The Adrenal Medulla

The Adrenal Medulla

By: Sabrina Sayed, Veera Panday, Nicole Thielmeier, Smrithi Thyagarajan, and Anahita Sharma

START

Table of Contents

4. Fight-or-flight

1. Overview

5. Diseases

2. Dysfunction

6. Interaction

3. Survival

1. Overview

The primary function of the adrenal medulla is to secrete hormones that respond to stress and regulate the autonomic nervous system. It also plays a crucial role in controlling the fight or flight response.Some of the hormones produced by the adrenal medulla are catecholamines, which include adrenaline(epinephrine) and nonadrenaline(norepinephrine). There are many organs that the adrenal medulla gland targets, some of which include the heart, blood vessels, liver, and lungs. The adrenal medulla is located on top of the kidneys(one on each). It is made up of the medulla and the cortex: the medulla is the smaller part of the gland, and the cortex is the outer section that makes up the majority of the gland’s tissue. The role of epinephrine helps the body react to stress by delivering extra oxygen to muscles, widening small arteries, and increasing blood pressure. The role of norepinephrine helps the body respond to stress by narrowing blood vessels and raising blood sugar levels and blood pressure.

2. Dysfunction

Hypofunction: What happens when the gland under-produces?They underproduce essential hormones, such as cortisol and aldosterone. This can cause your entire body to shut down, as the cortisol and other hormones that keep your body sustained and strong are being underproduced. Results in things like weakness, fatigue, low blood pressure, and even kidney failure.

Hyperfunction: What happens when the gland over-produces?Many disorders can occur, as overproduction of cortisol and other hormones can cause things like high blood pressure, round faces, and problems with other glands and their productions.

2. Dysfunction

Hyperfunction

Hypofunction

Clinical manifestations, common causes, and treatments:

Fluctuating BP, high or low amounts of stress, and causes can be taking medicine with too much cortisol in it. Diseases can also be congenital. Treatments include weaning someone off of cortisol treatments, but also surgery or radiation for tumors.

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