Hematology 101

Hematology 101

Vivian Huang, MS, RN, CNS, BMTCN, OCN Adapted by Jessica Lackey, BSN, RN, BMTCN 10.2025

Agenda

• Hematopoiesis overview
• Patient population
• Common regimens
• Types of Transplants

Intro to 11/12 Long

Intro to 11/12 Long

HBC Patients

Intro to 11/12 HBC

Common Diagnoses

• Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
• Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
• Multiple myeloma (MM)
• Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)
• Central Nervous System Lymphoma (CNSL)

Intro to 11/12 Long

Hematopoiesis

• Hematopoietic stem cells
• Gives rise to all blood cell lines 
• Capable of endless
• Self-renewal
• Proliferation
• Differentiation 
• Erythropoietin (EPO)
• Thrombopoietin
• Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
• Interleukins

hematopoietic stem cell= PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL= PROGENITOR CELLS = PRECURSOR CELLS

• Gives rise to all blood cell lines 
• Capable of endless
• Self-renewal
• Proliferation
• Differentiation 

MYELOID LINE

LYMPHOID LINE

Differentiation

• Erythropoietin (EPO)
• Thrombopoietin
• Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
• Interleukins

Blood

Cell-ionaire

quiz

start

10 50,000 POINTS

9 25,600 POINTS

8 12,800 POINTS

7 6,400 POINTS

6 3,200 POINTS

5 1,600 POINTS

4 800 POINTS

3 400 POINTS

2 200 POINTS

1 100 POINTS

Tip

Audience

50%

Blood Product Transfusions

• PRBC for HGB ≤ 7
• PLT for PLT ≤ 10
• FFP for
• PT > 19
• INR > 1.5
• PTT > 45
• Cryo for
• Fibrinogen < 100 and bleeding
• Fibrinogen < 200 in DIC

Red blood cells

OXYGEN DELIVERY

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

• Life span of 90-120 days 
• Differentiates/matures from MSC to RBC in 5 days
• Erythropoietin (EPO) produced in the kidneys and is key driver but also needs GM-CSF, IL-3, TPO, SCF, Flt3-L 
• Production/release based upon oxygen levels (heart & lung function) 

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

• Life span of 90-120 days 
• Differentiates/matures from MSC to RBC in 5 days

Anemia in Oncology Patients

Blood loss

• GI bleed
• Trauma
• Childbirth

Excessive RBC destruction

• Cancer therapy
• Hemolysis

Faulty/↓ RBC production​

• Aging​
• Sickle cell​
• Iron
• Vitamin deficiency (B12)​
• Heme diseases​
• Kidney disease

ANEMIA GRADING - Hgb

• Grade 1 (Mild) 10 g/dl - lower limit of normal
• Grade 2 (Moderate) 8.0 – 9.9 g/dl
• Grade 3 (Severe) 6.5 – 7.9 g/dl
• Grade 4 (Life-threatening) < 6.5 g/dl

Anemia in Inpt Heme/Onc Patients

Symptom management

• Dyspnea
• Oxygen therapy 
• Fatigue 
• Balance of rest/exercise 
• Encourage exercise program
• Optimize nutritional intake 
• Complementary therapies 
• Evaluate other causes
• Treatment
• RBC transfusions

DOG TIRED

Anemia in Oncology Patients

Patient Education

Anemia in Oncology Patients

• What if your patient doesn’t want blood transfusions?

Anemia in Oncology Patients

• Reduce blood loss
• Minimize phlebotomy
• Batch (cluster) tests
• Evaluate and correct coags
• Consider anemia risk when making treatment decisions
• Use pediatric tubes
• Return discard in closed system

Platelets

CLOTTING

THROMBOCYTOPENIA IN CANCER PATIENTS

• Thrombopoietin produced by the liver and kidneys
• Each megakaryocyte produces thousands of platelets 
• Platelet life span = 7-10 days
• 5-7 if thrombocytopenic 

THROMBOCYTOPENIA IN CANCER PATIENTS

Risk factors

• Treatment-related
• Chemotherapy and/or biotherapy
• Radiation therapy
• Comorbidities
• Liver/kidney dysfunction
• Marrow involvement
• Drugs that impact platelet function
• e.g., aspirin, heparin, NSAIDs, anti-coagulants, herbals

Thrombocytopenia

UCSF Platelet Parameters (keep greater than for each condition)

