathologies, spinal injuries, lower back pain, and spinal trauma
Preventive measures
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PHYSICAL risks – Radiations
Radiation is a form of energy that, depending on its capacity to interact with matter, can be divided into two categories: ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.
Ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation has enough energy to ionize the atoms and molecules with which it interacts. The most well-known types include:- X-rays and gamma rays (electromagnetic radiation)
- Alpha rays, beta rays, neutrons, protons (corpuscular radiation)
Health effects of exposure: Anemia, leukemia, mucosal lesions, carcinomas, sarcomas.
PHYSICAL risks – Radiations
Radiation is a form of energy that, depending on its capacity to interact with matter, can be divided into two categories: ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.
Non-Ionizing radiation
Non-ionizing radiation does not have sufficient energy to ionize atoms or molecules. Examples include:- Infrared radiation
- Ultraviolet radiation
- Microwave heating
- Microwave telecommunications
- Electric current
PHYSICAL RISKS – LIGHTING
Proper lighting in the workplace prevents both psychological and physiological strain on workers. It therefore increases productivity, motivation, and overall performance, while reducing visual fatigue. Lighting can be natural or artificial, with natural light being the ideal source whenever possible.
WARM NATURAL COOL
Kelvin Scale – Color Temperature
PHYSICAL RISKS – LIGHTING
According to ISO 8995:2002
PHYSICAL RISKS – LIGHTING control
The quality of workplace lighting depends on factors such as the type of lighting, the arrangement of luminaires, glare factor, and contrast factor. To ensure adequate lighting conditions in the workplace, it is necessary to consider the specific characteristics of the tasks being performed and the required level of visual acuity. Proper lamp distribution and harmonization of light color with the workplace colors are essential.
Good lighting should preferably be natural, diffuse, and uniform, well distributed across the work surface, without causing glare, sufficient, steady (non-flickering), and free from stroboscopic effects.
Inadequate lighting in the workplace can result in increased strain and eye fatigue, nervous tension, headaches, blurred vision, muscle contractions, poor body posture, lack of concentration, as well as anxiety or nervousness. It may also lead to reduced productivity and a consequent increase in occupational accidents.
CHEMICAL risks
Chemical contaminants are toxic substances that can be absorbed by the body and cause long-term harmful effects on health, through one or more routes of entry:
Digestive
Dermal
Respiratory
CHEMICAL risks
Chemical risks are associated with the handling of chemical products and may be present in the atmosphere in different states:
Solid (dust, fibers, and fumes)
Liquid (aerosols and mists)
Gaseous (gases and vapors)
Identification of chemical products
Identification of chemical products
- When handling chemicals, the first step is to observe and read the
instructions provided on the label:
R phrases > Risks
H phrases > Hazard
P phrases > Precaution
S phrases > Safety
CHEMICAL risks
When absorbed by the body, chemical agents may cause toxic reactions and health damage, such as:
Safety Data Sheets (SDS) comprise 16 sections providing essential information about chemical products and substances, including hazards and risks, emergency response procedures, required PPE, as well as handling and storage recommendations.
Chemical risks
Potentially Fatal
Flammable
Hazardous
Corrosive
Product that presents a serious fire hazard when exposed to heat, sparks, or flames.
Product that causes burns to the skin and eyes and is corrosive to metals.
Product that irritates eyes and skin, harmful to the ozone layer, and with negative health effects.
Toxic product, even when used in small quantities and during brief exposure.
Labeling through symbols and texts contains essential safety precautions.
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CHEMICAL risks
Preventive and protective measures
Preventive and protective measures
Identify the type of hazardous substance
Assess the safety of the packaging, considering the risk of leaks or slow evaporation and consequent air contamination
Define the necessary precautions for handling
Replace hazardous substances or processes with less aggressive alternatives whenever possible
Verify the compatibility/incompatibility of different chemical products and store them according to their technical characteristics to prevent spontaneous combustion
Avoid direct exposure to sunlight
Separate agrochemical products by class: herbicides – insecticides – fungicides
CHEMICAL risks
Preventive and protective measures
Preventive and protective measures
Store liquids on lower shelves and solids on upper shelves
Clearly label storage areas, including “No Smoking,” “No Open Flames,” and “Flammable Substances” warnings
Store cleaning and disinfecting chemicals in closed cabinets, preferably with washable, resistant, and non-degradable shelving
Hazardous, toxic, or infectious substances must be stored in separate compartments, not directly connected to workplaces
Ensure proper ventilation to prevent the dangerous accumulation of gases or vapors
Riscos Químicos
Preventive and protective measures
Preventive and protective measures
Keep containers tightly sealed to avoid the spread of odors, gases, or vapors
Workstations releasing unpleasant or hazardous products must be equipped with local exhaust systems to prevent their spread into the work environment
Equipment generating dust must be equipped with effective collection or extraction devices, installed close to the emission source
BIOLOGICAL risks
Biological agents, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites (such as genetically modified microorganisms, cell cultures, and human endoparasites), are capable of causing infections, allergies, or intoxications. The entry routes for biological agents include the respiratory system, digestive system, skin, and eyes. These may result in diseases such as influenza, intestinal infections, hepatitis, tuberculosis, and meningitis.