• >75-100: Intracranial bleed; bleeding into eye/orbit
• >50K: Invasive procedures, anticoagulants, active bleeding
• >30K: Primary brain tumor receiving chemo/transplant; defibrotide, menses
• >20K: Severe mucositis, persistent fevers
• >10K: Usual transfusion parameter

Risk of Bleeding:

• <100K: Moderate risk of bleeding
• Chemotherapy may be held or reduced (non-hem/BMT patients) 
• <50K: High risk of bleeding
• Initiate precautions 
• <15K: Severe risk for spontaneous hemorrhage
• Frequent check of platelet counts, possible transfusions 

Thrombocytopenia Assessment

Petechiae

• Signs / symptoms of bleeding
• Skin, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, cardiopulmonary, neurologic, head/neck
• Blood in urine, stool, emesis, etc.
• Headache, MS changes
• Hypotension
• Tachycardia
• Prolonged menstruation
• Enlarged liver/spleen
• Lab values - platelets, hemoglobin, D-dimer, fibrinogen, fibrin, PT, PTT
• Medications that might affect thrombocytopenia

Bruising

Purpura

Thrombocytopenia

Management strategies

• Safety – bleeding precautions
• Maintain integrity of skin/mucositis membranes
• Patient education
• Platelet transfusions
• Thrombopoietic growth factors

Patient Education

• Standardized but tailored
• Education level
• Learning style
• Culturally informed
• Assess resources, access
• Involve family/friends/caregivers PRN

• Language
• Interpreter use
• Translated written material
• Videos in different languages

White Blood Cells

DEFENSE

LEUKOcytes(WBCs)

Leukopenia in Cancer Patients

Etiologies

• Malignancy
• Cancer treatments (e.g. high dose therapy, chemotherapy, RT)
• Immunosuppressive agents (e.g. glucocorticoids, CD-20 MAbs)
• Nutritional deficiencies (e.g. alcoholism, malnutrition).
• HIV infection
• COVID-19

Management

• Assess for etiology
• If asymptomatic, monitor only
• If receiving Rituximab, prior to initiation, assess for Hepatitis B
• Monitor for infections with “unusual” organisms (e.g. parasites, CMV)
• Assess Ig levels,  administer IVIG?

Neutrophils

• First line of defense 
• Generate chemotactic agents
• Activate neutrophil defense and migration
• Monocyte maturation/infiltration to macrophages
• Produced rapidly by the bone marrow: 
• 80,000,000/minute 
• 100,000,000,000/day 
• Myeloblast to a mature neutrophil in 7-11 days 
• Life span = short (7-12 hours only!) 
• Live in the bone marrow, blood and tissues

Neutropenia in Cancer Patients

• Infection risk
• Impact on dose-intensity
• Febrile neutropenia (FN) 
• Fever > 38°C
• Febrile neutropenia = Grade 3-4 neutropenia + Fever = MEDICAL EMERGENCY

Neutropenia in Cancer Patients

Febrile Neutropenia risk factors

• Patient risk factors
• Age, performance status, co-morbidities
• Cancer risk factors
• Hematological malignancies vs. Solid tumors, advanced stage
• Treatment
• High dose therapy, treatment intent

Timeline of host immune defects and infections in Allo-HSCT recipients

Predictable opportunistic infections encountered following allo-HSCT

• BLUE = immune defects and transplant-associated risk factors
• PINK = bacterial infections
• GREEN = viral infections
• PURPLE = fungal infections
• ORANGE = parasitic infections

Neutropenia Management

• Assess for infections
• Fever (T > 100.4° F or 38 ° C)
• Sites – GI, respiratory, GU, skin/mucous membranes, devices

• Prophylaxis if moderate-high risk
• Myeloid growth factors
• G-CSF (e.g. filgrastim, tbo-filgrastim, filgrastim-sndz, filgrastim-aafi)
• Pegylated-GCSF (e.g. pegfilgrastim, pegfilgrastim-jmdb)
• GM-CSF (e.g. sargramostim)

Neutropenia Management

Infection Prevention Strategies

Neutropenia Management

Infection Prevention Strategies

Fall Precautions: Pancytopenia

• Anemia → reduced oxygen delivery & fatigue → dizziness, weakness, ↑ risk of falls

• Thrombocytopenia → increased bleeding risk → falls can lead to serious injuries

• Neutropenia → increased susceptibility to infections → illness or weakness from infection can increase fall risk