Preventive measures
Preventive measures
ERGONOMIC risks
Ergonomic risks depend on several aspects, including load handling, adopted postures, physical effort, repetitive movements, and monotonous activities.
Manual Load Handling (MLH) refers to the operation of transporting or supporting a load, carried out by one or more workers. It includes movements such as lifting, pushing, carrying, and moving objects. The risks associated with MLH involve falling objects, overexertion, improper movements, possible cuts, crushing, or entrapment.
To correctly handle a load manually, it is necessary to know the:
Characteristics of the load – weight, shape, size and grips
Displacement to be performed – from where and to where, duration of transport and frequency of movements
ERGONOMIC risks
According to Decree-Law no. 330/93, of September 25 (Article 5), risk assessment must be carried out when handling loads:
30 kg for occasional handling and 20 kg for regular handling.
30 kg for occasional handling 20 kg for regular handling.
Incorrect manual load handling can cause pain and musculoskeletal disorders (affecting the musculoskeletal, peripheral nervous, or neurovascular systems), often aggravated by occupational exposure to ergonomic risks.
Errors to avoid:
Errors to avoid:
- Bending the spine - Standing too far from the load - Keeping legs fixed to the floor and twisting the torso with the load - Resting the load on the leg or knee
ERGONOMIC risks
Another ergonomic risk relates to the posture adopted in the workplace.
Seated work may cause stiff neck, tendinitis, tense and hunched shoulders, headaches and eye strain, lower back pain, tennis/golfer’s elbow, and leg swelling.
Seated work
Standing work may result in back pain, leg inflammation and swelling, as well as circulation problems.
Standing work
ERGONOMIC risks
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ERGONOMIC risks - Standing work
For safe standing work:
picture
Anti-fatigue mats
PSYCHOSOCIAL risks
Psychosocial factors can be defined as “the characteristics of working conditions, and especially their organization, that affect people’s health through psychological and physiological mechanisms, commonly referred to as stress” (ISTAS, 2002).Such factors influence individual behavior, cause psychological harm, and have repercussions at the organizational level.
Individuals
Organization
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PSYCHOSOCIAL risks
Preventive measures
Preventive measures
Reduce task monotony
Ensure regular breaks
Maintain good communication and encourage reporting of difficulties
Clearly define workload, deadlines, and requirements
Motivate and engage the work team
Manage tasks and working hours effectively
Reduce overtime
Provide appropriate training
ELECTRICAL risks
Dangers
Poor maintenance of electrical equipment
Improper use of electrical equipment
Electrical overload
Risk of death
Use of adhesive tape for insulation
Moving devices with live cables
Plugs and/or sockets stepped on or left on the floor
ELECTRICAL risks
In electrical installations, the most frequent accidents result from contact with live parts of installations or equipment. Direct electrical contact occurs when there is contact with a live part. Electric shock may result from insulation failure, rupture of insulating parts, or careless handling.Indirect electrical contact occurs when there is contact with a metallic structure, casing, or conductor that accidentally becomes energized due to a fault.
Direct electrical contact
Direct electrical
contact
Indirect
electrical
contact
Indirect
electrical
DIRECT ELECTRICAL CONTACT
INDIRECT ELECTRICAL CONTACT
ELECTRICAL risks
There are two types of electrical risks:
a) Personal risks Those related to the effects of electric current passing through the human body, directly affecting individuals
b) Material risks Those related to the destruction of property, usually resulting from fires and/or explosions caused by faulty or misused installations, which may indirectly affect people
Preventive measures
Prevention to void abnormal heating and sparking:
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ELECTRICAL risks
The five golden rules for electrical installations and maintenance:
five golden rules
five golden rules
Disconnect all sources of power
Lock out circuit breakers
Verify the absence of voltage
Ground and short-circuit all power sources
Delimit and signal the work area
These five principles ensure the proper and safe maintenance of installations.
ELECTRICAL risks
When using electrical tools, the following precautions must be observed: - Avoid leaving cables scattered on the floor - Prevent cables from being crushed by corners or objects during use - Store equipment properly when not in use
Well-organized tools: Are easier to locate Are safer Last longer
MECHANICAL risks
Mechanical risks are associated with the physical environment surrounding the worker and include:
Crushing
Burns
Falls
Cuts/amputations
MECHANICAL risks
When acquiring machinery, the company must:
- Require and verify that the machines purchased are “inherently safe” (compliant with legal requirements, CE marked)
- Ensure that the machine includes an instruction manual in Portuguese and English, which must always accompany the machine
- Confirm that the machine can safely perform all routine or occasional operations: adjustment, use, cleaning, and maintenance
- Draft and disseminate work procedures that enhance or optimize the safety measures to be applied during different operations
MECHANICAL risks
Worker training should focus on:
Safety procedures in maintenance: Lock-Out / Tag-Out
Maintenance should always be carried out with the machine stopped whenever possible
Power supply must be disconnected (and locked if possible)
The intervention must be signaled both at the intervention site and at the power source
During maintenance, special attention must be given to machine controls – unexpected startup may cause accidents
If protections were removed for repair, they must be reinstalled immediately afterward
Safety procedures in maintenance: Lock-Out / Tag-Out
Machines must never remain without guards, not even temporarily
Lubrication should be performed with the machine stopped. When this is not possible due to technical requirements, it must be carried out with extreme caution and using appropriate methods to prevent accidents
Operators must follow the manufacturer’s instructions and all occupational health and safety regulations
At the end of the intervention, the machine should be restarted, and all signage removed
MECHANICAL risks
Dangers and risks of compressed air on the human body
Dangers and risks of compressed air on the human body
Compressed air directly on the human body can cause subcutaneous emphysema or air embolism (air in soft tissues). It must never be used to clean work clothes, arms, or hair dust due to risks such as:
Eardrum rupture
Internal bleeding from air entering skin pores
Retinal detachment
Skin infections
Inflammation of connective tissues caused by impurities in compressed air
MECHANICAL risks
Equipment Inspection
Equipment Inspection
Employers must perform extraordinary inspections of work equipment when exceptional events occur, such as modifications, accidents, natural phenomena, or prolonged inactivity that may have serious consequences.
A competent person must carry out inspections and tests to ensure proper installation and safe operation.
Start and stop devices
Start and stop devices
Start and stop devices must be easily accessible and operated, prevent unintentional startup, and allow rapid shutdown in an emergency.
MECHANICAL risks
Preventive measures
Preventive measures
Do not transport people in equipment designed for loads (elevators, cranes, forklifts, etc.)
Ensure machines cannot be inadvertently activated during cleaning or maintenance
Report and signal any detected anomalies or defects
Never remove or disable safety devices
FIRE risks
A fire is defined as an uncontrolled combustion in space and time. Occupants of burning premises are exposed to two main dangers:
Combustion is a chemical reaction that releases heat and/or light, altering the substance being burned.Common causes include the storage of flammable products, the use of damaged electrical equipment during operations, and unsafe behaviors.
FIRE risks
Buildings must be equipped with firefighting resources that enable immediate intervention by occupants and support a rapid response by firefighters. The most common extinguishers are:
Water
CO2
Dry Chemical Powder
ABF
FIRE risks
Fire Triangle
Fire Triangle - For combustion (fire) to occur, three elements must be present simultaneously:
HeatSource
OxygenSource
Heat Source: Sun, Hot Surface, Sparks, Friction, Electrical energy...
Oxygen Source: A concentration of 16% is sufficient. Fuel may also contain oxygen
FuelSource
Fuel Source: Can be a solid, liquid or gas
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FIRE risks
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
There are two types of protective equipment: Collective Protective Equipment (CPE) and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Their objectives are:
To design facilities, workplaces, and work processes in such a way that foreseeable risks are identified, eliminated at the source, or minimized, thereby ensuring an effective level of protection
To prioritize collective protection over individual protection
Law no. 102/2009
(Portuguese original version) - General obligations of the employer
COLLECTIVE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Collective Protective Equipment (CPE) measures benefit all workers potentially exposed to occupational risks. CPE includes all devices, systems, fixed or mobile means, signals, images or sounds designed to collectively preserve the physical integrity and health of workers and third parties.