Precaution Strategies:

• Assist with ambulation & use mobility aids
• Hourly rounding
• Monitor VS
• Orthostatic checks Qshift for Neutropenic pts
• Ensure safe environment: clear pathways, proper lighting, non-slip footwear, call light/urinal in reach, bed alarm as needed
• Educate patient & caregivers about dizziness, weakness, and activity limitations, utilize Mobility Boards, Falls Risk signs

Common Regimens

Intro to 11/12 HBC

Common Treatments

Chemotherapy Targeted Therapy Radiation Investigational drugs Cellular therapy

• Stem cell transplant
• CAR-T cell

Intro to 11/12 Long

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Chemotherapy

• Traditional chemo targets rapidly-growing/dividing cells
• Customizable - age, organ function, genetics
• Antineoplastics must be administered by 2 chemotherapy-certified RNs
• Medication Safety Nurse(hours 0900-2130)
• Clinical Pharmacists

https://powerdms.com/link/UCSFMedCen/document/?id=571947

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OUR PHARMACIST COLLEAGUES

ivas

Basement pharmacy

Iv pharmacy

“Chemo pharmacy” and haz meds side of 12S pharmacy

• Verify new med orders for 11/12L, including chemo
• Mix all hazardous meds for hospital, including chemo

11/12L CLINICAL PHARMACISTS

• PO meds
• Patient’s own meds
• pre-made doses

Specialty pharmacy

Non-haz med side of 12S pharmacy

• Mix non-haz IV meds, including rituximab, blinatumomab

• Round with HBC provider teams
• Pend Beacon chemo orders
• Wealth of knowledge

Nonformulary meds, e.g. PO chemos, may need to be picked up here

Tuesday, February 2, 20XX

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Hazardous Medications

PPE = personal protective equipment CTSD = closed transfer system device Contaminated excreta - cover toilet with a disposable absorbent pad

https://powerdms.com/link/UCSFMedCen/document/?id=555476

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ChemoLock

• Use for hazardous medication administration
• Apply to:
• Needleless connector of IV lumen
• Lowest port of primary if y-siting
• Manifold/upper port of primary if IVPB
• Check your connections – tighten, click & spin
• ChemoLock Patient Port may be left on for future use OR removed after flushing if no more haz meds to administer.
• ChemoLock Bifuse – use for single lumen IVs (e.g. SL PACs) used for labs and hazardous medication. Prime and attach to allow blood to be drawn without removing the ChemoLock or disconnecting the haz med tubing
• Trifuse use cases – 8707 or carbo/etop/thio CNSL autos (3 simultaneous VP16 bags)
• Don’t worry about volume lost in syringes
• ChemoLock Injector + Patient Port combined priming volume = 0.3 mL. Minimal drug lost with SQ/IM/IVP.
• SQ/IM syringes ≤ 2 mL have 0.15 mL overfill to compensate for dead space in CSTD and syringe needle. Overfill volume will be added to the APeX product administration instructions (e.g., note 0.15 mL overfill).

48

Closed System Transfer Device Use for Hazardous Medication Administration Nursing Procedure

Chemotherapy Treatment

Initial treatment – max cell kill

High-intensity treatment – kill undetectable cells

PRN high-risk or relapsed/refractory disease

Induction

Remission

Consolidation

Maintenance

Transplant

<5% blasts, counts recovered

Outpatient/PO - prevent relapse

Intro to 11/12 Long

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Targeted Therapies

Targeted therapy

•Selectively kills cancer cells by targeting cancer cell-specific mechanisms•Blocking signals for cell growth•Altering proteins promoting apoptosis •Stopping new blood vessel formation •Less side effects than traditional chemotherapy - diarrhea, LFT elevation; skin, nail, and hair changes•e.g., tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKIs) imatinib

Immunotherapy

•Uses the person’s own immune system to fight cancer by stimulating or boosting immune system to target tumor genetic changes•Immune system side effects such as flu-like symptoms - Fatigue, fever, chills, weakness, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, body aches, BP changes; skin reactions•e.g., monoclonal antibody (moAb) rituximab

Intro to 11/12 Long

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Targeted Therapies

Intro to 11/12 Long

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BiTEs

• Bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) monoclonal antibodies
• Binds and connects antigens on malignant cells and on T-cells
• Mediates production of cytolytic proteins, release of inflammatory cytokines, proliferation of T-cells, and lysis of target cells