Exhaust systems that remove gases, vapors or dust from the workplace
COLLECTIVE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Guards (fixed, adjustable, and self-adjusting)
Adjustable guard
Fixed guard
Self-adjusting guard
COLLECTIVE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Stair and area protections
Protections in areas with slippery floors
Handrails, baseboards, and non-slip flooring
Covers for trenches or pits that may cause falls
COLLECTIVE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Guardrail protection to prevent the fall of people and materials:
Guardrails must ensure stability and resistance and must include three horizontal elements (tubes, metal bars, or wooden planks):
COLLECTIVE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Main objectives of CPE use:
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
After identifying the risks present in each workstation ( version, October 6), appropriate PPE must be selected.
Annex I, Ordinance No. 988/93 - Portuguese original
Requirements for PPE:
Requirements for PPE:
Comfortable Durable Lightweight Adaptable
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is intended to be worn by workers to protect them against one or more risks that may threaten their safety or health at work, as well as any accessories or complements designed for this purpose. PPE requires workers to exert considerable effort in performing their duties (weight, general discomfort).
Considerations when selecting PPE:
Considerations when selecting PPE:
The risks to which the worker is exposed The conditions of the work environment The part of the body to be protected (equipment is for individual use) The worker’s characteristics, considering ergonomic and health requirements When using more than one PPE simultaneously, their compatibility and effectiveness must be ensured
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Hands and arms
Head
Feet and legs
Face and eyes
Torso and abdomen
Respiratory system
Hearing
Standards and specifications for safety footwear
Safety toe cap that protects against impacts equivalent to an energy level of 200 J and crushing risk up to a maximum load of 1500 daN.
SB - Basic requirements: innocuousness, comfort, durability. Shock resistance up to 200 J S1 - Same as SB + anti-static properties + heel energy absorption + closed back S2 - Same as S1 + water penetration and absorption resistance S3 - Same as S2 + puncture resistance + cleated sole S4 - Basic requirements + anti-static properties + heel energy absorption S5 - Same as S4 + puncture resistance + cleated sole
* EN ISO 20345
Standards and specifications for safety footwear
Toe cap that protects against impacts equivalent to an energy level of 100 J and crushing risk up to a maximum load of 1000 daN.
PB - Basic requirements P1 - Same as PB + anti-static properties + heel energy absorption + closed back P2 - Same as P1 + water penetration and absorption resistance P3 - Same as P2 + puncture resistance + cleated sole P4 - Basic requirements + anti-static properties + heel energy absorption P5 - Same as P4 + puncture resistance + cleated sole
* EN ISO 20346
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Directive No. 89/686/EEC outlines the procedures that manufacturers must follow in order to obtain a CE Declaration of Conformity for their equipment.
Directive
No. 89
/686
/EEC
Decree-Law No. 118/2019 ensures compliance with
/2019
Regulation (EU) 2016/425
Decree-Law
No. 118
Thus, PPE must be used whenever risks cannot be avoided or sufficiently minimized through collective protective measures, technical solutions, or organizational methods.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
EMPLOYER’S DUTIES
Provide adequate PPE and ensure availability for workers
Provide information and training on the correct use, maintenance, and cleaning of PPE
Monitor compliance with proper use and maintenance
Prevent the use of defective or damaged Personal Protective Equipment
Keep records of PPE distribution
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Training in the use, maintenance, and cleaning of Personal Protective Equipment should include:
Indications on which PPE to use and when How to wear, adjust, and use each item of PPE Knowledge of the limitations of each PPE Guidelines on care and maintenance during the equipment’s lifespan A practical demonstration, ensuring that workers understand the instructions and are capable of using PPE correctly
SAFETY SIGNAGE
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SIGNAGE BOARDS
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SIGNAGE BOARDS
Prohibition signs
Prohibit certain behaviors and indicate dangerous actionsCircular shapeBlack pictogram on a white background, with a red border and diagonal stripe
Warning signs
Warn of hazards or risksTriangular shapeBlack pictogram on a yellow background with a black border
SIGNAGE BOARDS
Mandatory signs
Impose specific behaviorCircular shapeWhite pictogram on a blue background
Information signs
Provide general information and useful directionsRectangular or square shape
White pictogram on a blue background
SIGNAGE BOARDS
Firefighting signs
Indicate the location of firefighting equipmentRectangular or square shapeWhite pictogram on a red background
Emergency and rescue signs
Indicate emergency exits and first aid or rescue equipmentRectangular or squareWhite pictogram on a green background
TRAFFIC ROUTE SIGNAGE
When necessary to ensure worker safety, vehicle traffic routes must be clearly marked with continuous lines that are an integral part of the flooring.