Common Chemo Regimens

• MTR for CNS Lymphoma
• High-dose Methotrexate
• Alkalinize urine – IV/PO bicarb, q12h Uas
• Trend levels – q12h MTX level draws
• Rescue med – leucovorin
• Drug interactions
• Avoid IV contrast

• Rituximab
• May reactivate hepatitis – draw hep B panel before start
• Infusion reactions especially with first dose/high tumor burden – titrate up q30min, .infusion or .reaction note
• 1st 6 cycles
• Temozolomide
• Every other cycle, usually at home

Intro to 11/12 Long

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MTX levels

Release PRN MTX level @ 24, 36, 48h from start of HD MTX After 48h – scheduled q12h @ 0400/1600 (no need to release)

• Reduce number of lab draws (cluster 0400 level with AM labs) to reduce nursing time and unnecessary CVC access
• 0400 result helps inform earlier discharge plans
• Levels scheduled after 48h to prevent levels being missed

Common Chemo Regimens

• HIDAC for AML
• High-dose Cytarabine
• Palmar‐plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome (PPES) aka hand-foot syndrome aka toxic erythema
• Cerebellar toxicity
• Conjunctivitis – steroid eye drops
• EA for CNSL/AML Consolidation
• Etoposide – hypotension, hypersensitivity
• Cytarabine (high-dose)

Intro to 11/12 Long

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Neurochecks per 11/12 procedure

3 quick assessments for cerebellar toxicity before HIDAC:

1. Finger-to-nose
2. Hold index finger at arms length from patient
3. As patient to extend their arm and touch your finger, then their nose
4. Move your finger between touches
5. Test/move finger 3x, both arms
6. Note tremors or dysmetria (clumsiness, over/undershooting)
7. Heel-shin
8. Ask patient to place 1 heel on opposite knee and run down shin to great toe
9. Test 3x in quick succession, both feet
10. Note any tremors, heel falling off shin
11. Speech
12. Note any new slurring or prolonged separation of syllables (ataxic dysarthia)

20XX

56

Common Chemo Regimens

• 7+3 for AML Induction
• 7 days continuous Cytarabine
• Fast-prime 18 mLs for 1st dose of tubing
• 3 days Daunorubicin or Idarubicin
• Cardiotoxic – check ECHO
• Vesicant - central line required, extravasation precautions
• Pink – educate pt

https://powerdms.com/link/UCSFMedCen/document/?id=555478

57

FAST PRIMING: RESERVED FOR SPECIFIC SITUATIONS ONLY Fast-priming is required for:

• If the rate of infusion is < 40 ml/hr, fast-priming should be used for 1st dose or 1st dose with new tubing (e.g., continuous cytarabine).
• Continuous infusions that do not require specific tubing (low-sorb/filter/low-sorb with filter) should be given as IVPB. Clamp primary NS bag during continuous multiday infusion.
• Hazardous medication with HIGH risk of hypersensitivity reaction and a low rate of infusion and titration of rate based upon response.
• Non-hazardous meds (i.e. Ritux, IVIG, ATG, blina) - prime the tubing with drug instead of diluent.

Standard IVPB set up:

• If fast-priming, fast-prime volume should equal 18 mls.
• Use case: continuous Cytarabine for 7 + 3. The 1st dose and 5th doses are given on new tubing and should be fast-primed to avoid gaps in drug. Incorporation of a 30ml flush should only be for doses 4 and 7 as these are the final doses on that tubing set.

Busulfan with levels – Busulfan SOP in MasterControl.

• Rate = 900 mL/hour.
• VTBI = 30 mL

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Common Chemo Regimens

• hyperCVAD for ALL
• A cycle
• Cyclophosphamide
• Vincristine
• Adriamycin (Doxorubicin)
• Dexamethasone
• B cycle
• Methotrexate – not high-dose, no UAs needed
• HIDAC
• IT Cytarabine/Methotrexate +/- Hydrocortisone

• HyperCAD for MM
• Cyclophosphamide – hemorrhagic cystitis
• Mesna - bladder protectant
• Adriamycin (Doxorubicin)
• Dexamethasone
• +/- Bortezomib or Carfilzomib - neuropathy

Intro to 11/12 Long

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Common Chemo Regimens

• R-CHOP for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
• Rituximab
• Cyclophosphamide
• Doxorubicin
• Etoposide
• Vincristine
• Prednisone

• (R-)EPOCH for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
• Etoposide
• Prednisone
• Vincristine
• Cyclophosphamide
• Doxorubicin
• +/- Rituximab

Intro to 11/12 Long

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Common Chemo Regimens

8707 for ALL

• DVPAsp Induction/Consolidation
• Daunorubicin
• Vincristine – vesicant, constipating, neuropathy
• Prednisone
• Asparaginase
• Infusion reaction/anaphylaxis
• Fibrinogen can drop  risk hemorrhagic stroke

• EA
• HDMTX/6-MP Consolidation
• 36-hour Methotrexate – no UA needed
• 6-Mercaptopurine
• IT MTX for CNS prophylaxis

61

Radiation

TBI = total body irradiation Side effects

• Skin changes
• Fatigue
• Myelosuppression
• Nausea/vomiting
• Hypotension

Intro to 11/12 Long

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Radiation

• I-131 radioactive iodine
• Dx - Thyroid cancer
• PO
• I-131 MIBG (primarily MB)
• Dx - Neuroblastomas, paragangiomas, pheochromocytomas
• Injected by nuclear medicine
• Thyroid protection: Potassium Iodide and Potassium Perchlorate
• Patient admitted for isolation
• ALARA principle
• As low as reasonably achievable

Intro to 11/12 Long

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transplants

Intro to 11/12 HBC

Cellular Therapies

Stem cell transplant

• Autologous
• MM
• Relapsed/refractory lymphoma
• Tandem Auto- Germ Cell
• Allogeneic
• High-risk AML/ALL
• Multiple relapsed lymphoma

CAR-T cell

Intro to 11/12 Long

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Common Auto Regimens

Mel auto

Beam auto

• Dx – relapsed/refractory lymphomas
• Chemos
• BCNU (carmustine) – VS q15m
• Etoposide
• Ara-C (cytarabine) – neurochecks, eye gtts
• Melphalan - cryotherapy
• Considerations
• N/V, diarrhea, mucositis

• Dx – MM
• Chemo
• Melphalan D-2
• Considerations
• Cryotherapy
• Nausea/vomiting
• Diarrhea

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Transplant Complications

• Febrile neutropenia/infection
• Mucositis
• Engraftment syndrome
• Sinusoidal Occlusion Syndrome (SOS)
• Acute GVHD – skin, GI, liver (allo)
• Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH)
• Pneumonia/pneumonitis
• Chronic GVHD – skin, eyes, GI (allo)

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Common Allo Regimens

Flu/bu (matched sib)

Flu/bu/ATG (mud/mismatched)

Flu/TBI/CY (HAPLO)

• Fludarabine
• Busulfan
• Infuse thru blue lumen
• PK levels
• GVHD Prophylaxis
• Tacrolimus – blue lumen
• Methotrexate

• Fludarabine
• Busulfan
• Anti-Thymocyte Globulin
• Hypersensitivity reactions
• Serum sickness
• GVHD Prophylaxis
• Methotrexate
• Tacrolimus
• Mycophenolate

• Fludarabine
• Total Body Irradiation
• Shower before appt
• Premed antiemetics, IVF
• Radiation skin toxicity
• Cyclophosphamide
• IVF, BID weights
• Standing & PRN furosemide
• GVHD Prophylaxis - Tacrolimus, Mycophenolate

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Auto Transplant

G-CSF moves stem cells into peripheral blood

Admitted for chemo prep

Low counts

Mobilization

Engraftment

Collection

Conditioning

Transplant Day!

Nadir

Cells harvested, cryopreserved

Day 0

Discharge!

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HSCT Day 0 Infusion

• Cell infusion SOP states to infuse HSCs as rapidly as tolerated, aligning with ONS Guidelines and Recommendations.
• Frozen – within 10 mins per bag
• Fresh – within 2 hours AND before expiration (72h from collection)
• Rationale
• Prolonged exposure to DMSO decreases colony formation of frozen HSCs.
• Fresh bags are agitated every 20 minutes to prevent cell clumping. 
• Generally, blood tubing is not used longer than 4 hours per AABB standards, but we also don’t want to waste cells.
• Attach stopcock and extension tubing for all HSC infusions in case syringe push is needed for slow infusions. 
• More to come: pre-clinical validation of cell infusion via pump thru needleless connector