Requirements:
Lines may be white or yellow, depending on the floor color Location of lines must consider safety distances between vehicles, workers, and nearby installations Outdoor routes may be marked with barriers or paving instead of painted lines Pedestrian routes must have adequate lighting, non-slip flooring, and distinct markings (yellow or white lines)
OBSTACLE AND HAZARDOUS AREAs SIGNAGE
Obstacles and hazardous areas must be clearly identified to avoid collisions, falling objects, or falls. Markings consist of alternating yellow and black or red and white stripes.
Requirements:
Markings consist of alternating yellow and black or red and white stripes The size of the obstacle or hazardous area must be considered Stripes must form a 45º degrees angle and have equal surface areas Electrical supply must be autonomous in illuminated signs
Road and Obstacles Signage
illuminated SIGNAge
Illuminated signals must:
Provide adequate contrast without causing glare or poor visibility Use flashing lights instead of continuous ones to indicate high danger or urgency Have an autonomous power supply
ACOUSTIC SIGNAge
Acoustic signals must be:
Intense enough to attract attention without causing pain Clearly distinguishable from background noise and other signals Easily recognizable through duration and pulse intervals
If signals vary in intensity or frequency, they indicate higher danger or urgency. Verbal signals may also be used, such as short commands: “Start,” “Forward,” “Back.”
PIPE MARKING
Substances transported through pipelines must be clearly labeled:
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hand gesture signage
Hand signals result from a movement or position of the arms or hands, or any combination of them It occurs through a coded form The main objective is to guide the execution of maneuvers that pose a risk or danger to workers
Hand gesture signage
General signals:
Meaning - Start (Attention; Start of command) Description - Both arms are extended horizontally with the palms facing forwards
Meaning Description
Start
Meaning - Stop (Interruption; End of movement) Description - The right arm points upwards with the palm facing forwards
Meaning Description
Stop
Hand gesture signage
General signals:
Meaning - End of the operation Description - Both hands are clasped at chest height
Meaning Description
End
Meaning - Raise Description - The right arm points upwards with the palm facing forward and slowly makes a circle
Meaning Description
Raise
Hand gesture signage
General signals:
Meaning - Lower Description - The right arm points downwards with the palm facing inwards and slowly makes a circle
Meaning Description
Lower
Meaning - Vertical distance Description - The hands indicate the relevant distance
Meaning Description
Vertical distance
Hand gesture signage
General signals:
Meaning - Move forwards Description - Both arms are bent with the palms facing upwards, and the forearms make slow movements towards the body
Meaning Description
Move forwards
Meaning - Move backwards Description - Both arms are bent with the palms facing downwards, and the forearms make slow movements away from the body
Meaning Description
Move backwards
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Protect the person
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Temporary partial disability - A situation in which the injured or ill person is able to attend work but is still unable to perform their normal duties.
Temporary total disability – A condition in which the injured or ill person is temporarily unable to attend work due to being unfit to perform their normal duties.
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Limit or eliminate the risk
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Psychosocial Risks
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Limit or eliminate the risk
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Physical Risks
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Human causes
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Technical causes
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electrical risks
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Solids - Coal, wood, paper, leather, plastic, sugar, grainLiquids - Gasoline, alcohol, plant, olive oil Gases - Natural gas, propane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide
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Drive the person away
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Fortuitous causes
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Examples
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Protect the person
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Negative consequences for individuals
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Mechanical risks
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Ergonomic Risks
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Chemical Risks
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Frequently check sockets and cables
Tag or remove any damaged electrical material
When unplugging equipment, always pull from the plug, not the cable
Do not handle equipment or machines with wet or damp hands
Ensure all electrical equipment is properly installed
Avoid overloading power outlets and protect them against overcurrent
Identify and correct insulation defects
Maintain adequate ventilation (check for obstructions)
Prevent electrostatic discharges in ATEX environments
Use appropriate PPE and non-sparking tools
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Hazard: Electricity Risk: Probability of electrocution
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Negative consequences for Organizations
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Examples
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Fire risks
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Involve the risk
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Biological Risks
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Permanent partial disability – A condition that results in the permanent impairment of the worker, leading to a lasting reduction in their overall earning capacity.
Permanent total disability – A condition in which the worker is permanently unable to perform their normal duties or carry out any type of work.
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Monitor
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Footrest
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Work desk
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General requirements
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Mouse
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Keyboard
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Work chair
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