10/2/2025

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References

Betts, J. G., Young, K. A., Wise, J. A., Johnson, E., Poe, B., Kruse, D. H., Korol, O., Johnson, J. E., Womble, M., & DeSaix, P. (n.d.). The Cardiovascular System: Blood. In Anatomy and Physiology. essay. Retrieved February 22, 2022, from https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/18-introduction.  Components of blood. Khan Academy. (n.d.). Retrieved February 24, 2022, from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/circulatory-pulmonary/a/components-of-the-blood  Davoren J, & Hsu G (2019). Blood disorders. Hammer G.D., & McPhee S.J.(Eds.), Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine, 8e. McGraw Hill. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2468§ionid=198220627 NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®) for Hematopoietic Growth Factors Version 1.2025. © National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2025. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/growthfactors.pdf Pereira, M.R., Pouch, S.M., Scully, B. (2019). Infections in Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation. In: Safdar, A. (eds) Principles and Practice of Transplant Infectious Diseases. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9034-4_11 Tarantino, C. Polycythemia. Osmosis from Elsevier. Retrieved February 5, 2024, from https://www.osmosis.org/answers/polycythemia. Valdez A. Words matter: Labelling, bias and stigma in nursing. J Adv Nurs. 2021 Nov;77(11):e33-e35. doi: 10.1111/jan.14967. Epub 2021 Jul 10. PMID: 34245183.

Questions?

DMSO Side Effects

• Skin reactions
• Headache
• Drowsiness
• Dizziness
• Nausea and vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Constipation
• Breathing problems
• Allergic reactions

Intro to 11/12 Long

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Allo Transplant

Donor identified

Day 0

Discharge!

Matched!

Conditioning

Transplant Day!

Nadir

Engraftment

PATIENT

Admitted for chemo prep

Low counts, feel crummy

Notified by marrow registry

Cells harvested, freshly transported to patient

Matched!

Mobilization

Collection

DONOR

GCSF moves stem cells into peripheral blood

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Transplant Lingo

• Conditioning
• Myeloablative
• Engraftment
• GVHD = graft-versus-host disease
• Graft failure
• DMSO

• Auto (frozen)
• Allo (fresh and frozen)
• MUD = matched unrelated donor
• RIC = reduced-intensity conditioning
• AKA mini-allo/mini-MUD
• Non-myeloablative
• Haplo
• Syngeneic
• Cord

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Demonstrate enthusiasm, sketch a smile and maintain eye contact with the rest of the people in the classroom can be your best allies when presenting content and creating motivating learning experiences. With that and some interactive content at the level, no class will resist you!

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14%

33%

20%

33%

Wildcard tip

When carrying out a presentation, two objectives must be pursued: conveying information and avoiding yawns. To achieve this, it may be a good practice to create an outline and use words and concepts that help with the assimilation of the content.

50% Wildcard

Wildcard tip

Pose a question or issue that makes the class think; it's the essential ingredient to maintain their attention. It's usually posed at the beginning of the topic to encourage their critical thinking and participation.

50% Wildcard

50% Wildcard

Audience Wildcard

19%

18%

22%

41%

Wildcard tip

Our brain is wired to consume visual content. And it makes sense: 90% of the information we process comes through our eyes. That's why visual content helps in faster learning in many cases.

Audience Wildcard

33%

24%

26%

17%

Audience Wildcard

25%

15%

10%

50%

Audience Wildcard

25%

20%

20%

35%

50% Wildcard

Audience Wildcard

10%

45%

15%

30%

Audience Wildcard

40%

20%

30%

10%

Wildcard advice

We better perceive visual content. This type of content is associated with cognitive and psychological mechanisms. Things come in through the eyes, the first image is what matters. We associate visual content with emotions.

Wildcard tip

We don't like to bore in our classes or work with flat content. It's time to opt for dynamic and interactive learning experiences that stimulate the thinking and creativity of each student.

Wildcard tip

With Genially templates, you can include visual resources to engage the class from minute one. Also, highlight key content to facilitate assimilation and even embed external content that surprises and provides more context to the topic: videos, photos, audios... Whatever you want!

50% Wildcard

50% Wildcard

Wildcard Tip

Need more reasons to use dynamic content in class? Well: 90% of the information we assimilate comes to us through sight, and we retain 42% more information when the content is in motion.

Audience Wildcard

10%

18%

60%

12%

50% Wildcard

Audience Wildcard

58%

10%

30%

2%